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| ==Origin and migration== | ==Origin and migration== | ||
| Very little is known about the '''Dingling'''s and their origin, they were a numerous, warlike, vital ethnos of hunters, fishers, and gatherers of the southern Siberian mountain taiga from the |
Very little is known about the '''Dingling'''s and their origin, they were a numerous, warlike, vital ethnos of hunters, fishers, and gatherers of the southern Siberian mountain taiga from the Lake Baikal to northern ]. During the 2nd century BC, they were being subjected by ] along with the other 26 tribes, including ] and ], very little of the names for those tribes were known<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.3 pp.88-89, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref>. To the north of Xiongnu were the tribes who lived at the watersheds; the Gekun (鬲昆) around ] and ], known as the Yenisei Kirghiz (黠戛斯) in later historic records; further west, the Hujie (呼揭) around ]; the extact location of the rest of the tribes, such as Hunyu (浑庾), Qushe (屈射), and Xinli (薪犁) neighboring the Dingling were not indicated as they only appeared once<ref>LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.135, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5</ref>. The origin of Dingling, according through the biography of Gaoche under a 6th century book known as ''Weishu'', can be traced to the vague and fabulous Chidi (赤狄), lived around in ], specifically the northern ] during the ] period<ref>LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.132-133, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5</ref>. Another writings on ''Mozi'', revealed a total of eight "Di"s, however only three were known<ref>Suribadalaha (1986), , vol.2 pp.27 Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe, CN / K281.2. </ref>. The anthropological reference and physical appearance for Dingling is not being known as shown from the extant documentations, and their name appeared infrequently under Chinese texts<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.1 pp.35-36, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref><ref>LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China: on Caucasoid" ch.13 pp.305, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5</ref><ref>LI-Jihe (2003), "A Research on Migration of the Northwest Minorities between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang" ch.2 pp.109-117, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-105-05908-7</ref>. The name "Dingling" was replaced by "Gaoche" and "Tiele" in historic records between the 4th century and 7th century<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.1 pp.24-25, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref>. Since the word "Dingling are interchangeably with "Gaoche", "Chile" and "Tiele" and gradually replaced, its very hard to reconstruction of the early history of the tribes. The Gaoche shared a same language with earlier progenitor Xiongnu, and spoke in a same tongue with little different<ref>LI-Jihe (2003), "A Research on Migration of the Northwest Minorities between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang" ch.7 pp.788-789, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-105-05908-7</ref>. In within the Gaoche<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.6 pp.184-186, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref> were the six tribes<ref>known as; Di (狄); Biaoge (表纥); Hulu (斛律); Jiepi(解批); Hugu (护骨); Yiqijin (异奇斤).</ref>, and the twelve clans<ref>known as; Qifuli (泣伏利); Tulu (吐卢); Yizhan (乙旃); Dalian (大连); Kuhe (窟贺); Dabogan (达薄干); A-lun (阿仑); Moyun (莫允); Qifen (俟分); Fufuluo (副伏罗); Qige (乞袁); Youshupei (右叔沛).</ref>, who in turn belonged to the bigger Tiele tribal grouping by the times of ]<ref>LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.135, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5</ref>. The Gaoche were subjected by the ] horde<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.209, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref>, one group known as Fufuluo led by their chieftain A-Fuzhiluo (阿伏至罗) escaped and founded a state at ] between 487－541<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.219-220, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref>. According to the '']'', one group of Dingling escaped to the western steppe in Kazakhstan while the remaining Dingling became absorbed into various ] peoples known as the Gaoche, and later, the Tiele. Groups such as Xueyantuo (Syr-Tardush), Basmil (Baximi), ] (Wuhu), ] (Weihu), and the northern most ] (Guligan) from the Lake Baikal are the Tiele tribes. Section of a typical extract from the ''Suishu'' volume 84<ref>Suribadalaha (1986), , vol.3 pp.46-47 Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe, CN / K281.2. </ref>: | ||
| <blockquote>The forebear of the Tiele belonged to those of ] descendants, and had the largest divisions of tribes. They occupied along the valleys, scattering in the vast region west to the ] : | <blockquote>The forebear of the Tiele belonged to those of ] descendants, and had the largest divisions of tribes. They occupied along the valleys, scattering in the vast region west to the ] : | ||
| <br> | <br> | ||
| #At the area north of the Duluo River , are the Pugu, Tongluo, |
#At the area north of the Duluo River , are the Pugu, Tongluo, Weige <ref>chronological names: Yuange (袁纥), Weige (韦纥), Huige (回纥), Huihu (回鹘).</ref>, Bayegu, Fuluo, which are composited into the Sijin legion, other tribes such as Mengchen, Turuhu, Sijie, Hun, Hu, Xue and so forth, also dwelled in this area. They have a 20,000 invincible armies. | ||
| #In the regions west of ] , the north of ] , near the edge of the ] , come to the abodes of Qipi, Boluozhi, Yizhi, Supo, Nahe, ] , ] , Yezhi, Yunihu and so forth. They have a 20,000 invincible armies. | #In the regions west of ] , the north of ] , near the edge of the ] , come to the abodes of Qipi, Boluozhi, Yizhi, Supo, Nahe, ] , ] <ref>chronological names: Gekun (鬲昆), Jiankun (坚昆), Jiegu (结骨), Qigu (契骨), Hegu (纥骨), Hugu (护骨), Xiajiasi (黠戛斯).</ref>, Yezhi, Yunihu and so forth. They have a 20,000 invincible armies. | ||
| #After passing the south west from the ] , are the Xueyantuo , Zhileer, ] , Daqi and so forth. They have a 10,000 invincible armies. | #After passing the south west from the ] , are the Xueyantuo , Zhileer, ] , Daqi and so forth. They have a 10,000 invincible armies. | ||
| #Leaving these, we come to the regions north of ] , near the river of ] , here, dwell the Hezhi, Bahu, ] , Juhai, Hebixi, Hecuo, Suba, Yemo, Keda and so forth. They have a 30,000 invincible armies. | #Leaving these, we come to the regions north of ] , near the river of ] , here, dwell the Hezhi, Bahu, ] , Juhai, Hebixi, Hecuo, Suba, Yemo, Keda and so forth. They have a 30,000 invincible armies. | ||
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| The customs of the Tiele and ] are not much different. However a man of the Tiele lives in his wife's home after marriage and will not return to his own home with his wife until the birth of a child. In addition, the Tiele also bury their dead under the ground.</blockquote> | The customs of the Tiele and ] are not much different. However a man of the Tiele lives in his wife's home after marriage and will not return to his own home with his wife until the birth of a child. In addition, the Tiele also bury their dead under the ground.</blockquote> | ||
| Like the Göktürks, the Tieles were probably one of the many nomadic ] at the steppe. They were ruled by the Göktürks during the 6th century and early-7th century, and started to make their revolts between 599－603, but might had began as early as in 582, while the Göktürks making their campaigns over the Chinese border, leaving the north unguarded. Lage scale rebellion occurred subsequently, specifically the Xueyantuo (薛延陀) and Qibi (契苾) in the west, who attempted to destory the West Qaghanate in 605, they were unsuccessful and were re-subjected shortly after Shekuei re-unified the qaghanate<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.349-352, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref>. Failure to put down these uprisings led to a fatal division within the Turk's ruling ] clan. Under the leadership of Yinan (夷男) in 628, the Xueyantuo made their crossing over the Altai mountains, and quickly founded a confederation with rest of the Tiele at the east.<ref>DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.357-360, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Etymology== | ||
| ⚫ | == Etymology == | ||
| Although the words ''dingling'', ''gaoche'', ''chile'' and ''tiele'' (as in modern ] pronunciation of ] romanisation) are often used interchangeably, this usage is erroneous as pointed out by modern academia. Dingling refers to an extinct ethnic group. The Gaoche was an ethnic-tribe that expelled by ] from ] and founded a state (]-]) at ], which was descended in part from the Dingling. The Tiele was a collection of tribes of different ] ethnic-origins which largely descended from the Chile. All four groups somewhat happened to occupy quite a similar geographical area in succession of each other with an exception for the first one. | Although the words ''dingling'', ''gaoche'', ''chile'' and ''tiele'' (as in modern ] pronunciation of ] romanisation) are often used interchangeably, this usage is erroneous as pointed out by modern academia. Dingling refers to an extinct ethnic group. The Gaoche was an ethnic-tribe that expelled by ] from ] and founded a state (]-]) at ], which was descended in part from the Dingling. The Tiele was a collection of tribes of different ] ethnic-origins which largely descended from the Chile. All four groups somewhat happened to occupy quite a similar geographical area in succession of each other with an exception for the first one. | ||
| ==Language== | == Language == | ||
| According to ] linguist experts on ], proposed that probably, the Proto-Dinglings spoke a ] with an ] ], and exhibited, linguistically and culturally, a unified ethnic community. Heinrich Werner's ''Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft'', (''Concerning Yeniseian-Indian Word Origins''). developed a new genealogical concept, which he terms “Baikal-Siberic,”in which the ] peoples (], ], ], ], ], and ]), the ] “Indians,” and the Ding-ling folk of the ancient Chinese chronicles can all be traced back to “Proto-Dingling.” The linguistic comparison of Na-Dene and Yeniseian shows that the quantity and character of the correspondences point unequivocally to common origin (Urverwandtschaft).” | According to ] linguist experts on ], proposed that probably, the Proto-Dinglings spoke a ] with an ] ], and exhibited, linguistically and culturally, a unified ethnic community. Heinrich Werner's ''Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft'', (''Concerning Yeniseian-Indian Word Origins''). developed a new genealogical concept, which he terms “Baikal-Siberic,”in which the ] peoples (], ], ], ], ], and ]), the ] “Indians,” and the Ding-ling folk of the ancient Chinese chronicles can all be traced back to “Proto-Dingling.” The linguistic comparison of Na-Dene and Yeniseian shows that the quantity and character of the correspondences point unequivocally to common origin (Urverwandtschaft).” | ||
| Ding-ling can be seen to resemble (1) the Yeniseian word *dzheng ‘people’ > Ket de?ng, Yug dyeng, Kott cheang; and (2) the Na-Dene word *ling or *hling ‘people’, as manifested in the name of the ] (properly hling-git ‘son of man, child of the people’), etc. | Ding-ling can be seen to resemble (1) the Yeniseian word *dzheng ‘people’ > Ket de?ng, Yug dyeng, Kott cheang; and (2) the Na-Dene word *ling or *hling ‘people’, as manifested in the name of the ] (properly hling-git ‘son of man, child of the people’), etc. | ||
| ==Rulers of Gaoche== | == Rulers of Gaoche == | ||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Revision as of 08:29, 28 January 2007
The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/敕勒/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. They originally dwelled in the area west of modern day Lake Baikal at the bank of Lena River and were already around during the time of the Xiongnu Empire..
Origin and migration
Very little is known about the Dinglings and their origin, they were a numerous, warlike, vital ethnos of hunters, fishers, and gatherers of the southern Siberian mountain taiga from the Lake Baikal to northern Mongolia. During the 2nd century BC, they were being subjected by Modu Shanyu along with the other 26 tribes, including Yuezhi and Wusun, very little of the names for those tribes were known. To the north of Xiongnu were the tribes who lived at the watersheds; the Gekun (鬲昆) around Yenisei and Tannu Uriankhai, known as the Yenisei Kirghiz (黠戛斯) in later historic records; further west, the Hujie (呼揭) around Irtysh; the extact location of the rest of the tribes, such as Hunyu (浑庾), Qushe (屈射), and Xinli (薪犁) neighboring the Dingling were not indicated as they only appeared once. The origin of Dingling, according through the biography of Gaoche under a 6th century book known as Weishu, can be traced to the vague and fabulous Chidi (赤狄), lived around in China, specifically the northern China proper during the Warring States period. Another writings on Mozi, revealed a total of eight "Di"s, however only three were known. The anthropological reference and physical appearance for Dingling is not being known as shown from the extant documentations, and their name appeared infrequently under Chinese texts. The name "Dingling" was replaced by "Gaoche" and "Tiele" in historic records between the 4th century and 7th century. Since the word "Dingling are interchangeably with "Gaoche", "Chile" and "Tiele" and gradually replaced, its very hard to reconstruction of the early history of the tribes. The Gaoche shared a same language with earlier progenitor Xiongnu, and spoke in a same tongue with little different. In within the Gaoche were the six tribes, and the twelve clans, who in turn belonged to the bigger Tiele tribal grouping by the times of Göktürks. The Gaoche were subjected by the Rouran horde, one group known as Fufuluo led by their chieftain A-Fuzhiluo (阿伏至罗) escaped and founded a state at Turpan between 487－541. According to the Weilue, one group of Dingling escaped to the western steppe in Kazakhstan while the remaining Dingling became absorbed into various Altaic peoples known as the Gaoche, and later, the Tiele. Groups such as Xueyantuo (Syr-Tardush), Basmil (Baximi), Oguz (Wuhu), Uyghur (Weihu), and the northern most Yakut (Guligan) from the Lake Baikal are the Tiele tribes. Section of a typical extract from the Suishu volume 84:
The forebear of the Tiele belonged to those of Xiongnu descendants, and had the largest divisions of tribes. They occupied along the valleys, scattering in the vast region west to the Western Sea :
- At the area north of the Duluo River , are the Pugu, Tongluo, Weige , Bayegu, Fuluo, which are composited into the Sijin legion, other tribes such as Mengchen, Turuhu, Sijie, Hun, Hu, Xue and so forth, also dwelled in this area. They have a 20,000 invincible armies.
- In the regions west of Yiwu , the north of Yanqi , near the edge of the White Mountains , come to the abodes of Qipi, Boluozhi, Yizhi, Supo, Nahe, Wuhu , Hugu , Yezhi, Yunihu and so forth. They have a 20,000 invincible armies.
- After passing the south west from the Gold Mountains , are the Xueyantuo , Zhileer, Shipan , Daqi and so forth. They have a 10,000 invincible armies.
- Leaving these, we come to the regions north of Kang , near the river of Ade , here, dwell the Hezhi, Bahu, Bigan , Juhai, Hebixi, Hecuo, Suba, Yemo, Keda and so forth. They have a 30,000 invincible armies.
- At the western portion, from the east to the west of the De Yi Sea , are the Sulu, Hesan , Suoye, Miecu, Longhu and so forth. They have a 8,000 invincible armies.
- Until we reach to the east of Fulin , are the Enqu, Alan , Beiru, Jiuli, Fuwahun and so forth. They have a nearly 20,000 invincible armies.
- And lastly, in the regions south of the Northern Sea , dwell the Dubo and also some other tribes.
The names of these tribes are different, but all of them can be classified as Tiele. The Tiele don't have a master, they are subjected to the both Eastern and Western Göktürks separately. They don't have permanent residence, and moved with the changes of grass and water. Their main characteristics are: they possessed great ferocity, and yet showed tolerance, they were good riders and archers, and they showed greed without restraint, for they often made their living by looting. These tribes toward the west were more cultivated, for they bred cattle and sheep, but fewer horses. Since the Göktürks had established a state, they were recruited as the auxiliary of empire and conquered both east and westard, thus annexing all of the northern regional lands.
The customs of the Tiele and Göktürks are not much different. However a man of the Tiele lives in his wife's home after marriage and will not return to his own home with his wife until the birth of a child. In addition, the Tiele also bury their dead under the ground.
Like the Göktürks, the Tieles were probably one of the many nomadic Turkic peoples at the steppe. They were ruled by the Göktürks during the 6th century and early-7th century, and started to make their revolts between 599－603, but might had began as early as in 582, while the Göktürks making their campaigns over the Chinese border, leaving the north unguarded. Lage scale rebellion occurred subsequently, specifically the Xueyantuo (薛延陀) and Qibi (契苾) in the west, who attempted to destory the West Qaghanate in 605, they were unsuccessful and were re-subjected shortly after Shekuei re-unified the qaghanate. Failure to put down these uprisings led to a fatal division within the Turk's ruling Ashina clan. Under the leadership of Yinan (夷男) in 628, the Xueyantuo made their crossing over the Altai mountains, and quickly founded a confederation with rest of the Tiele at the east.
Etymology
Although the words dingling, gaoche, chile and tiele (as in modern Mandarin pronunciation of pinyin romanisation) are often used interchangeably, this usage is erroneous as pointed out by modern academia. Dingling refers to an extinct ethnic group. The Gaoche was an ethnic-tribe that expelled by Juan Juan from Mongolia and founded a state (487-541) at Turpan, which was descended in part from the Dingling. The Tiele was a collection of tribes of different Altaic ethnic-origins which largely descended from the Chile. All four groups somewhat happened to occupy quite a similar geographical area in succession of each other with an exception for the first one.
Language
According to Russian linguist experts on Slavic languages, proposed that probably, the Proto-Dinglings spoke a polysynthetic language with an active typology, and exhibited, linguistically and culturally, a unified ethnic community. Heinrich Werner's Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft, (Concerning Yeniseian-Indian Word Origins). developed a new genealogical concept, which he terms “Baikal-Siberic,”in which the Yeniseian peoples (Arin, Assan, Yugh, Ket, Kott, and Pumpokol), the Na-Dene “Indians,” and the Ding-ling folk of the ancient Chinese chronicles can all be traced back to “Proto-Dingling.” The linguistic comparison of Na-Dene and Yeniseian shows that the quantity and character of the correspondences point unequivocally to common origin (Urverwandtschaft).”
Ding-ling can be seen to resemble (1) the Yeniseian word *dzheng ‘people’ > Ket de?ng, Yug dyeng, Kott cheang; and (2) the Na-Dene word *ling or *hling ‘people’, as manifested in the name of the Tlingit (properly hling-git ‘son of man, child of the people’), etc.
Rulers of Gaoche
| Family names and given name | Durations of reigns |
|---|---|
| Family name and given name | |
| 副伏羅阿伏至羅 Fùfúluó Āfúzhìluó | 487-? |
| 跋利延 Bálìyán | ? |
| 彌俄突 Mí'étú | ? |
| 伊匐 Yīfú | ? |
| 越居 Yuèjū | ? |
| 比造 Bǐzào | ? |
| 去賓 Qùbīn | ?-541 |
References
- LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.111, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.3 pp.88-89, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.135, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5
- LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.132-133, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5
- Suribadalaha (1986), "Mengguzu Zuyuan Xinkao", vol.2 pp.27 Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe, CN / K281.2.
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.1 pp.35-36, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China: on Caucasoid" ch.13 pp.305, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5
- LI-Jihe (2003), "A Research on Migration of the Northwest Minorities between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang" ch.2 pp.109-117, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-105-05908-7
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.1 pp.24-25, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- LI-Jihe (2003), "A Research on Migration of the Northwest Minorities between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang" ch.7 pp.788-789, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-105-05908-7
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.6 pp.184-186, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- known as; Di (狄); Biaoge (表纥); Hulu (斛律); Jiepi(解批); Hugu (护骨); Yiqijin (异奇斤).
- known as; Qifuli (泣伏利); Tulu (吐卢); Yizhan (乙旃); Dalian (大连); Kuhe (窟贺); Dabogan (达薄干); A-lun (阿仑); Moyun (莫允); Qifen (俟分); Fufuluo (副伏罗); Qige (乞袁); Youshupei (右叔沛).
- LU-Simi (1996), "A History of the Ethnic Groups in China" ch.5 pp.135, Beijing: Dongfang Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5060-0735-5
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.209, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.219-220, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- Suribadalaha (1986), "Mengguzu Zuyuan Xinkao", vol.3 pp.46-47 Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe, CN / K281.2.
- chronological names: Yuange (袁纥), Weige (韦纥), Huige (回纥), Huihu (回鹘).
- chronological names: Gekun (鬲昆), Jiankun (坚昆), Jiegu (结骨), Qigu (契骨), Hegu (纥骨), Hugu (护骨), Xiajiasi (黠戛斯).
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.349-352, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- DUAN Lian-qin (1988), "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele" ch.7 pp.357-360, Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, ISBN 7-208-00110-3.
- The Peoples of the West, from the Weilue, by Yu Huan
- Gumilev, L.N. "The Huns. Central Asia in Ancient Times", (Russian: Khunnu),1960