| Revision as of 19:57, 21 October 2022 editEquinox (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users18,277 editsm grammar← Previous edit | Revision as of 04:44, 3 December 2022 edit undo103.66.227.148 (talk)No edit summaryTag: RevertedNext edit → | ||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
| {{short description|Mountain range in India and Nepal}} | {{short description|Mountain range in India and Nepal}} | ||
| ]|280x280px]] | ]|280x280px]] | ||
| The '''Sivalik Hills''', also known as the ''' |
The '''Sivalik Hills''', also known as the '''Shiwalik Hills''' and '''Churia Hills''', are a ] of the outer ] that stretches over about {{cvt|2400|km}} from the ] eastwards close to the ], spanning the northern parts of the ]. It is {{cvt|10|-|50|km}} wide with an average elevation of {{cvt|1500|-|2000|m}}. Between the ] and ]s in ] is a gap of about {{cvt|90|km}}.<ref name="Kohli2002">{{cite book |author=Kohli, M. S. |chapter=Shiwalik Range |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage |year=2002 |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA24 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1}}</ref> "Sivalik" ] means 'tresses of ]'.<ref name="Balokhra99">{{cite book |last1=Balokhra |first1= J. M. |year=1999 |title=The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=H. G. Publications |location=New Delhi |edition=Revised and enlarged fourth |isbn=9788184659757}}</ref> Sivalik region is home to the ] archaeological culture.<ref name="SchugWalimbe2016" /> | ||
| ==Geology== | ==Geology== | ||
| [[File:Siv | |||
| walik Hills map.svg|thumb|Map of the Siwalik Hills]]Geologically, the Siwalik Hills belong to the ] ] of the outer Himalayas.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Siwalik Hills |volume=25 |pages=163–164}}</ref> They are chiefly composed of ] and ] rock formations, which are the solidified ] of the Himalayas<ref name=EB1911/> to their north; they are poorly consolidated. The remnant ] of ]s and sandstones indicates that they were deposited 16–5.2 million years ago. In ], the ] exposes the oldest part of the Shivalik Hills.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Gautam, P., Fujiwara, Y. |year=2000 |title=Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=812–824 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00185.x |bibcode=2000GeoJI.142..812G |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
| They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial ] zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer ], percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the ] or plains.<ref name=Mani>{{cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography in India|first=M.S.|last=Mani|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |page=690}}</ref> | They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial ] zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer ], percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the ] or plains.<ref name=Mani>{{cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography in India|first=M.S.|last=Mani|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |page=690}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 04:44, 3 December 2022
Mountain range in India and Nepal
The Sivalik Hills, also known as the Shiwalik Hills and Churia Hills, are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches over about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) from the Indus River eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River, spanning the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is 10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) wide with an average elevation of 1,500–2,000 m (4,900–6,600 ft). Between the Teesta and Raidāk Rivers in Assam is a gap of about 90 km (56 mi). "Sivalik" literally means 'tresses of Shiva'. Sivalik region is home to the Soanian archaeological culture.
Geology
[[File:Siv walik Hills map.svg|thumb|Map of the Siwalik Hills]]Geologically, the Siwalik Hills belong to the Tertiary deposits of the outer Himalayas. They are chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate rock formations, which are the solidified detritus of the Himalayas to their north; they are poorly consolidated. The remnant magnetisation of siltstones and sandstones indicates that they were deposited 16–5.2 million years ago. In Nepal, the Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Shivalik Hills.
They are bounded on the south by a fault system called the Main Frontal Thrust, with steeper slopes on that side. Below this, the coarse alluvial Bhabar zone makes the transition to the nearly level plains. Rainfall, especially during the summer monsoon, percolates into the Bhabar, then is forced to the surface by finer alluvial layers below it in a zone of springs and marshes along the northern edge of the Terai or plains.
Prehistory
Ganges River cutting through the Sivalik Hills
View of the Sivalik Hills from Sukhna Lake at dawn
Winter morning in Terai
Remains of the Lower Paleolithic Soanian culture dating to around 500,000 to 125,000 BP were found in the Sivalik region. Contemporary to the Acheulean, the Soanian culture is named after the Soan Valley in the Sivalik Hills of Pakistan. The Soanian archaeological culture is found across Sivalik region in present-day India, Nepal and Pakistan.
Sivapithecus (a kind of ape, formerly known as Ramapithecus) is among many fossil finds in the Sivalik region.
A number of fossil ratites were reported from the Sivalik Hills, including the extinct Asian ostrich, Dromaius sivalensis and Hypselornis. However, the latter two species were named only from toe bones that have since been identified as belonging to an ungulate mammal and a crocodilian, respectively.
Demographics
The low human population density in the Sivalik Hills and along the steep southern slopes of the Lower Himalayan Range created a cultural, linguistic, and political buffer zone between populations in the plains to the south and the hills beyond the Mahabharat escarpment, enabling different evolutionary paths with respect to language and culture.
In culture
The Indian Navy's Shivalik-class frigate is named after these ranges.
See also
- Subranges of Sivalik (from north to south)
- Geological subdivisions of Himalayas (from north to south)
- Indus-Yarlung suture zone
- Karakoram fault system
- Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains
- Main Himalayan Thrust
- Lower/Lesser Himalaya
- Geographical subdivisions of Himalayas (from east to west)
- Eastern Himalaya
- Indian Himalayan Region, Geology of Bhutan and Geology of Nepal
- Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Geography of Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan and Geology of Pakistan
References
- Kohli, M. S. (2002). "Shiwalik Range". Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage. Indus Publishing. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1.
- Balokhra, J. M. (1999). The Wonderland of Himachal Pradesh (Revised and enlarged fourth ed.). New Delhi: H. G. Publications. ISBN 9788184659757.
- ^ Chauhan, P. (2016). "A decade of paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent. The Soanian industry reassessed". In Schug, G. R.; Walimbe, S. R. (eds.). A Companion to South Asia in the Past. Oxford, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-119-05547-1.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Siwalik Hills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–164.
- "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Siwalik Group sediments of Karnali River section in western Nepal". Geophysical Journal International. 142 (3): 812–824. 2000. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.142..812G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00185.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - Mani, M.S. (2012). Ecology and Biogeography in India. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 690.
- Lycett, S. J. (2007). "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (9): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001.
- Kelley, Jay (1 May 1988). "A new large species of Sivapithecus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 17 (3): 305–324. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90073-5. ISSN 0047-2484. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- Lowe, P. R. (1929). "Some remarks on Hypselornis sivalensis Lydekker". Ibis. 71 (4): 571–576. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1929.tb08775.x.
| Geography of South Asia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mountains |
| ||||||||
| Plateaus |
| ||||||||
| Deserts | |||||||||
| Lowlands |
| ||||||||
| Water-bodies |
| ||||||||
| Islands | |||||||||
| By country | |||||||||
| By region | |||||||||
27°46′N 82°24′E / 27.767°N 82.400°E / 27.767; 82.400
| State of Uttarakhand | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State capitals: legislative: Dehradun (winter); Bhararisain (summer); judicial: Nainital | |||||||||||||||||||
| Government |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| History |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Geography and ecology |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Demographics |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Administrative divisions |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Politics | |||||||||||||||||||
| Tourism |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Sports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other topics | |||||||||||||||||||
| Districts |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Major cities | |||||||||||||||||||