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Werdersch (Template:Lang-de) is a subdialect of Low Prussian, which itself is a subdialect of Low German. This dialect is spoken in Poland and was spoken in the former province of West Prussia. Its name derives from the Weichselwerder (lit. 'Vistula River islands') of Żuławy Gdańskie (between Wisła Gdańska and Gdańskie Wyżyny) and Żuławy Malborskie (between Vistula, Szkarpawa, Vistula Lagoon, and Nogat).

History

Werdersch developed after Dutch-speaking immigrants from the Netherlands moved in the sixteenth century to the region where Werdersch is spoken. Half of the immigrants were Mennonites, the other half were Protestants. Though not all were from Holland (some were German colonists), they were all referred to as Hollanders. Catherine the Great called some Mennonite immigrants from the area further east to Russia.

Werdersch is closely related to Nehrungisch. Plautdietsch was spoken in this area even by non-Mennonites. Many of the Mennonites spoke Low German. Groups of Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites were early arrivals. The division between Flemish Mennonites and Frisian Mennonites was religious rather than ethnic. The early Anabaptists from the province of Friesland at that time spoke Frisian. This division continued into Russia. Most of the founders of Molotschna and Chortitza colonies in Russia were Flemish Mennonites speaking Werdersch. Most residents of Chortitza Colony were from Żuławy Malborskie (Template:Lang-de).

Settlements

In Europe

The congregations of Flemish Mennonites in the area of the Weichselwerder were Ellerwald, Fürstenwerder, Heubuden, Ladekopp, Rosenort and Tiegenhagen. Orlofferfelde and Thiensdorf had a congregation of Frisian Mennonites.

Daughter settlements of Molotschna in Ukraine (German names of the period) included:

• Adshembet
• Aktatschi-Busan
• Alatsch
• Alexanderheim
• Alexandropol
• Alexefeld
• Ali-Bai
• Annowka
• Arkachin
• Atartschik
• Ataschaja
• Bakschai
• Barak
• Baschlitscha
• Bek-Bulatschi
• Bijuk-Busan
• Bijuk-Kuban
• Borangar
• Brasol (with following villages:)
  • Blumenfeld
  • Blumenheim-Werbowskoje
  • Rosenhof
  • Schönfeld-Kransopol
• Bubschik
• Busul
• Busul-Montanai
• Danilowka
• Dsanbore
• Dselair
• Durmen
• Ebenfeld
• Elgeri-Montanai
• Fernheim
• Itschki
• Jalantusch
• Jangil
• Kadagai
• Kara-Kodsha
• Kara-Tschikmak
• Karasan
• Kasantschi
• Keneges
• Kiat
• Kipschak
• Kirgis
• Kitai
• Kutjuki
• Lustigstal
• Mara
• Masajewka
• Memrik (with following villages:)
  • Alexandrowka
  • Kalinowo
  • Karpowka
  • Kotljarewka
  • Ljessowka
  • Marainowka
  • Michailowka
  • Mmerik
  • Nikolajewka
  • Orlowo
• Menelerdshik
• Millerowo
• Miropol
• Nikolaipol
• Ogus-Tobe
• Olgase-Kamrat
• Pascha-Tschokmak
• Sabantschi
• Sabantschi
• Sagradowka (including:)
  • Altonau
  • Orloff
  • Neuschönsee
  • Nikolaifeld
  • Tiege
• Salgirka
• Samojlowka (with following villages:)
  • Nowo-Stepnoje
  • Ryskowo
  • Samojlowka
  • Schestakowo
• Sarona
• Scheich-Eli
• Schöntal
• Selenaja
• Semisotka
• Shangara
• Spat
• Stanislawka
• Tamak
• Telentschi
• Terkle-Kitai
• Teschi
• Timir
• Toksaba
• Tokultschak
• Topalowka
• Tributzkoje
  • Nowo-Nikolajewka
  • Wolodjewka
• Tschambuldi
• Tschatte
• Tsche-Tsche
• Tschongraw
• Usnajak
• Wassiljewka

The Caucasus Mountains had the following daughter colonies:

• Kuban (with villages Welikoknjascheskoje and Alexandrodar)
• Tempelhof-Orbelianowka (with villages Tempelhof and Orbelianowka)
• Suworowka
  • Nikolaifeld
  • Großfürstental
  • Lwarow
  • Arrival
• Olgino
  • Olgino
  • Romanowka
  • Miropol
  • Loschkarewo
• Terek
  • Alexandrowka
  • Chartsch
  • Konstantinowka
  • Marjanowka
  • Rohrbach
  • Sulak
  • Talma
  • Wanderloh
  • Middelburg
  • Pretoria
  • Tarawowka

In Russia

Northeast Russia had the following daughter colonies:

• Neu-Samara (with following villages:)
  • Bogamasowo
  • Pleschanowo
  • Krassikowo
  • Kamenetz
  • Lugowsk
  • Podolsk
  • Kuterla
  • Dolinsk
  • Donskoje
  • Koltan
  • Annenskoje
• Rownopol (Ebenfeld)
• Dawlekanowo (with following villages:)
  • Karambasch
  • Gortschakowo
  • Beresowka-Udrak
  • Jurmankej
  • Kulikowo
• Orenburg (with following villages:)
  • Aliessowo
  • Stepanowka
  • Klubnikowo
  • Kubanka
  • Karaguj
  • Kameschewoje
  • Tscherno-Osernoje
  • Selenoje

In North America

Mennonite migrants to the United States in the 19th century mainly originated from Molotschna, and settled in the Midwestern US. This group expanded into the Central Valley of California, but never formed a large Mennonite community there. In 1874, Mennonites from the Molotschna region settled around Wichita, Kansas. These settlers originated from the Krimmer Mennonite Brethren, Alexanderwohl, so-called Prussian Mennonites, and Volhynia Mennonites. The Alexanderwohl, Mennonite Brethren, and General Conference Mennonite Church are all denominations of Molotschna origin in central Kansas.

In the 1870s, many immigrating Mennonites settled in Henderson, Nebraska; Mountain Lake, Minnesota; Corn, Oklahoma; and Fresno, California. Reedley, California (near Fresno) also has a sizable population of Mennonite origin. Mennonites founded Fresno Pacific University, as well as Bethel College and Tabor College in Kansas.

In Manitoba, Canada, the East Reserve had a minority of its Mennonites originating from Molotschna. In the 1940s, about 800 Mennonites from theWest Reserve immigrated to northern Mexico, most of whom were Canadian Sommerfelder or Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites; thus, Molotschna-Plautdietsch is now spoken in Mexico. The Plautdietsch spoken in Mexico, Bolivia, and Texas differs from that spoken farther north. Many speakers of Plautdietsch show main features of both Molotschna-Plautdietsch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch.

In South America

In Paraguay, Molotschna-Plautdietsch is spoken in the Neuland Colony, and some residents of Fernheim Colony and Tres Palmas Colony have Molotschna ancestry. Friesland Colony was founded by people moving from Fernheim Colony.

In Brazil, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul have residents of Werdersch cum Molotschna origin. Convenção Brasileira das Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas has half the members of Mennonite congregations in Brazil. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is also spoken in Southern Brazil.

The denomination Flemish Mennonites was predominant in the Żuławy Malborskie, the denomination Frisian Mennonites in the Żuławy Elbląskie. Later groups of settlers had more predominant representation of Frisian Mennonites from more southerly (Werder) areas.

Phonology

This section needs attention from an expert in linguistics. The specific problem is: technical linguistic details need to be organized, properly formatted, linked, and explained. Also see Grammar section. WikiProject Linguistics may be able to help recruit an expert. (January 2023)

Werdersch has alveolar /r/, like Eastern Low Prussian. Werdersch has, at least in some words, long /u/ as short /u/ and long /i/ as short /i/. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is descended from Werdersch. In originally closed syllables (excluding before original /r/, /ld/ and /lp/), /e/ is given as front vowel /a/. In contrast to Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch, it and Molotschna-Plautdietsch have High German /au/ as /au/. In contrast to Nehrungisch and Chortitza-Plautdietsch, it and Molotschna-Plautdietsch have no shortened /u/ before /p/. Werdersch has shortened u before gutturals. It has dorx for High German durch, English through. The Molotschna-related <oa>-diphthongs before velars are , , . Werdersch had a in the closed syllable before l as o. Molotschna-Plautdietsch has palatal oral stops <tj> and <dj>. For Chortitza-Plautdietsch / it has /. Plautdietsch varieties which have the reflex of MLG ū, almost always develop a centralized reflex of MLG ō. Molotschna forms which do not have the reflex often have a central reflex, .

In less conservative varieties, the nucleus of words such as heet has also begun to fall and further dissimilate itself from its off-glide. Speakers from the earlier Midwestern settlements sometimes have a raised allophone of words, such as Äkj: . Molotschna speakers from the original late 1800s settlements often lack an off-glide in some OA sounds, but do have off-glides in other OA sounds (e.g., Oabeid 'work' vs Foagel 'fowl' , koake 'to cook' , and Büak 'book' ). Molotschna speakers from Mexico with the traditional Molotschna Dialect OA form retain the original off-glide in words like Foagel 'fowl' .

List of isoglosses within Werdersch:

• /a/ mostly as /au/
• /n/-loss in kannst
• Long /o/ is shortened before l+dental; umlaut lacks in words such as kaufen
• Final -n
• /l/-loss in willst and sollst
• Loss of /n/ in an-, in- un- before fricatives, /r, l, m, n and g.
• büten, dün, glüpen etc. versus buten, dun, glupen etc.
• haiwen, blaif etc. versus haue, blau etc.
• Shortening of /î/ to /i/ before velars
• Shortening of /û/ to /u/ before velars
• /i, e and ar/ becoming /e, a and or/ respectively

Grammar

Molotschna-Plautdietsch uses dative case, but not accusative case. Molotschna-Plautdietsch is the dominant Plautdietsch variety in Fernheim Colony. Molotschna-Plautdietsch has ahn for them. Molotschna-Plautdietsch has the formal address using the pronoun of the third person. Molotschna-Plautdietsch has infinitive and plural, both ending with /-ə/. For verbs with two preterite forms, Molotschna-Plautdietsch mostly uses the velar form with /au/. It has the velar stem vowel of Dutch and a limited number of palatal preterite forms. Molotschna-Plautdietsch has habe for the infinitive have. Molotschna-Plautdietsch has palatalization given as c and ɟ, which probably used to exist in West Prussia as well. It has the preterite forms kam and nam.

List of surnames

This is a list of surnames common among Mennonites in Canada originating (indirectly) from Russia, in descending frequency. The number in brackets indicates the number of places they are higher than on a 20-entry list of surnames of Mennonites in Canada originating (indirectly) from Russia. This list only includes surnames higher on the list concerning West Prussian Mennonites than on the list of surnames of Mennonites in Canada.

• Penner (4)
• Wiens*
• Janzen (12)
• Enns (6)
• Janz*
• Froese*
• Regehr*
• Harder (8)
• Ewert*
• Pauls*
• Fast*
• Franz*
• Epp*
• Fieguth*
• Albrecht*

* name not on the 20-entry list

Surnames of Frisians include Abrahams, Arens, Behrends, Cornelius, Daniels, Dirksen, Doercksen, Frantzen, Goertzen, Gossen, Harms, Heinrichs, Jantzen, Pauls, Peters, Siemens, and Woelms. Surnames that mostly occur in Frisian congregations include Adrian, Brandt, Buller, Caspar, Flaming, Hamm, Harms, Isaak, Kettler, Kliewer, Knels, Stobbe, Teus, Töws, and Toews; additionally, Pauls, Peters, Unruh, and Fransen and Schmidt. Nickel also is a name mainly of Frisian Mennonites denomination.

Today

Evangelical Mennonite Conference is a denomination of Molotschna origin limited to Canada. More than half of its churches are in Manitoba province. Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches has most of its churches in the Midwestern US or Manitoba, Canada. Mennonite Brethren are a denomination originating from Molotschna. Mennonite Church USA has more members of Molotschna rather than of Chortitza origin.

In 1950, the first Mennonite Brethren congregation in Western Europe was founded in Neuwied, Germany, by people from the Soviet Union and Poland. The next two congregations founded were Neustadt an der Weinstraße in 1960 and Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia in 1965. The Baptisten-Brüdergermeinde Bonn (Baptist-Brethren Congregation of Bonn), later renamed, was founded in 1974, resulted in the foundation of Bibelseminar Bonn. The first Mennonite congregation in Bielefeld was founded in the Brackwede district in 1974 (the congregation is now in the Heepen district). The first Mennonite Brethren congregation founded by Aussiedler in the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in Espelkamp in 1974. The German association Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden was founded by Baptist and Mennonite Brethren congregations in 1989.

International Community of Mennonite Brethren

The United States probably have the largest number of members of International Community of Mennonite Brethren in America. Brazil has Convenção das Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas and Paraguay has Vereinigung der Mennoniten Brüder Gemeinden Paraguays. Its members in Germany are: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden Deutschland, Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern, and BeF (Taufgesinnte Gemeinden).

Congregations in Germany (1998)

Bund Taufgesinnter Gemeinden association

• Andernach
• Ansbach
• Augsburg (2)
• Augustdorf
• Bad Salzuflen
• Bickenbach, Hesse
• Bielefeld (one in Brackwede and Heepen each)
• Bonn
• Bornheim (Rheinland)
• Detmold
• Espelkamp
• Frankenthal
• Gummersbach
• Günzburg
• Harsewinkel
• Lemgo
• Neuwied
• Oerlinghausen
• Rahden
• Soest, Germany
• Velbert
• Waldbröl
• Wiehl
• Wissen

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden

• Bad Salzuflen
• Bielefeld (3: Brake, Immanuel, Stieghorst)
• Borken, North Rhine-Westphalia
• Dresden
• Dülmen
• Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia
• Mutterstadt
• Neustadt an der Weinstraße
• Neuwied
• Steinhagen, North Rhine-Westphalia
• Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock
• Vreden

Independent Mennonite Brethren

• Albisheim
• Bielefeld (Brake)
• Birkenfeld
• Daun, Germany
• Frankenthal
• Friedrichstal
• Halver
• Linz am Rhein
• Nümbrecht
• Neuwied (2)
• Rhaunen
• Salzwedel
• Urbach
• Weilerbach

Verband Mennonitischer Brüdergemeinden in Bayern association

• Bad Reichenhall
• Burghausen, Altötting
• Munich
• Simbach am Inn
• Traunreut
• Traunstein
• Trostberg
• Wasserburg am Inn

References

1. ^ Quiring (1924).
2. Wiens (1916).
3. ^ Ruhnau & Wolfram (1943).
4. ^ Penner (2009).
5. Siemens (2012), p. 65.
6. ^ Penner (1952), p. 72.
7. Quiring, Jacob (1928). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland (in German). Munich: Druckerei Studentenhaus München. pp. 33-35
8. Quiring, Jacob (1928). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland (in German). Munich: Druckerei Studentenhaus München. pp.33,35&36
9. Quiring, Jacob (1928). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Russland (in German). Munich: Druckerei Studentenhaus München. pp. 33/37
10. ^ Burns (2016).
11. "Contrasting Spaces in Plautdietsch". ideaexchange.uakron.edu. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
12. Brandt (1992), p. 252.
13. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 242.
14. ^ Plewnia, Albrecht; Riehl, Claudia Maria (Mar 5, 2018). Handbuch der deutschen Sprachminderheiten in Übersee. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. ISBN 9783823379287. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021 – via Google Books.
15. Penner (1952), p. 75.
16. Christopher, Douglas. "Quantitative perspectives on variation in Mennonite Plautdietsch" (PDF). era.library.ualberta.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
17. ^ Ziesemer (1924), p. 133.
18. Siemens (2012), p. 51.
19. Siemens (2012), p. 40.
20. Siemens (2012), p. 41.
21. Siemens (2012), p. 42.
22. Mitzka (1968), p. 218.
23. Jähnig & Letkemann (1985), p. 319.
24. Siemens (2012), pp. 45–46.
25. ^ Siemens (2012), p. 149.
26. Siemens (2012), p. 151.
27. Siemens (2012), p. 153.
28. Siemens (2012), p. 168.
29. Siemens (2012), p. 176.
30. Siemens (2012), p. 179.
31. Siemens (2012), p. 181.
32. Siemens (2012), p. 97.
33. Ziesemer (1924), p. 132.
34. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 71
35. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 152
36. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 67
37. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 67/68
38. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 67
39. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 67
40. Unruh, Benjamin Heinrich, ed. (1955). Die niederländisch-niederdeutschen Hintergründe der mennonitischen Ostwanderungen im 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (in German)., p. 72
41. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 94
42. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 94
43. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 96/97
44. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 97
45. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 98
46. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 116
47. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 384
48. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 380
49. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 385
50. Klassen, John N., ed. (2007). Russlanddeutsche Freikirchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German)., p. 385

Bibliography

• Brandt, Carsten (1992). Sprache und Sprachgebrauch der Mennoniten in Mexiko (in German). Marburg: Elwert. p. 252.
• Burns, Roslyn (2016). New World Mennonite Low German: An Investigating of Changes in Progress (PhD). UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
• Jähnig, Bernhard; Letkemann, Peter, eds. (1985). Danzig in acht Jahrhunderten (in German). Nicolaus-Copernicus-Verlag. p. 319.
• Mitzka, Walther (1968). Kleine Schriften (in German). Walter de Gruyter & Co.
• Penner, Horst (1952). Weltweite Bruderschaft (in German). Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. pp. 72, 75.
• Penner, Nikolai (2009). The High German of Russian Mennonites in Ontario (PDF) (Thesis). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
• Ruhnau, Kurt; Wolfram, Hans Egon (1943). Die Niederlande und der Deutsche Osten (in German). Berlin: Verlag Joh. Kasper & Co. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
• Siemens, Heinrich (2012). Plautdietsch: Grammatik, Geschichte, Perspektiven (in German). Bonn: Tweeback Verlag. ISBN 9783981197853.
• Quiring, Jacob Walter (1924). Die Mundart von Chortitza in Süd-Rußland (PDF) (Thesis) (in German). Munich: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
• Wiens, Curt (1916). "Niederländischer Wortschatz in der Mundart der Weichselwerder" (PDF). Zeitschrift des Westpreussischeh Ceschichtsveheins (in German). No. 56. Danzig. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
• Ziesemer, Walther (1924). Die ostpreußischen Mundarten (in German). Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt. pp. 128–129, 133.

External links

• Quantitative perspectives on variation in Mennonite Plautdietsch Doctoral thesis including additional information

• Misplaced Pages articles needing copy edit from February 2022
• Articles with links needing disambiguation from December 2022
• Low Prussian dialect
• German dialects
• Languages of Poland
• Languages of Ukraine