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| HIS NAME IS RANDY BARNARD HE IS SO SWEET!!!!!!!!!! | |||
| {{about|the reggae musician|the comedian|Bob Marley (comedian)}} | |||
| {{Infobox musical artist | |||
| | Name = Bob Marley | |||
| | Img = Bob-Marley-in-Concert Zurich 05-30-80.jpg | |||
| | Img_capt = Bob Marley in concert, ], 1980. | |||
| | Background = khaki | |||
| | Birth_name = Robert Nesta Marley | |||
| | Alias = Tuff Gong | |||
| | Born = ], ]<br />{{flagicon|Jamaica}} Nine Miles, ], ] | |||
| | Died = ], ] (age 36)<br />{{flagicon|USA}} ], ], ] | |||
| | Instrument = ]<br />] | |||
| | Genre = ]<br />]<br />] | |||
| | Occupation = Singer, songwriter, guitarist | |||
| | Years_active = ] - ] | |||
| | Label = ]<br />]<br />]/]<br />]/] | |||
| | Associated_acts = ]<br>] | |||
| | URL = | |||
| }} | |||
| Robert Nesta Marley, ] (], ] – ], ]) was a ]n ], ], and ]. He is the most widely known performer of ] music, and is famous for popularising the genre outside Jamaica. A faithful ], Marley is regarded by many as a ] of the religion.<ref name=prophet>Smith, W. Alan, ''</ref> | |||
| Marley is best known for his ], ], and ] songs, which include the hits "]", "]", "]", "Exodus", "]", "Jammin", "]", and one of his most famous love songs, "]".<ref name=EB>"Bob Marley," ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 2006.</ref> His posthumous compilation album '']'' (1984) is the best-selling reggae album ever, with sales of more than 12 million copies.<ref name=EB/> | |||
| == Early life and career == | |||
| Marley (born Nesta Robert Marley) was born in the small village of Nine Miles in the ], ]. His father, ], was a white Jamaican born in ] to ] parents from ]. Norval was a ] and captain, and a ] overseer, when he married ], an eighteen-year-old black Jamaican, who became Bob Marley's mother. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. Marley was ten years old when his father died of a heart attack in 1955 at age 60. | |||
| Marley suffered racial prejudice as a youth, because of his mixed racial origins,<ref>http://www.uvm.edu/~debate/dreadlibrary/gurtman02.htm</ref> and faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He once reflected: | |||
| <blockquote>I don't have prejudice against myself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't dip on nobody's side. Me don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me dip on God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.</blockquote> | |||
| Marley and his mother moved to ] ] slum after Norval's death. He was forced to learn ], as he became the target of bullying because of his racial makeup and small stature (he was 5'4" (163 cm) tall). He gained a reputation for his physical strength, which earned him the nickname "Tuff Gong". | |||
| Marley became friends with Neville "Bunny" Livingston (later known as ]), with whom he started to play music. He left school at the age of 14 and started as an apprentice at a local welder's shop. In his free time, he and Livingston made music with ], a local singer and devout ] who is regarded by many as Marley's mentor. It was at a ] with Higgs and Livingston that Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as ]), who had similar musical ambitions. | |||
| In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "]" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer ]. These songs, released on the ] label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,<ref> at bobmarley.com</ref> attracted little attention. The songs were later re-released on the album '']'', a posthumous collection of Marley's songs. | |||
| == Musical career == | |||
| === The Wailers === | |||
| ], Bob Marley, ].]] | |||
| In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Livingston, ], ], ], and ] formed a ] and ] group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", and finally to "]". By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Marley, Livingston, and McIntosh. | |||
| Marley took on the role of leader, singer, and main songwriter. Much of The Wailers' early work, including their first single '']'', was produced by ] at ]. Simmer Down topped Jamaican Charts in 1964 and established The Wailers as one of the hottest groups in the country. They followed up with songs such as "Soul Rebel" and "400 Years". | |||
| In 1966, Marley married ], and moved near his mother's residence in ] for a few months. Upon returning to Jamaica, Marley became a member of the Rastafari movement, and started to wear his trademark ] (''see the '']'' for more on Marley's religious views''). | |||
| After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with ] and his studio band, ]. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again. | |||
| Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter McIntosh and Bunny Livingston recut some old tracks with ] in Kingston and ] in an attempt to commercialize The Wailers' sound. Livingston later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". | |||
| ] | |||
| The Wailers' first album, '']'', was released worldwide in 1973, and sold well. It was followed a year later by '']'', which included the songs "]" and "]". ] made a hit cover of "I Shot the Sheriff" in 1974, raising Marley's international profile. | |||
| The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members going on to pursue solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Livingston, McIntosh, and Marley concerning performances, while others claim that Livingston and McIntosh simply preferred solo work. McIntosh began recording under the name ], and Livingston continued on as Bunny Wailer. | |||
| === Bob Marley & The Wailers === | |||
| Despite the breakup, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new ] included brothers ] and ] on drums and bass respectively, ] and ] on lead guitar, ] and ] on keyboards, and ] on percussion. The "]", consisting of ], ], and Marley's wife, Rita, performed backup vocals. | |||
| In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "]" from the '']'' album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the ], '']'' (1976), which spent four weeks on the ] Top Ten. | |||
| In December 1976, two days before "]", a free concert organized by ] ] in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received only minor injuries in the chest and arm. The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley<!--Manley is correct, do not change it to Marley-->. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled. | |||
| Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976 for ], where he recorded his '']'' and '']'' albums. ''Exodus'' stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting In Vain", "Jamming", and also "One Love", a rendition of ]'s hit, "]". It was here that he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of ] while travelling in London. | |||
| {{Main|One Love Peace Concert}} | |||
| In 1978, Marley performed at another political concert in Jamaica, the ], again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Manley<!--Manley is correct, do not change it to Marley--> and his political rival, ], joined each other on stage and shook hands. | |||
| '']'', a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "]", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of ]ns. In early ], he was invited to perform at the ] celebration of ]'s Independence Day. | |||
| '']'' (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions, including "]" and "Forever Loving Jah". It was in "Redemption Song" that Marley sang the famous lyric, | |||
| {{cquote|Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery<br>None but ourselves can free our minds...|10px}} | |||
| '']'', released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "]" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica. | |||
| == Later years == | |||
| === Cancer diagnosis === | |||
| In July 1977, Marley was found to have ] in a ] wound on his right ] (big toe). Marley refused amputation, citing worries that the operation would affect his dancing, as well as the Rastafari belief that the body must be "whole": | |||
| {{cquote|Rasta no abide amputation. I don't allow a man to be dismantled.|10px|10px|From the biography ''Catch a Fire''}} | |||
| Marley may have seen ] as ''samfai''. True to this belief Marley went against all surgical possibilities and sought out other means that would not break his religious beliefs. He also refused to register a ], based on the Rastafari belief that writing one acknowledged death as inevitable and disregarded the everlasting character of life. | |||
| === Collapse and treatment === | |||
| The ] then spread to Marley's ], ]s, ], and ]. After playing two shows at ] as part of his fall 1980 ], he collapsed while jogging in ] ]. The remainder of the tour was subsequently cancelled. | |||
| Bob Marley played his final concert at the ] in ] on ], ]. The live version of "]" on '']'' was recorded at this show.<ref>http://www.bobmarley.com/songs/songs.cgi?redemption</ref> Marley afterwards sought medical help from ] specialist ], but his cancer had already progressed to the terminal stage. | |||
| === Death and posthumous reputation === | |||
| While flying home from ] to Jamaica for his final days, Marley became ill, and landed in Miami for immediate medical attention. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in ] on the morning of ], ] at the age of 36. His final words to his son ] were "Money can't buy life".<ref name="timeline">{{cite web | |||
| | last = Steffens | |||
| | first = Roger | |||
| | title = Bob Marley Chronology 1945-1981 | |||
| | url = http://www.reggae.com/artists/bob_marley/chronology.htm | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-10-26 }}</ref> | |||
| Marley received a ] in Jamaica, which combined elements of ] Orthodoxy and Rastafari. He was buried in a crypt near his birthplace with his ], a soccer ball, a marijuana bud, a ring that he wore every day that was given to him by the Prince Asfa Wossen of Ethiopia (eldest son of H.I.M), and a ]. A month before his death, he was awarded the ]. | |||
| Bob Marley's music has continuously grown in popularity in the years since his death, providing a stream of revenue for his estate and affording him a mythical status in ] music history. He remains enormously popular and well-known all over the world, particularly so in Africa. Marley was inducted into the ] in ]. '']'' magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers' '']'' as the greatest album of the 20th century. | |||
| In 2001, the same year that Marley was posthumously awarded the ], a feature-length documentary about his life, <em>Rebel Music</em>, was nominated for Best Long Form Music Video documentary at ]. It won various other awards. With contributions from Rita, the Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words. | |||
| In Summer ], the City of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Ramsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the ] Section of ] <em>Bob Marley Blvd</em>.<ref></ref> | |||
| == Religion == | |||
| Bob Marley was a member of the ], whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. Bob Marley became the leading proponent of the Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. | |||
| Now considered a "Rasta" legend, Marley's adoption of the characteristic Rastafari dreadlocks and famous use of ] as a ] in the late sixties were an integral part of his persona. He is said to have entered every performance proclaiming the divinity of ]. | |||
| Many of Marley's songs contained Biblical references, sometimes using wordplay to fuse activism and religion, as in "Revolution" and "Revelation": | |||
| {{cquote|Revelation, reveals the truth...|10px}} | |||
| {{cquote|It takes a revolution to make a solution...|10px}} | |||
| A few months before his death, Marley was baptised into the ] and took the name ''Berhane Selassie'' (meaning ''the Light of the Holy Trinity'' in ]). | |||
| == Children == | |||
| Bob Marley had 13 children: three with his wife ], two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and the remaining eight with separate women.<ref>http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/dixon.html</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/dancehall/marley_famtree1.shtm</ref> His children are, in order of birth: | |||
| # Imani Carole, born ], ] to Cheryl Murray | |||
| # Sharon, born ], ] to ] in previous relationship; | |||
| # ], born ], ] to ]; | |||
| # ], born ], ] to ]; | |||
| # Robert "Robbie", born ], ] to Pat Williams; | |||
| # ], born ], ] to Janet Hunt; | |||
| # Karen, born ] to Janet Bowen; | |||
| # Stephanie, born ]; according to ] she was product from an affair of ] with a man called Ital, but she was acknowledged as Bob's daughter; | |||
| # ], born ], ] to Lucy Pounder; | |||
| # ], born ], ] to Anita Belnavis; | |||
| # ], born ], ] to ]; | |||
| # Makeda, born ], ] to Yvette Crichton. | |||
| == Discography == | |||
| ''For a detailed listing of albums by Bob Marley & the Wailers, see ].'' | |||
| == Tours == | |||
| * Apr-Jul ]: ''']''' (England, USA) | |||
| * Oct-Nov ]: ''']''' (USA, England) | |||
| * Jun-Jul ]: ''']''' (USA, Canada, England) | |||
| * Apr-Jul ]: ''']''' (USA, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, France, England, Wales) | |||
| * May-Jun ]: ''']''' (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, England) | |||
| * May-Aug ]: ''']''' (USA, Canada, England, France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium) | |||
| * Apr-May ]: ''']''' (Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii) | |||
| * Oct-Dec ]: ''']''' (USA, Canada, Trinidad/Tobago, Bahamas) | |||
| * Apr ]: ] Tour | |||
| * May-Sep ]: ''']''' (Switzerland, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, USA) | |||
| == Awards and honors == | |||
| ] | |||
| * 1976: Band of the Year (]) | |||
| * June 1978: Awarded the ] from the ] | |||
| * February 1981: Awarded Jamaica's third highest honor, the ] | |||
| * March 1994: Inducted into the ] | |||
| * 1999: Album of the Century for '']'' (]) | |||
| * February 2001: A star on the ] | |||
| * February 2001: Awarded ] | |||
| * 2004: ] ranked him #11 on their list of the .<ref>{{cite web| title = The Immortals: The First Fifty| work = Rolling Stone Issue 946| publisher = Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty}}</ref> | |||
| * 2005: Posthumous Achievement Award | |||
| * "One Love" named song of the millennium by The ] | |||
| * Voted as one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll.<ref name=greatest>, ''BBC'', May 23, 2001</ref> | |||
| == Sound samples == | |||
| * {{audio|Bob Marley & The Wailers - Simmer Down (1964).ogg|"Simmer Down" (1964)}} | |||
| * {{audio|Bob Marley & The Wailers - Soul Rebel (1970).ogg|"Soul Rebel" (1970)}} | |||
| * {{audio|The Wailers - Get Up, Stand Up (1973).ogg|"Get Up, Stand Up" (1973)}} | |||
| * {{audio|Redemption Song.ogg|"Redemption Song" (1980)}} | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| * ISBN 1-4000-5286-6 ], ''The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century'' | |||
| * ISBN 0-06-053991-7 ], ''Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley'', Amistad/Harpercollins | |||
| * ISBN 0-8118-5036-6 James Henke, ''Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley'', Chronicle Books | |||
| * ISBN 0-7868-6867-8 ], Hettie Jones, ''No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley'' | |||
| * ISBN 0-8050-6009-X ], ''Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley'' | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| {{commons|Bob Marley}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * at Rollingstone | |||
| * addressed to the ], which was made into Marley's famous song "War". | |||
| * ''BBC News'', 23 May, 2001 | |||
| * | |||
| <br /> | |||
| {{Reggae}} | |||
| {{Pan-Africanism}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Marley, Bob}} | |||
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Revision as of 21:41, 26 February 2007
HIS NAME IS RANDY BARNARD HE IS SO SWEET!!!!!!!!!!