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{{Short description|none}} {{Short description|none}}
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&q=jewish+languages+diaspora&pg=PA6|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages|last1=Rubin|first1=Aaron D.|last2=Kahn|first2=Lily|date=2015-10-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004297357|language=en}}</ref> This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&q=jewish+languages+diaspora&pg=PA6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |date=30 October 2015 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004297357 |language=en}}</ref>


==Afro-Asiatic languages== == Afro-Asiatic languages ==
⚫ === Cushitic languages ===

⚫ ===Cushitic languages===
* ]{{cn|date=September 2016}} * ]{{cn|date=September 2016}}
* ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)|year = 2013|series = New series|last = Hudson|first = Grover|journal = Northeast African Studies | volume = 13 | number = 2|doi = 10.1353/nas.2013.0021|s2cid = 143577497}}</ref> * ]<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) |year=2013 |series=New series |last=Hudson |first=Grover |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |number=2 |doi=10.1353/nas.2013.0021 |s2cid=143577497}}</ref>

⚫ ===Semitic languages===


====Arabic languages==== === Semitic languages ===
==== Arabic languages ====
* ]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* Judeo-] (extinct)
Line 22: Line 20:
:* ] (extinct) :* ] (extinct)


* ], based on old ]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Geoffrey|date=1997|title=The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit|journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik|issue=34|pages=53–102|issn=0170-026X|jstor=43525685}}</ref> * ], based on old ]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |date=1997 |title=The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit |journal=Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik |issue=34 |pages=53–102 |issn=0170-026X |jstor=43525685}}</ref>


====Aramaic languages==== ==== Aramaic languages ====
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rS9CwAAQBAJ&q=%22geoffrey++khan%22&pg=PR3 |title=A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel |last=Khan |first=Geoffrey |date=8 June 1999 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004305045 |language=en}}</ref>


* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rS9CwAAQBAJ&q=%22geoffrey++khan%22&pg=PR3|title=A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel|last=Khan|first=Geoffrey|date=1999-06-08|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004305045|language=en}}</ref> :* ]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&q=hulaula%2520jews&pg=PA709 |publisher =] |date=23 December 2011 |isbn=9783110251586 |first=Stefan |last=Weninger |page=709 |ref=weninger}}</ref>

:* ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&q=hulaula%2520jews&pg=PA709|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|date = 2011-12-23|isbn = 9783110251586|first = Stefan|last = Weninger|page = 709|ref = weninger}}</ref>
:* ] (extinct) :* ] (extinct)
::* ] (extinct) ::* ] (extinct)
Line 35: Line 32:
:* ] :* ]


===Other Afro-Asiatic languages=== === Other Afro-Asiatic languages ===
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects) * ]<ref name=":2" /> (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)


==Dravidian languages== == Dravidian languages ==
* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct) * ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct)


(both written in local alphabets) (both written in local alphabets)


==Indo-European languages== == Indo-European languages ==
=== Germanic languages ===

===Germanic languages=== * ]
⚫ * ] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=May 2022|reason=Article says it's not extinct quite yet}}
*]
*] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=May 2022|reason=Article says it's not extinct quite yet}} * ] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
⚫ * ]<ref name=":2" />
⚫ *] (extinct){{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
⚫ *]<ref name=":2" />


=== Indo-Aryan languages === === Indo-Aryan languages ===
⚫ * Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/ |title=Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian |website=blogs.bl.uk}}</ref>
⚫ * Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu |title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India |website=Gorgias Press LLC}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-003380961&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-003380961&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1508327520166&srt=rank&mode=Basic&&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Or%2014014&vid=IAMS_VU2&_ga=2.106079044.638512483.1572398805-681626015.1571658942 |title=Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800-1899 era |publisher=] |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
⚫ * ]<ref name=":4" />


⚫ === Iranian languages ===
⚫ *Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/judeo-persian/|title=Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian|website=blogs.bl.uk}}</ref>
⚫ * ]<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&pg=PA351 |publisher=] |date=27 March 2014 |isbn=9781139917148 |first=Bernard |last=Spolsky |page=241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ])
⚫ *Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gorgiaspress.com/a-unique-hebrew-glossary-from-india-an-analysis-of-judeo-urdu|title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India|website=Gorgias Press LLC}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-003380961&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-003380961&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1508327520166&srt=rank&mode=Basic&&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Or%2014014&vid=IAMS_VU2&_ga=2.106079044.638512483.1572398805-681626015.1571658942|title=Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800-1899 era|publisher=British Library|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>
⚫ *]<ref name=":4" />

⚫ ===Iranian languages===

⚫ * ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&pg=PA351|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2014-03-27|isbn = 9781139917148|first = Bernard|last = Spolsky|page = 241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ])
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (extinct) * ]<ref name=":1" /> (extinct)
* ]<ref name=":1" /> (extinct) * ]<ref name=":1" /> (extinct)
*]<ref name=":1" /> * ]<ref name=":1" />
*]<ref name=":1" /><ref> Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. * ]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Habib |last=Borjian |chapter=Judeo-Iranian Languages |editor-first1=Lily |editor-last1=Kahn |editor-first2=Aaron D. |editor-last2=Rubin |title=A Handbook of Jewish Languages |location=Leiden and Boston |publisher=] |date=2015 |pages=234–295 |url=https://www.academia.edu/12266165/Judeo-Iranian_Languages}}</ref>
⚫ * ]<ref> Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74.
. </ref>
⚫ *]<ref> Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74.
. </ref> . </ref>


===Romance languages=== === Romance languages ===
* ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages) * ] (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
⚫ :* ] (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of ])

⚫ :*] (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of ])
::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct) ::* Judeo-] with a significant Jewish koiné of ] (extinct)
:* Judeo-] (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish) :* Judeo-] (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)
:*] and Judeo-] (extinct) :* ] and Judeo-] (extinct)
:*Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reggioebraica.it/parlata-giudeo-reggiana/|title = La parlata giudeo-reggiana &#124; ESTER}}</ref> (e.g., the citilects of ],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doIH53-wgGUC&q=giudeo-modenese&pg=PA385|title=Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie|isbn=9783110959925|last1=Holtus|first1=Günter|last2=Metzeltin|first2=Michael|last3=Schmitt|first3=Christian|date=24 February 2011}}</ref> and ]) (almost extinct) :* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reggioebraica.it/parlata-giudeo-reggiana/ |title=La parlata giudeo-reggiana &#124; ESTER |trans-title=The Giudeo-Reggio speaking & # 124; FOREIGN |language=it}}</ref> (e.g., the citilects of ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doIH53-wgGUC&q=giudeo-modenese&pg=PA385 |title=Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen: Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie |language=de |trans-title=Contact, migration and artificial languages: contrastivity, classification and typology |isbn=9783110959925 |last1=Holtus |first1=Günter |last2=Metzeltin |first2=Michael |last3=Schmitt |first3=Christian |date=24 February 2011}}</ref> and ]) (almost extinct)
:*]:<ref name=":2" /> a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct) :* ]:<ref name=":2" /> a group of Jewish northern ] languages and their dialects (extinct)


:* Judeo-]<ref>Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.</ref> (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct) :* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|last=Nahon |first=Peter |date=2018 |title=Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine |language=fr |trans-title=Gascon and French among the Israelites of Aquitaine |location=Paris |publisher=Classiques Garnier}}</ref> (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)


:*]<ref name=":2" /> with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called ''Toscani'' (], e.g. the citylect of ]) and ''Mediani'' (], besides all the city koiné of ]) dialects) :* ]<ref name=":2" /> with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called ''Toscani'' (], e.g. the citylect of ]) and ''Mediani'' (], besides all the city koiné of ]) dialects)
:*Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patrimonilinguistici.it/il-giudeo-italiano/|title=Il giudeo-italiano: Le lingue degli Ebrei in Italia|date=27 January 2018}}</ref> (e.g., the citylect of ]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLKPq7-Ca8C&q=giudeo-mantovano&pg=PA44|title=La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane|isbn=9788880572435|last1=Fortis|first1=Umberto|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41283353|jstor = 41283353|title = La parlata degli ebrei mantovani|last1 = Colorni|first1 = Vittore|journal = La Rassegna Mensile di Israel|year = 1970|volume = 36|issue = 7/9|pages = 109–164}}</ref>) (almost extinct) :* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patrimonilinguistici.it/il-giudeo-italiano/ |title=Il giudeo-italiano: Le lingue degli Ebrei in Italia |trans-title=The Judeo-Italian: The languages of the Jews in Italy |language=it |date=27 January 2018}}</ref> (e.g., the citylect of ]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxLKPq7-Ca8C&q=giudeo-mantovano&pg=PA44 |title=La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane |trans-title=The speech of the Jews of Venice and the Judeo-Italian speeches |language=it |isbn=9788880572435 |last1=Fortis |first1=Umberto |year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41283353 |jstor=41283353 |title=La parlata degli ebrei mantovani |trans-title=The speech of the Mantuan Jews |language=it |last1=Colorni |first1=Vittore |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |year=1970 |volume=36 |issue=7/9 |pages=109–164}}</ref>) (almost extinct)
:*] (almost extinct) :* ] (almost extinct)
:*]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of ], ] and ]) and Judeo-] (extinct) :* ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of ], ] and ]) and Judeo-] (extinct)
:*]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct) :* ]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct)
:*Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian&pg=PA99|title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present|last1=Hary|first1=Benjamin|last2=Benor|first2=Sarah Bunin|date=5 November 2018|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|via=Google Books|isbn=9781501504631}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&pg=PA257|title=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages|last1=Weiss|first1=Hillel|last2=Katsman|first2=Roman|date=17 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|via=Google Books|last3=Kotlerman|first3=Ber|isbn=9781443857529}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ], including Judeo-] of ]) (extinct or almost extinct) :* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian&pg=PA99 |title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present |last1=Hary |first1=Benjamin |last2=Benor |first2=Sarah Bunin |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=] |via=] |isbn=9781501504631}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&q=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&pg=PA257 |title=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages |last1=Weiss |first1=Hillel |last2=Katsman |first2=Roman |date=17 March 2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |via=] |last3=Kotlerman |first3=Ber |isbn=9781443857529}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ], including Judeo-] of ]) (extinct or almost extinct)
:*Judeo-] varieties (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali'' (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct) :*Judeo-] varieties (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali'' (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct)
:*]<ref name=":2" /> :*]<ref name=":2" />
Line 93: Line 85:
:* Judeo-], including Judeo-Venetian of ] (almost extinct) :* Judeo-], including Judeo-Venetian of ] (almost extinct)


===Other Indo-European languages=== === Other Indo-European languages ===
* ]<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=knaanic%2520czech&pg=RA3-PA83|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 9780195139778|language=en|page = 83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf|title = Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination|last = Katz|first = Dovid|date = October 2012|journal = Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background|access-date = 1 August 2015|editor-first = Ondřej|editor-last = Bláha|editor2-first = Robert|editor2-last = Dittman|editor3-first = Lenka|editor3-last = Uličná|pages = 164, 173}}</ref> (extinct) * ]<ref>{{cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=knaanic%2520czech&pg=RA3-PA83 |publisher=] |date=1 January 2003 |isbn=9780195139778 |language=en |page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf |title=Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination |last=Katz |first=Dovid |date=October 2012 |journal=Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background |access-date=1 August 2015 |editor-first=Ondřej |editor-last=Bláha |editor2-first=Robert |editor2-last=Dittman |editor3-first=Lenka |editor3-last=Uličná |pages=164, 173}}</ref> (extinct)
*]<ref name=":2" /> * ]<ref name=":2" />
:* Judeo-] (extinct) :* Judeo-] (extinct)
*] (extinct) * ] (extinct)


==Kartvelian languages== == Kartvelian languages ==
* ]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia</ref> * ]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia</ref>
* Judeo-] (first of all — so called ]–] dialect of Mingrelian,<ref>{{Cite book|title = THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921)|url = http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/303243/1/Gruzinskiee_Ivreii.pdf|publisher = D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia|date = |isbn =|language=Russian, Georgian, English, German|page = 55}}</ref> e.g. ] and ] Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)<ref name=":3" /> (almost extinct) * Judeo-] (first of all — so called ]–] dialect of Mingrelian,<ref>{{cite book |title=THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/303243/1/Gruzinskiee_Ivreii.pdf |publisher=D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia |date= |isbn= |language=Russian, Georgian, English, German |page=55}}</ref> e.g. ] and ] Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)<ref name=":3" /> (almost extinct)

⚫ ==Turkic languages==
⚫ *Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ])
⚫ *]<ref>{{cite web|title = YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks|url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks|website = www.yivoencyclopedia.org|access-date = 2015-08-01}}</ref> (almost extinct)
⚫ *]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&q=judeo-turkish&pg=PR6|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=2017-09-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004359543|language=en}}</ref> (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
⚫ *]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)


⚫ == Turkic languages ==
⚫ ==See also==
⚫ * Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ])
⚫ * ]<ref>{{cite web|title=YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks |website=www.yivoencyclopedia.org |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref> (almost extinct)
⚫ * ]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&q=judeo-turkish&pg=PR6 |title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition |date=1 September 2017 |publisher=] |isbn=9789004359543 |language=en}}</ref> (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
⚫ * ]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)


⚫ == See also ==
* ] * ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


Revision as of 14:33, 16 May 2022

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

Aramaic languages

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

  • Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Dravidian languages

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

Indo-Aryan languages

Iranian languages

Romance languages

  • Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
  • Judeo-Gascon (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
  • Judeo-Venetian, including Judeo-Venetian of Corfu (almost extinct)

Other Indo-European languages

Kartvelian languages

Turkic languages

  • Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
  • Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
  • Judeo-Turkish (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
  • Karaim (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)

See also

References

  1. ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (30 October 2015). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
  2. Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021. S2CID 143577497.
  3. Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
  4. Khan, Geoffrey (8 June 1999). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
  5. ^ Weninger, Stefan (23 December 2011). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
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  14. Nahon, Peter (2018). Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine [Gascon and French among the Israelites of Aquitaine] (in French). Paris: Classiques Garnier.
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  17. Colorni, Vittore (1970). "La parlata degli ebrei mantovani" [The speech of the Mantuan Jews]. La Rassegna Mensile di Israel (in Italian). 36 (7/9): 109–164. JSTOR 41283353.
  18. Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
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  21. Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  22. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia
  23. THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) (PDF) (in Russian, Georgian, English, and German). D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia. p. 55.
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  25. Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543.
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