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Calgary is a city you should not know ice spice Take a look inside your heart
{{Short description|Largest city in Alberta, Canada}}
Is there any room for me?
{{About|the Canadian city|the hamlet in Scotland|Calgary, Mull|other uses|Calgary (disambiguation)}}
I won't have to hold my breath
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2022}}
'Til you get down on one knee
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
Because you only want to hold me
{{Infobox settlement
When I'm looking good enough
| name = Calgary
Did you ever feel me?
| official_name = City of Calgary
Would you ever picture us?
| settlement_type = ]
Every time I pull my hair
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
Was only out of fear
| total_width = 300
That you'll find me ugly
| border = infobox
And one day you'll disappear because
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
What's the point of crying?
| image1 = Aerial Downtown Calgary 2021.jpg
It was never even love
| caption1 = Skyline of ]
Did you ever want me?
| image2 = Stephen-Ave-West-Szmurlo.jpg
Was I ever good enough?
| caption2 = ]
The, the boy's a liar
| image3 = Lougheed house Calgary (36102398304).jpg
The boy's a liar
| caption3 = ]
He doesn't see ya
| image4 = Olympic Plaza Calgary.jpg
You're not lookin' at me, boy
| caption4 = ]
The boy's a liar
| image5 = Sait heritage hall.jpg
The boy's a liar
| caption5 = ]
He doesn't see ya
| image6 = Calgary Stampede Rodeo final day 18 - 2011.jpg
You're not lookin' at me, boy
| caption6 = ]
Good eno-o-ough
}}
Good eno-o-ough
| image_flag = Flag of Calgary, Alberta.svg
Good eno-o-ough
| image_shield = COA of Calgary.svg
Good eno-o-ough
| image_blank_emblem = City of Calgary Logo.svg
Good eno-o-ough
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
Good eno-o-ough
| shield_link = Coat of arms of Calgary
Good eno-o-ough
| nicknames = The Stampede City, Cowtown, Mohkínstsis, Wichispa Oyade, Guts'ists'i <small>]...</small><ref>{{cite news |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/calgary/Alberta+best+film+feted+Rosies/6613055/story.html |title=Alberta's best in TV, film feted at Rosies |author=Eric Volmers |newspaper=] |publisher=] |date=May 13, 2012 |access-date=January 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617170236/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/calgary/Alberta%2Bbest%2Bfilm%2Bfeted%2BRosies/6613055/story.html |archive-date=June 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/Alberta+plenty+swing/1768383/story.html | title=Alberta's got plenty of swing | author=Curtis Stock | newspaper=] | publisher=] | date=July 7, 2009 | access-date=January 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103200055/http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Alberta+plenty+swing/1768383/story.html | archive-date=January 3, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Good eno-o-ough
| motto = ''Onward''
He say that I'm good enough, grabbin' my duh-duh-duh
| pushpin_map = Canada Alberta#Canada
Think about that I shouldn't have (huh)
| pushpin_relief =
So I tell him it's one of me, he makin' fun of me (ha-ha)
| pushpin_map_caption =
His girl is a bum to me (grrah)
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Calgary|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
Like that boy is a cap
| map_caption = Interactive map of Calgary
Sayin' he home, but I know where he at, like
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord||type:city(1300000)_region:CA-AB|display=it}}
Bet he blowin' her back
| subdivision_type = Country
Thinkin' 'bout me 'cause he know that fat (damn)
| subdivision_name = Canada
And it been what it been (huh)
| subdivision_type1 = ]
Callin' his phone like, "Yo, send me your pin"
| subdivision_type2 = ]
Duckin' my t, 'cause he know what I'm on (grrah)
| subdivision_type3 = ]
But when he hit me, I'm not gon' respond (grrah)
| subdivision_type4 = ]
But I don't sleep enough without you
| subdivision_name1 = ]
And I can't eat enough without you (huh)
| subdivision_name2 = ]
If you don't speak, does that mean we're through? (Huh)
| subdivision_name3 = ]
Don't like sneaky
| subdivision_name4 = ] and ]
that you do (grrah)
| established_title = Founded
The, the boy's a liar
| established_date = 1875
The boy's a liar
| established_title1 = Incorporated<ref name=AMACityProfiles>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/basicReport/CITY.PDF|publisher=]|title=Location and History Profile: City of Calgary|page=15|date=June 17, 2016|access-date=June 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325212924/http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/basicReport/CITY.PDF|archive-date=March 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
He doesn't see ya
| established_date1 = &nbsp;
You're not lookin' at me, boy
| established_title2 = &nbsp;• ]
The boy's a liar
| established_date2 = November 7, 1884
The boy's a liar
| established_title3 = &nbsp;• ]
He doesn't see ya
| established_date3 = January 1, 1894
You're not lookin' at me, boy
| named_for = ]
Good eno-o-ough
| governing_body = ]
Good eno-o-ough
| leader_title = ]
Good eno-o-ough
| leader_name = ]
Good eno-o-ough
| leader_title2 = ]
Good eno-o-ough
| leader_name2 = David Duckworth<ref name=CalgaryCityManager>{{cite web|url=https://www.calgary.ca/ca/city-manager/city-managers-biography.html/|title=City Manager's Biography|publisher=City of Calgary|date=August 30, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222439/https://www.calgary.ca/ca/city-manager/city-managers-biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Good eno-o-ough
| elevation_m = 1045
Good eno-o-ough
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="downtown elevation"/>
Good eno-o-ough
| area_footnotes = &nbsp;(2021)<ref name=2021census/>
| area_land_km2 = 820.62
| area_urban_km2 = 621.72
| area_metro_km2 = 5098.68
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021census/><ref name=2021censusPC>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810001101 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada and population centres | publisher=] | date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2021censusCMA />
| population_note =
| population_total = 1306784 <!-- 2021 StatCan census population only per ]; do not replace with latest municipal census population count; this municipal census population count can go in the population_blank1_title and population_blank1 parameters further below and can be noted in the article body (so long as it doesn't replace the 2021 StatCan census population in the body). -->
| population_density_km2 = 1592.4
| population_urban = 1305550 (])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2099.9
| population_metro = 1481806 (])
| population_density_metro_km2 = 290.6
| population_demonym = Calgarian
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = −07:00
| timezone_DST = MDT
| utc_offset_DST = −06:00
| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = ]
| area_code = ], ]
| blank_name = ] Map
| blank_info = 082O01
| blank1_name = ] Code
| blank1_info = IAKID
| blank_name_sec2 = ] (Calgary {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2 = ]111.25 billion (2019)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) | date=December 7, 2022 }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Calgary {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2 = CA$79,885 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/assets/WhyCalgary_Our-Economy-in-Depth-2022-06.pdf |title=Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |date=June 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2022}}</ref>
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Calgary''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=EN-US-Calgary.ogg|ˈ|k|æ|l|ɡ|ər|i}} {{respell|KAL|gər|ee}}; locally: {{respell|KAL|gree}}) is the largest city in the western ] of ] and the largest metro area of the three ]. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a metropolitan population of 1,481,806, making it the ] city and ] metropolitan area in Canada.

Calgary is situated at the confluence of the ] and the ] in the south of the province, in the transitional area between the ] and the Canadian Prairies, about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} east of the front ranges of the ], roughly {{convert|299|km|abbr=on}} south of the provincial capital of ] and approximately {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} north of the ]. The city anchors the south end of the ]-defined urban area, the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm | title=Calgary-Edmonton Corridor | publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=January 6, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223191204/http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm | archive-date=February 23, 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Calgary's economy includes activity in the energy, financial services, film and television, transportation and logistics, technology, manufacturing, aerospace, health and wellness, retail, and tourism sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/industries|title=Calgary Industries|work=Calgary Economic Development|access-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218210338/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/industries|archive-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Calgary Metropolitan Region is home to Canada's second-largest number of corporate head offices among the country's 800 largest corporations.<ref name=CanadaWest>{{cite web | url=http://cwf.ca/pdf-docs/publications/StateWest2010_Full_Publication.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714171448/http://cwf.ca/pdf-docs/publications/StateWest2010_Full_Publication.pdf | archive-date=July 14, 2011 | title=State of the West 2010: Western Canadian Demographic and Economic Trends | publisher=] | type=PDF | pages=65 & 102 | year=2010 | access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Calgary had the largest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city.<ref name=TheCalgaryadvantage>{{cite web | url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/dmsdocument/22 | title=Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth | publisher=Calgary Economic Development | type=PDF | pages=61 | year=2018 | access-date=February 15, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204517/https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/dmsdocument/22 | archive-date=February 16, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Calgary was ranked alongside ] as the third ] in the world, ranking first in Canada and in North America.<ref name="EIU2022">{{Cite web |title=The Global Liveability Index 2022 |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/liveability-index-2022.pdf |access-date=June 23, 2022 |publisher=]}}</ref> In 1988, it became the first Canadian city to host the ].

== Etymology ==
Calgary was named after ] on the ], Scotland, United Kingdom.<ref name=ABplacenames>{{cite book | title=Alberta Place Names: The Fascinating People & Stories Behind the Naming of Alberta | first1=Larry |last1=Donovan |first2=Tom |last2=Monto | publisher=Dragon Hill Publishing Ltd. | page=34 | year=2006}}</ref> In turn, the name originates from a compound of {{lang|non|kald}} and {{lang|non|gart}}, similar ] words, meaning "cold" and "garden", likely used when named by the ] who inhabited the ].<ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2011}} Mull Museum, Tobermory, Isle of Mull, Scotland. Retrieved July 10, 2007.</ref> Alternatively, the name might be ] {{lang|gd|Cala ghearraidh}}, meaning "beach of the meadow (pasture)", or Gaelic for either "clear running water" or "bay farm".<ref name=ABplacenames/>

The ] refer to the Calgary area as "elbow", in reference to the sharp bend made by the ] and the ]. In some cases, the area was named after the ] that grew along the riverbanks, reeds that had been used to fashion ]. In the ] (Siksiká) the area is known as {{lang|bla|Mohkínstsis akápiyoyis}}, meaning "elbow many houses", reflecting its strong settler presence. The shorter form of the ] name, {{lang|bla|Mohkínsstsisi}}, simply meaning "elbow",<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahvVAgAAQBAJ&q=Wincheesh-pah&pg=PT47|title=2001 Indian Place Names of the West - Part 1|last=Fromhold|first=Joachim|publisher=Lulu|year=2001|isbn=9780557438365|location=Calgary|pages=CCC}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKQXBAAAQBAJ&q=mokinstsis&pg=PA24|title=2001 Indian Place Names of the West, Part 2: Listings by Nation|last=Fromhold|first=Joachim|publisher=Lulu|year=2001|isbn=9781300389118|location=Calgary|pages=24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-names-elbow-1.3345967|title=7 names for Calgary before it became Calgary|date=December 3, 2015|publisher=CBC News|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116010102/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-names-elbow-1.3345967|archive-date=November 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> is the popular ] term for the Calgary area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewalrus.ca/how-naheed-nenshis-tense-re-election-forces-us-to-confront-canadian-racism/|title=How Naheed Nenshi's Tense Re-election Forces Us to Confront Canadian Racism|last=Klaszus|first=Jeremy|date=October 18, 2017|work=The Walrus|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035532/https://thewalrus.ca/how-naheed-nenshis-tense-re-election-forces-us-to-confront-canadian-racism/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nenshi|first=Naheed|title=FINA: Standing Committee on Finance ● Number 114 ● 1st Session ● 42nd Parliament. Evidence|date=October 6, 2017|url=http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/FINA/Evidence/EV9151061/FINAEV114-E.PDF|journal=Standing Committee on Finance|volume=114|pages=8|quote=We all know that until the Fort McMurray wildfires last year, the flooding in southern Alberta in 2013 was the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history. While we have done great work in the four years since, within the city of Calgary we continue to need assistance in upstream flood mitigation. Calgary is a city that is built at the confluence of two rivers in a place the Blackfoot called Moh-Kins-Tsis, the elbow. We can't move the city. We can't make room for the river. This is where the rivers are. As a result, it is incredibly important that we do the engineering work on the upstream mitigation.|via=ourcommons.ca|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040132/http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/FINA/Evidence/EV9151061/FINAEV114-E.PDF|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eskerfoundation.com/visit/|title=Visit Esker Foundation|date=November 20, 2017|publisher=Esker Foundation|quote=It is important to acknowledge and reflect upon the fact that Esker Foundation is located on the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations. We are also situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River; the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is Mohkinstsis, which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122023824/http://eskerfoundation.com/visit|archive-date=November 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Nakoda or ], the area is known as {{lang|sto|Wîchîspa Oyade}} or {{lang|sto|Wenchi Ispase}}, both meaning "elbow".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In the ], the area is known as {{lang|cr-Latn|otôskwanihk}} ({{lang|cr-Cans|ᐅᑑᐢᑿᓂᕽ}}) meaning "at the elbow"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolvegrey |first1=Arok |title=Cree: Words |year=2001 |publisher=University of Regina Press |location=Regina, Saskatchewan |isbn=978-0889771277}}</ref> or {{lang|cr-Latn|otôskwunee}} meaning "elbow". In the ] (Sarcee), the area is known as {{lang|srs|Guts’ists’i}} (older orthography, {{lang|srs|Kootsisáw}}) meaning "elbow".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In ], the city is referred to as {{lang|kut|ʔaknuqtapȼik’}}.<ref></ref> In the ], the area is known as {{lang|den|Klincho-tinay-indihay}} meaning "many horse town", referring to the ]<ref name=":0"/> and the city's settler heritage.<ref name=":1" />

There have been several attempts to revive the Indigenous names of Calgary. In response to the ], local ] adopted "official acknowledgements" of Indigenous territory using the Blackfoot name of the city, {{lang|bla|Mohkínstsis}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Wilkes|first1=Rima|last2=Duong|first2=Aaron|last3=Kesler|first3=Linc|last4=Ramos|first4=Howard|date=February 21, 2017|title=Canadian University Acknowledgment of Indigenous Lands, Treaties, and Peoples|journal=Canadian Review of Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=89–102|doi=10.1111/cars.12140|pmid=28220681}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caut.ca/content/guide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory|title=Guide to Acknowledging First Peoples & Traditional Territory|date=November 19, 2017|website=Canadian Association of University Teachers|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110054647/https://www.caut.ca/content/guide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory|archive-date=November 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/nativecentre/files/nativecentre/september-2017-acknowledgement-of-traditional-indigenous-territories.pdf|title=University of Calgary Recommended Acknowledgements of Traditional Indigenous Territories|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=University of Calgary|quote=Welcome to the University of Calgary. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the traditional territories of the Blackfoot and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations, including Chiniki, Bearspaw, and Wesley First Nation. I would also like to note that the University of Calgary is situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and that the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is "Mohkinstsis" which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bowvalleycollege.ca/about/governance/treaty-7-territory-acknowledgement|title=Treaty 7 Territory Acknowledgement|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=Bow Valley College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035141/https://bowvalleycollege.ca/about/governance/treaty-7-territory-acknowledgement|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead|quote=We are located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikani, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis' which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Metis Nation of Alberta, Region 3.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/IniskimCentre/|title=Oki (Welcome) to the Iniskim Centre|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=Mount Royal University|quote=Mount Royal University is located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River. The traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis', which we now call the city of Calgary. The city of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation.|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031748/http://www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/IniskimCentre/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the ] sent an application to the Government of Alberta, to rename Calgary as {{lang|sto|Wichispa Oyade}} meaning "elbow town";<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941|title=What's in a name? For Alberta First Nations seeking heritage recognition, plenty|date=November 13, 2017|publisher=CBC News|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115113436/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941|archive-date=November 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> however, this was challenged by the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/piikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales|title=Piikani Blackfoot dispute Stoney Nakoda push on name changes for Calgary, other locales|last=Kaufmann|first=Bill|date=November 17, 2017|work=The Calgary Herald|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120092726/http://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/piikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales|archive-date=November 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{For timeline}}

=== Early history ===
The Calgary area was inhabited by pre-] people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html | title= Archaeology Timeline of Alberta | publisher= University of Calgary | access-date= May 10, 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120329150036/http://people.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html | archive-date= March 29, 2012 | url-status= live }}</ref> The area has been inhabited by the multiple ], the Niitsitapi (]; ], ], ]), îyârhe ], the ] peoples and ] Nation, Region 3. As Mayor ] said in 2018, "There have always been people here. In Biblical times there were people here. For generations beyond number, people have come here to this land, drawn here by the water. They come here to hunt and fish; to trade; to live; to love; to have great victories; to taste bitter disappointment; but above all to engage in that very human act of building community."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calgarymayor.ca/stories/naming-reconciliation-bridge-mayor-nenshis-speech|title=Naming Reconciliation Bridge - Mayor Nenshi's speech|website=calgarymayor.ca|access-date=July 22, 2018|date=July 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003807/http://calgarymayor.ca/stories/naming-reconciliation-bridge-mayor-nenshis-speech|archive-date=July 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1787, ], a 17-year-old ] with the ] (HBC) spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the ]. He was also a ]r and surveyor and the first recorded European to visit the area. ] was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220124/http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp|archive-date=September 27, 2007| title=The Glenns|publisher=Alberta Tourism Parks, Recreation and Culture| access-date=August 24, 2007}}</ref> In spring 1875, three priests{{snd}} Lacombe, Remus, and Scollen{{snd}} built a small log cabin on the banks of the Elbow River.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=7}}
] erected ] to police the area.]]
In the fall of 1875, the site became a post of the ] (NWMP) (now the ] or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the ], and Inspector ] led fifty Mounties as part of F Troop north from ] to establish the site.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=7}} The ] of ], was contracted to construct a suitable fort, and after its completion, the Baker company built a log store next to the fort.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=8}} The NWMP fort remained officially nameless until construction was complete, although it had been referred to as ''"The Mouth"'' by people at Fort Macleod.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=10}} At Christmas dinner NWMP Inspector Éphrem-A. Brisebois christened the unnamed Fort ''"Fort Brisebois"'', a decision which caught the ire of his superiors Colonel ] and Major ].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=10}} Major Irvine cancelled the order by Brisebois and wrote ], the then ] in Ottawa, describing the situation and suggesting the name ''"Calgary"'' put forward by Colonel Macleod. ], at the time ], agreed with the name and in the spring of 1876 Fort Calgary was officially established.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=11}}

In 1877, the First Nations ceded title to the Fort Calgary region through ].

In 1881 the federal government began to offer leases for cattle ranching in Alberta (up to {{convert|100000|acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} for one cent per acre per year) under the '']'', which became a catalyst for immigration to the settlement. The I. G. Baker Company drove the first herd of cattle to the region in the same year for the ] area by order of Major James Walker.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=9}}

The ] (CPR) reached the area in August 1883 and constructed a railway station on the CPR-owned Section 15, neighbouring the townsite across the Elbow River to the east on Section 14. The difficulty in crossing the river and the CPR's efforts to persuade residents resulted in the core of the Calgary townsite moving onto Section 15, with the fate of the old townsite sealed when the post office was anonymously moved across the icy Elbow River during the night.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=10}} The CPR subdivided Section 15 and began selling lots surrounding the station, $450 for corner lots and $350 for all others; and pioneer Felix McHugh constructed the first private building on the site.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=10}} Earlier in the decade it was not expected that the railway would pass near Calgary; instead, the preferred route put forward by people concerned with the young nation's defence was passing near Edmonton and through the ]. However, in 1881 CPR changed the plans preferring the direct route through the prairies by way of ].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=30}} Along with the CPR, August 1883 brought Calgary the first edition of the '']'' published on the 31st under the title ''The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate and General Advertiser'' by teacher Andrew M. Armour and printer Thomas B. Braden, a weekly newspaper with a subscription price of $1 per year.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=36}}

Over a century later, the CPR headquarters moved to Calgary from ] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/23/cp-rail-moving-headquarters-from-glass-tower-in-calgary-to-nearby-rail-yard-sources/ | title=CP Rail moving headquarters from glass tower in Calgary to nearby rail yard: union source | newspaper=Financial Post | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc. |first1=Susan |last1=Taylor |first2=Nicole |last2=Mordant | date=November 23, 2012 | access-date=June 15, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530205727/http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/23/cp-rail-moving-headquarters-from-glass-tower-in-calgary-to-nearby-rail-yard-sources/ | archive-date=May 30, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Residents of the now-eight-year-old settlement sought to form a local government of their own. In the first weeks of 1884, ] who was building the Royal Hotel east of the Elbow River circulated 200 ] announcing a public meeting on January 7, 1884, at the Methodist Church.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=38}}{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=48}} At the full meeting Reilly advocated for a bridge across the Elbow River and a civic committee to watch over the interests of the public until Calgary could be incorporated. The attendees were enthusiastic about the committee and on the next evening a vote was held to elect the seven members. A total of 24 candidates were nominated, which equalled 10 per cent of Calgary's male population. Major James Walker received 88 votes, the most amongst the candidates, the other six members were Dr. Andrew Henderson, ], Thomas Swan, George Murdoch, J. D. Moulton, and Captain John Stewart.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=38}} The civic committee met with ], ], who happened to be in Calgary at the time,{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=48}} to discuss an allowance for a school, an increase from $300 to $1,000 grant for a bridge over the Elbow River, incorporation as a town, and representation for Calgary in the ].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=39}} The committee was successful in getting an additional $200 for the bridge,{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=39}}
In May, Major Walker, acting on instructions from the NWT Lieutenant-governor, organized a public meeting in the NWMP barracks room on the issue of getting a representative in the NWT Council. Walker wrote the clerk of the Council that he was prepared to produce evidence that Calgary and environs (an area of 1000 square miles) held 1000 residents, the requirement for having a Council member.<ref>Calgary Herald, May 7, 1884</ref>
A ] was held on June 28, 1884, where ] defeated James Kidd Oswald to become the ] representative on the ].{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|pp=57-58}}<ref>{{cite web |title=North-West Territories: Council and Legislative Assembly, 1876-1905 |url=https://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/NWT-Council.pdf |website=saskarchives.com |publisher=Saskatchewan Archives |access-date=November 20, 2020 |pages=1–22}}</ref>

As for education, Calgary moved quickly: the Citizen's Committee raised $125 on February 6, 1884, and the first school opened for twelve children days later on February 18, led by teacher John William Costello.{{sfn|Stamp|1975|p=154}} The private school was not enough for the needs of the town, and following a petition by James Walker the ''Calgary Protestant Public School District No. 19'' was formed by the Legislature on March 2, 1885.{{sfn|Stamp|1975|p=157}}

On November 27, 1884, Lieutenant Governor Dewdney proclaimed the ] of ''The Town of Calgary''.<ref> (1884). The North-West Territories Gazette, pp. .</ref> Shortly after on December 3, Calgarians went to the ] their first mayor and four councillors. ''The North-West Municipal Ordinance of 1884'' provided ] to any male ] over 21 years of age who owned at minimum $300 of property. Each elector was able to cast one vote for the mayor and up to four votes for the councillors (]).<ref name="OrdMunicipal">{{cite book |title=Ordinances of the North-West Territories |publisher=Queens Printer |location=Regina, Canada |edition=1884 |pages=47–94 |url=https://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/p22007coll9/id/95263 |access-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319224039/https://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/p22007coll9/id/95263 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ] won the mayoral race in a landslide victory with 202 votes over E. Redpath's 16, while Simon Jackson Hogg, Neville James Lindsay, Joseph Henry Millward, and Simon John Clarke were elected councillors.<ref name="1884CalHerald">{{cite news |title=The Contest. Murdoch was Elected to the Mayor's Chair. |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1884/12/03/4/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=14 |date=December 3, 1884 |page=4}}</ref> The next morning the Council met for the first time at Beaudoin and Clarke's Saloon.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=49}}

Law and order remained top of mind in the frontier town, in early 1884 Jack Campbell was appointed as a constable for the community, and in early 1885 the Town Council passed ''By-law Eleven'' creating the position of Chief Constable and assigning relevant duties, a precursor to the ]. The first chief constable, John (Jack) S. Ingram, who had previously served as the first police chief in Winnipeg, was empowered to arrest ] people, stop all fast riding in town, attend all fires and council meetings.{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=274}}{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=102}} Calgary Town Council was eager to employ constables versus contracting the NWMP for town duty as the police force was seen as a money-making proposition. Constables received half of the fines from liquor cases, meaning Chief Constable Ingram could easily pay his $60 per month salary and the expense of a town jail.{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=102}}

===Turmoil in 1885 and 1886 and the "Sandstone City"===
For the Town of Calgary, 1884 turned out to be a success; however, two dark years lay ahead for the fledgling community. The turmoil started in late 1885, when Councillor Clarke was arrested for threatening a ] Mountie who entered his saloon to conduct a late-night search. When the officer failed to produce a ], Clarke chased him off the premises; however, the Mountie returned with reinforcements and arrested Clarke.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=50}} Clarke found himself before ] ], a proponent of the ] who was appalled by the open traffic of liquor, gambling and prostitution in Calgary despite ] in the North-West Territories.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=51}} Travis' view was accurate as the Royal Commission of Liquor Traffic of 1892 found liquor was sold openly, both day and night during prohibition.{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=102}} Travis associated Clarke with the troubles he saw in Calgary and found him guilty, and sentenced Clarke to six months with ].{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=51}} Murdoch and the other members of Council were shocked, and a public meeting was held at Boynton's Hall in which a decision was made to send a delegation to Ottawa to seek an overruling of Travis' judgement by the Department of Justice. The community quickly raised $500 and Murdoch and a group of residents headed east.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=51}} The punishment of Clarke did not escape ] the editor of the ''Calgary Herald'' and ] of the District Court. Cayley published articles critical of Travis and his judgment, in which Travis responded by calling Cayley to court, dismissing him from his position as Clerk, ordering Cayley to apologized and pay a $100 fine.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=52}} Cayley refused to pay the fine, which Travis increased to $500, and on January 5, the day after ], Cayley was imprisoned by Travis.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=52}}

Murdoch returned to Calgary on December 27, 1885, only a week before the election to find the town in disarray.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=52}} Shortly before the 1886 election, G. E. Marsh brought a charge of corruption against Murdoch and council over irregularities in the voters' list. Travis found Murdoch and the councillors guilty, disqualifying them from running in the 1886 election, barring them from municipal office for two years, and fining Murdoch $100, and the councillors $20. This was despite the fact Murdoch was visiting Eastern Canada while the alleged tampering was occurring.<ref name="TaylorReport">{{cite book |url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pco-bcp/commissions-ef/taylor1886-eng/taylor1886-eng.pdf |last1=Wardlaw Taylor |first1=Thomas |title=Precis of the Case of Jeremiah Travis (Late Stipendiary Magistrate at Calgary) As Presented By the Report of Mr. Justice Taylor and the Correspondence and Evidence |date=1886 |publisher=Privy Council Office |location=Ottawa, Ontario |pages=5–6}}</ref> Travis' disqualification did not dissuade Calgary voters, and Murdoch defeated his opponent James Reilly by a significant margin in early January to be re-elected as mayor.<ref name="1886CalHerald">{{cite news |title=Yesterday's Election |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1886/01/06/4/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=18 |date=January 6, 1886 |page=4}}</ref> Travis accepted a petition from Reilly to unseat Murdoch and two of the elected councillors, and declare Reilly the mayor of Calgary.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=53}} Both Murdoch and Reilly claimed to be the lawful mayor of the growingly disorganized Town of Calgary, both holding council meetings and attempting to govern.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=53}} Word of the issues in Calgary reached the Minister of Justice ] in Ottawa who ordered Justice ] of ] to conduct an inquiry into the ''"Case of Jeremiah Travis"''. The federal government acted before receiving Taylor's report, Jeremiah Travis was suspended, and the government waited for his official tenure to expire, after which he was pensioned off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/travis_jeremiah_14E.html |title=Biography – TRAVIS, JEREMIAH – Volume XIV (1911-1920) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |website=Biographi.ca |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Justice Taylor's report, which was released in June 1887, found Travis had exceeded his authority and erred in his judgements.<ref name="TaylorReport"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittelstadt |first1=David |title=Foundations of Justice: Alberta's Historic Courthouses |date=August 2005 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=978-1-55238-345-2 |pages=17–19}}</ref>

The Territorial Council called for a ] to be held in Calgary on November 3, 1886. George Clift King defeated his opponent ] for the office of Mayor of Calgary.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=49}}<ref name="Nov1886CalHerald">{{cite news |title=The Elections |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1886/11/06/1/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=43 |date=November 6, 1886 |ref=CgyHerld1 |page=1}}</ref>

]]]
Calgary had only a couple days' peace following the November election before the ] destroyed much of the community's downtown. Part of the slow response to the fire can be attributed to the absence of functioning local government during 1886. As neither George Murdoch or James Reilly was capable of effectively governing the town, the newly ordered ] for the recently organized ] (Calgary Hook, Ladder and Bucket Corps) was held in the CPR's storage yard due to lack of payment. Members of the Calgary Fire Department broke into the CPR storage yard on the day of the fire to retrieve the engine.{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=255}} In total, fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Fire/Pages/History/1800s-the-great-fire.aspx |title=The Great Fire of 1886 |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823135106/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Fire/Pages/History/1800s-the-great-fire.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2013 }}</ref>

The new Town Council sprung into action, drafting a bylaw requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with ], which was readily available nearby in the form of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thegauntlet.ca/story/8857 |title=The Sandstone City |date=November 21, 2002 |access-date=March 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813194522/http://thegauntlet.ca/story/8857 |archive-date=August 13, 2011 }}</ref> Following the fire several quarries were opened around the city by prominent local businessmen including Thomas Edworthy, ], J. G. McCallum, and William Oliver. Prominent buildings built with sandstone following the fire include ] (1887), Imperial Bank Building (1887), ] (1911), and Calgary Courthouse No. 2 (1914).{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=75}}<ref name="Nov13Herald">{{cite news |title=Fire! Come at Last |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1886/11/13/3/ |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=The Calgary Weekly Herald |issue=44 |date=November 13, 1886 |page=3}}</ref>

In February 1887, ], who was running the ] store in Calgary, was elected MP for ]. A former whisky trader in southern Alberta, he had turned his hand to building Fort Macleod and Fort Calgary. The main other contender for the job, ], was a prominent Edmontonian, so Davis's success was a sign that Calgary was surpassing Edmonton, previously the main centre on the western Prairies.<ref>MacGregor, Alberta, p. 121, 124</ref>

===1887 to 1900===

Calgary continued to expand when real estate speculation took hold of Calgary in 1889. Speculators began buying and building west of Centre Street and Calgary quickly began to sprawl west to the ire of property owners on the east side of town.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=204}} Property owners on both sides of Centre Street sought to bring development to their side of Calgary, lost successfully{{clarify|lost successfully|date=January 2022}} by east sider James Walker who convinced the Town Council to purchase land on the east side for a stockyard purposes, guaranteeing meat packing and processing plants would be constructed on the east side.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=208}} By 1892 Calgary had reached present-day ], east to the Elbow River and west to Eighth Street,{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=205}} and the first federal census listed the boom town at 3,876 inhabitants.<ref name=1906census>{{cite book | title=Census of the Northwest Provinces, 1906 | volume=Sessional Paper No. 17a | year=1907 | publisher=] | location=Ottawa | page=100 | chapter=Table IX: Population of cities, towns and incorporated villages in 1906 and 1901 as classed in 1906}}</ref> The economic conditions in Calgary began to deteriorate in 1892,{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=219}} as development in the downtown slowed, the streetcar system started in 1889 was put on hold{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=206}} and smaller property owners began to sell.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=77}}

The first step in connecting the ] happened in Calgary on July 21, 1890, as ] ] ] for the ] in front of two thousand residents.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=66}}{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=229}} The railway was completed in August 1891. Although its end-of-steel was on the ], it immensely shortened travel time between the two communities. Previously stagecoach passengers and mail could arrive in five days and animal pulled freight anywhere between two and three weeks,{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=67}} the train was able to make the trip in only a few hours.{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=230}}

] arrived in Calgary in June 1892 when a Chinese resident was found with the disease, and by August nine people had contracted the disease with three deaths. Calgarians placed the blame for the disease on the local Chinese population, resulting in a riot on August 2, 1892.{{sfn|Dawson|1975|p=128}} Residents descended on the Town's Chinese-owned laundries, smashing windows and attempting to burn the structures to the ground. The local police did not attempt to intervene. Mayor ] had inexplicably left town during the riot,{{sfn|Dawson|1975|p=132}} and when he returned home he called the NWMP in to patrol Calgary for three weeks to prevent further riots.{{sfn|Dawson|1975|p=130}}{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=106}}

Finally on January 1, 1894, Calgary was granted a ] by the ], officially titled ''Ordinance 33 of 1894'', the City of Calgary Charter elevated the frontier town to the status of a full-fledged city.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =Calgary Charter |abbr =|year =1893|chapter =33|section =|subsection =|part =|division =|schedule =|link =https://cdm22007.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p22007coll9/id/629544|linkloc =|wikilink =|type =}}</ref> Calgary became the first City in the Northwest Territories, receiving its Charter a decade before ] and ], the Calgary Charter would remain enforce until it was repealed with the ''Cities Act'' in 1950. The Charter came into effect in such a way as to prevent the regularly scheduled municipal election in December 1893, and recognizing the importance of the moment, the entire Town Council resigned to ensure the new City could choose the first ].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bly |first1=David |title=City Hall history provides tantalizing tales |work=] |date=October 9, 2001 |page=B4}}</ref> ] as a City saw ] garner 244 votes, narrowly defeating his opponent ]'s 220 votes, and Orr was named the first Mayor of the City of Calgary.<ref name="Jan1894CgyHerald">{{cite news |url=http://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/p22007coll24/id/12052 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=38 |date=January 16, 1894 |page=4 |title=The Municipal Elections}}</ref>

By late 19th century, the ] (HBC) expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of ], Calgary and ]. In 1884, the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in 1913; others that followed are Edmonton, ], ], ], and Winnipeg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.hbc.com/hbc/history/|title=Hudson's Bay Company – Our History|work=hbc.com|access-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531192023/http://www2.hbc.com/hbc/history/|archive-date=May 31, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/early/|title=HBC Heritage – Early Stores|work=hbcheritage.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927094024/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/early/|archive-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref>

In October 1899 the Village of Rouleauville was incorporated by French Catholic residents south of Calgary's city limits in what is now known as ],{{sfn|Foran|1975|pp=205-206}} the town would not remain independent for long, and became the first incorporated municipality to be amalgamated into Calgary eight years later in 1907.

=== Turn of the 20th century ===

The turn of the century brought questions of provincehood the top of mind in Calgary. On September 1, 1905, Alberta was proclaimed a province with a provisional capital in Edmonton, it would be left up to the Legislature to choose the permanent location.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=41}} One of the first decisions of the new Alberta Legislature was the capital, and although ] advocated strongly for Calgary, the resulting vote saw Edmonton win the capital 16–8.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=44}} Calgarians were disappointed on the city not being named the capital, and focused their attention on the formation of the provincial university. However, the efforts by the community could not sway the government, and the ] was founded in the ], Premier Rutherford's home, which was subsequently amalgamated into the City of Edmonton in 1912.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|pp=44-45}} Calgary was not to be left without higher education facilities as the provincial ] opened in the McDougall School building in 1905. In 1910, R. B. Bennett introduced a bill in the Alberta Legislature to incorporate the "Calgary University", however there was significant opposition to two degree-granting institutions in such a small province. A commission was appointed to evaluate the Calgary proposal which found the second university to be unnecessary, however, the commission did recommend the formation of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art in Calgary (]), which was formed later in 1915.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|pp=129-130}}

]
Built-up areas of Calgary between 1905 and 1912 were serviced by power and water, the City continued a program of paving and sidewalk laying and with the CPR constructed a series of subways under the tracks to connect the town with streetcars. The first three motor buses hit Calgary streets in 1907, and two years later the ], fit with seven miles of track opened in Calgary. The immediately popular street railway system reached 250,000 passengers per month by 1910.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=212}} The privately owned MacArthur Bridge (precursor to the Centre Street Bridge over the Bow River) opened in 1907 which provided for residential expansion north of the Bow River.{{sfn|Foran|1975|pp=209-210}} The early-1910s saw real estate speculation hit Calgary once again, with property prices rising significantly with growing municipal investment, CPR's decision to construct a car shop at ] set to employ over 5,000 people, the projected arrival of the ] and ]s in the city and Calgary's growing reputation as a growing economic hub.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=213}} The period between 1906 and 1911 was the largest population growth period in the city's history, expanding from 11,967 to 43,704 inhabitants in the five-year period.<ref name=1906census/><ref name=1911census>{{cite book | title=Census of Canada, 1911 | volume=I | year=1912 | publisher=] | location=Ottawa | pages=2–39 | chapter=Table I: Area and Population of Canada by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts in 1911 and Population in 1901}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Birth of the province|last=Byfield|first=Ted|publisher=United Western Communications|year=1992|isbn=978-0969571810|location=Edmonton|page=156}}</ref> Several ambitious projects were started during this period including a new ], the ], the Grain Exchange Building, and the ], this period also corresponded to the end of the ''"Sandstone City"'' era as steel frames and terracotta facades such as the Burns Building (1913) which were prevalent in other North American cities overtook the unique sandstone character of Calgary.{{sfn|Kalman|1994|p=530}}

===Stampede City===

] in 1912. The Stampede is one of the world's largest rodeos.]]
The growing City and enthusiastic residents were rewarded in 1908 with the federally funded ]. Seeking to take advantage of the opportunity to promote itself, the city spent {{CAD|145,000}} to build six new pavilions and a racetrack.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=29}} It held a lavish parade as well as ], horse racing, and ] competitions as part of the event.<ref name="GuysDream">{{citation |last=Dudley |first=Wendy |title=Guy's Stampede dream |work=Calgary Herald |date=July 3, 1997 |page=SS2}}</ref> The exhibition was a success, drawing 100,000 people to the fairgrounds over seven days despite an economic recession that afflicted the city of 25,000.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=29}} Calgary had previously held a number of Agricultural exhibitions dating back to 1886, and recognizing the city's enthusiasm, ], an American trick roper who participated in the Dominion Exhibition as part of the ] Real Wild West Show, returned to Calgary in 1912 to host the first ] in the hopes of establishing an event that more accurately represented the "wild west" than the shows he was a part of.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=30}} He initially failed to sell civic leaders and the Calgary Industrial Exhibition on his plans,<ref name="CHWeadickVision">{{citation |last=Seskus |first=Tony |url=https://calgaryherald.com/homes/stampede/6479984/story.html |title=Guy Weadick's grand vision |work=Calgary Herald |date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> but with the assistance of local livestock agent H. C. McMullen, Weadick convinced businessmen ], ], ], and ] to put up $100,000 to guarantee funding for the event.<ref name="GuysDream" /> ] The ], as they came to be known, viewed the project as a final celebration of their life as cattlemen.<ref>{{Citation |editor-last=Foran |editor-first=Max |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/iconbrandmythcal0000unse |title=Icon, Brand, Myth: The Calgary Stampede |publisher=Athabasca University Press |location=Athabasca, Alberta |isbn=978-1-897425-05-3 |page=}}</ref> The city constructed a rodeo arena on the fairgrounds and over 100,000 people attended the six-day event in September 1912 to watch hundreds of cowboys from Western Canada, the United States, and Mexico compete for $20,000 in prizes.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=32}} The event generated $120,000 in revenue and was hailed as a success.<ref name="GuysDream" /> The Calgary Stampede has continued as a civic tradition for over 100 years, marketing itself as the ''"greatest outdoor show on earth"'', with Calgarians sporting western wear for 10 days while attending the annual parade, daily pancake breakfasts.

===Early oil and gas===

While agriculture and railway activities were the dominant aspects of Calgary's early economy, the ] ''Discovery Well'' blew South-West of Calgary on May 14, 1914, marked the beginning of the oil and gas age in Calgary. Archibald Wayne Dingman and Calgary Petroleum Product's discovery was heralded as the ''"biggest oil field in the British Empire"'' at around 19 million cubic metres, and in a three-week period an estimated 500 oil companies sprang into existence.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=145}} Calgarians were enthusiastic to invest in new oil companies, with many losing life savings during the short 1914 boom in hastily formed companies.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=146}} Outbreak of the ] further dampened the oil craze as more men and resources left for Europe and agricultural prices for wheat and cattle increased.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=146}} Turner Valley's oil fields would boom again in 1924 and 1936, and by the ] the Turner Valley oilfield was producing more than 95 per cent of the oil in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 1924 Wonder Well in Turner Valley |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/the-1924-wonder-well-in-turner-valley |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=] |date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> however the city would wait until 1947 for ] to definitively shift Calgary to an oil and gas city. While Edmonton would see significant population and economic growth with the Leduc discovery, many corporate offices established in Calgary after Turner Valley refused to relocate north.{{sfn|Stenson|1994|pp=42-43}} Consequently, by 1967, Calgary had more millionaires than any other city in Canada, and per capita, more cars than any city in the world.<ref name="Sarasota20th">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NPYeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DYwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7547,3735181 |title=Alberta oil strike attracts Americans |work=Sarasota Journal |date=April 27, 1967 |access-date=September 30, 2011 |page=28}}</ref>

===Early politics 1910s to 1940s===

Early-20th-century Calgary served as a hotbed for political activity. Historically Calgarians supported the provincial and federal conservative parties, the opposite of the Liberal-friendly City of Edmonton. However, Calgarians were sympathetic to the cause of workers and supported the development of labour organizations. In 1909 the ] (UFA) formed in Edmonton, through merger of two earlier farm organizations, as a non-partisan lobbying organization to represent the interests of farmers. The UFA eventually dropped its non-partisan stance and when it contested the ]. It was elected to form the province's first non-Liberal government.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=167}} By that time Calgary was using ] (STV), a form of proportional representation, to elect its city councillors. Calgary was the first city in Canada to adopt PR for its city elections. Councillors were elected in one at-large district. Each voter cast just a single vote, using a ranked transferable ballot. The UFA government elected in 1921 changed the provincial election law so that Calgary could elect its MLAs through PR as well. Calgary elected its MLAs through PR until 1956 and its councillors through PR until 1971 (although mostly using ], not STV, in the 1960s).<ref>Grofman, Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta Using STV</ref><ref>Monto, When Canada Had Proportional Representation (2021)</ref>

Calgary endured a six-year recession following the First World War. The high unemployment rate from reduced manufacturing demand, compounded with servicemen returned from Europe needing work, created economic and social unrest.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=125}} By 1921, over 2,000 men (representing 11 per cent of the male workforce) were officially unemployed.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=130}} Labour organizations began endorsing candidates for Calgary City Council in the late 1910s and were quickly successful in electing sympathetic candidates to office, including Mayor ] in ]. As well the ] and its sequel, ], found much support among Calgary workers.

The city's support of labour and agricultural groups made it a natural location for the founding meeting of the ] (precursor to the ]). The organizational meeting was held in Calgary on July 31, 1932, with attendance exceeding 1,300 people.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=169}} Pat Lenihan was elected to the Calgary City Council in 1939, in part due to the use of Proportional Representation in city elections. He is the only Communist Party member elected to Calgary council. (He is the subject of the book Patrick Lenihan From Irish Rebel to Founder of Canadian Public Sector Unionism, edited by Gilbert Levine (Athabasca University Press).)

In 1922, Civic Government Association formed in opposition to the power of labour groups, endorsing its own competing slate of candidates.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=172}} Labour's influence was short lived on City Council, with Labour as a whole failing to receive substantial support after 1924.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=178}}

]
Calgary gained further political prominence when ]'s Conservative Party won the ] and formed government and became Canada's ].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=165}} Bennett arrived in Calgary from ] in 1897, was previously the leader of the provincial Conservative Party, advocated for Calgary as the capital of Alberta, and championed the growing city.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|pp=166-167}} Calgary had to wait another decade to have a sitting premier represent the city, when sitting ] Premier ] moved from his ] to ] for the ] after his Okotoks-High River constituents began a ] campaign against him as their local MLA.

===1960s to 1970s===

]
Only a little over a decade after shuttering the municipal tram lines Calgary City Council began investigating rapid transit. In 1966 a ] proposal was developed, however the estimated costs continued to grow rapidly, and the plan was re-evaluated in 1975. In May 1977 Calgary City Council directed that a detailed design and construction start on the south leg of a ] system,{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=47}} which opened on May 25, 1981, and dubbed the ].

The ] gained autonomy as a degree granting institution in 1966 with the passage of the ''Universities Act'' by the Alberta Legislature. The campus provided as a ] from the City of Calgary in 1957, had previously served as a ] of the ].

===1970s and 1980s: economic boom and bust===

The ] resulted in significant investment and growth in Calgary. By 1981, 45 per cent of the Calgary labour force was made up of management, administrative or clerical staff, above the national average of 35 per cent.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=10}} Calgary's population grew with the opportunity the oil boom brought, the 20-year period from 1966 to 1986 saw the population increase from 330,575 to 636,107.<ref name=1966census>{{cite book | title=Census of Canada, 1966 | volume=Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966 | year=1968 | publisher=] | location=Ottawa | page=6.50–6.53 | chapter=Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966}}</ref><ref name=1986census>{{cite book | title=Census Canada 1986 | volume=Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta) | year=1987 | publisher=] | location=Ottawa | page=2.1–2.10 | chapter=Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986 | isbn=978-0-660-53463-3}}</ref> Population growth became a source of pride, the June 1980 ''Calgary Magazine'' exclaimed ''"Welcome to Calgary! Calgary almost specializes in newcomers..."''.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=11}}

High-rise buildings were erected during the economic boom, and more office space opened in Calgary in 1979 than in New York City and Chicago combined.{{sfn|Kalman|1994|p=838}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guimond |first1=Pierre S. |last2=Sinclair |first2=Brian R. |title=Calgary Architecture: The Boom Years, 1972-1982 |date=1984 |publisher=Detselig Enterprises |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=9780920490396}}</ref> The end of the oil boom is associated with the ] implemented by Prime Minister ]'s government and the ], and the end of the construction boom in Calgary is associated with the completion of the ] in 1984. The two-tower granite Petro-Canada Centre, which some locals called "Red Square" alluding to the city's hostile view of the ] petroleum company, saw the larger 53-storey west tower rise to {{convert|215|m|ft|abbr=on}} and become the largest building in Calgary for 26 years, and a smaller 32-storey east tower rise {{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Kalman|1994|p=838}} The city further expanded the CTrain system, planning began in 1981 and the northeast leg of the system was to be operational in time for the 1988 Olympics.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|pp=50-52}}

The ] caused by falling demand and the National Energy Program marked the end of Calgary's boom. In 1983 Calgary City Council announced service cuts to ease the $16 million deficit, 421 city employees were laid off,{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=43}} unemployment increased from 5 to 11 per cent between November 1981 and November 1982, eventually peaking at 14.9 per cent in March 1983. The decline was so swift that the city's population decreased for the first time in history from April 1982 to April 1983, and 3,331 homes were ] by financial institutions in 1983.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=19}} Low oil prices in the 1980s prevented a full economic recovery until the 1990s.<ref name="DavidsonGismondi2011">{{cite book|author1=Debra J. Davidson|author2=Mike Gismondi|title=Challenging Legitimacy at the Precipice of Energy Calamity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQP-V-0IUsC&pg=PA81|year=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-0287-9|page=81|access-date=February 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203131056/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQP-V-0IUsC&pg=PA81|archive-date=December 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 1980, ] announced that the Atlanta Flames hockey club would relocate and become the ]. Skalbania represented a group of Calgary businessmen that included oil magnates ], ], ], ] and ], and former ] player ].<ref name="atlflames">{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/atlflames/aflames.html|title=History of the Atlanta Flames|work=Sports E-Cyclopedia|publisher=Tank Productions|access-date=November 27, 2006}}</ref> Atlanta team owner ] sold the team to Skalbania for US$16&nbsp;million, a record sale price for an ] team at the time.<ref name="HockeyChron">{{cite book |last=Duhatschek |first=Eric |title=Hockey Chronicles |year=2001 |publisher=Checkmark Books |location=New York City |isbn=0-8160-4697-2 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hockeychronicles00tren |pages=40–47}}</ref> The team reached the playoffs each year in its first 10 years in Calgary and won the team's only Stanley Cup in ].

===Olympic legacy===

{{main|1988 Winter Olympics}}
Public concern existed regarding the potential long-term debt implications which had plagued Montreal following the ].{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=46}} The ] led the bid for Calgary and spent two years building local support for the project, selling memberships to 80,000 of the city's 600,000 residents.<ref name="BidResults">{{citation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IjVIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GQENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1341,81435 |title=Seoul chosen in easy vote for 1988 Summer Olympics |work=The Record-Journal (Meriden, CT) |date=October 1, 1981 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |page=17}}</ref> It secured {{CAD|270}} million in funding from the federal and provincial governments while civic leaders, including Mayor ], crisscrossed the world attempting to woo ] (IOC) delegates.<ref name="CODABestShot">{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |title=Around the world, CODA has given its best shot |work=Calgary Herald |date=September 30, 1981 |page=A19}}</ref> Calgary was one of three finalists, opposed by the Swedish community of ] and Italian community of ].<ref name="CODABestShot" /> On September 30, 1981, the ] voted to give Calgary the right to host the ], becoming the first Canadian host for the winter games.<ref>{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V3dkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h34NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1453%2C4565 |title=Delighted delegates dance 'victory stomp' |work=Calgary Herald |date=October 1, 1981 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |page=A1}}</ref>

The Games' five primary venues were all purpose-built however, at significant cost.<ref>{{citation |last=Gerlach |first=Larry |title=The Winter Olympics – From Chamonix to Salt Lake City |publisher=The University of Utah Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-87480-778-6 |page=120}}</ref> The ] was the primary venue for ice hockey and figure skating. Located at ], the facility was expected to cost $83 million but cost overruns pushed the facility to nearly $100 million.<ref name="BuildingOlympicLegacy">{{citation |title=Building on the Olympic Legacy |work=Calgary Herald |date=February 9, 2013 |pages=A15–A16}}</ref> The ] was built on the campus of the ]. It was the first fully enclosed 400-metre ] venue in the world as it was necessary to protect against the possibility of either bitter cold temperatures or ice-melting ]s.<ref name="SICountdown">{{citation |last=Swift |first=E. M. |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1135969/1/index.htm |title=Countdown to the Cowtown hoedown |work=Sports Illustrated |date=March 9, 1987 |access-date=February 14, 2013}}</ref> Seven world and three Olympic records were broken during the Games, resulting in the facility earning praise as "the fastest ice on Earth".<ref name="BuildingOlympicLegacy" /> ] was built on the western outskirts of Calgary and hosted ], ], ] and ]. It was the most expensive facility built for the games, costing $200 million.<ref name="BuildingOlympicLegacy" />

Despite Canada failing to earn a gold medal in the Games, the events proved to be a major economic boom for the city which had fallen into its worst ] in 40 years following the collapse of both oil and grain prices in the mid-1980s.<ref name="BoomorBust">{{citation |last=Janofsky |first=Michael |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=571YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VukDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4944,1987693 |title=Winter Olympics: boom or bust |work=The Age (Melbourne), Green Guide |date=February 4, 1988 |access-date=February 23, 2013 |page=8}}</ref><ref name="NYTEnthusiasm">{{citation |last=Burns |first=John F. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/22/sports/the-calgary-olympics-a-year-to-go-enthusiasm-prevails-but-concerns-remain.html |title=A year to go; Enthusiasm prevails, but concerns remain |work=] |date=February 22, 1987 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref> A report prepared for the city in January 1985 estimated the games would create 11,100 ] of employment and generate {{CAD|450}}-million in salaries and wages.<ref>{{citation |last=Maychak |first=Matt |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=T18_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=SlMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1037,3104983 |title=Deja vu for Calgary Olympics? |work=Windsor Star |date=April 13, 1985 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |page=E3}}</ref> In its post-Games report, OCO'88 estimated the Olympics created {{CAD|1.4}} billion in economic benefits across Canada during the 1980s, 70 percent within Alberta, as a result of capital spending, increased tourism and new sporting opportunities created by the facilities.<ref name="OCO78">{{citation |author=OCO'88 |title=XV Olympic Winter Games: Official Report |publisher=XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee |year=1988 |page=79}}</ref>

===1990s to present===

Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and Alberta was booming until the end of 2009, and the region of nearly 1.1&nbsp;million people was home to the fastest growing economy in the country.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/2005/Metro_winter06_Natl.asp| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204049/http://conferenceboard.ca/press/2005/Metro_winter06_Natl.asp| archive-date= October 12, 2007 | title= Western cities enjoy fastest growing economies | author= The Conference Board of Canada| year= 2005 | access-date= March 7, 2007}}</ref> While the ] comprise an important part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas such as tourism and high-tech manufacturing. Over 3.1&nbsp;million people now visit the city annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alberta-canada.com/statpub/tourismStatistics/pdf/AB_Calgary04.pdf|title=Tourism in Calgary and Area; Summary of Visitor Numbers and Revenue|author=Alberta Tourism | year= 2004|access-date=January 6, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525080610/http://www.alberta-canada.com/statpub/tourismStatistics/pdf/AB_Calgary04.pdf|archive-date=May 25, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> for its many festivals and attractions, especially the Calgary Stampede. The nearby mountain resort towns of ], ], and ] are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists, and are bringing people into Calgary as a result. Other modern industries include light manufacturing, high-tech, film, e-commerce, transportation, and services.

] throughout southern Alberta, including on the Bow and Elbow rivers, forced the evacuation of over 75,000 city residents on June 21, 2013, and left large areas of the city, including downtown, without power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/LIVE+Flood+waters+siege+Calgary+southern+Alberta/8550481/story.html|title=LIVE: Stampede confirms 101st edition will go ahead|work=calgaryherald.com|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103750/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/LIVE+Flood+waters+siege+Calgary+southern+Alberta/8550481/story.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/21/alberta-flooding-calgary-canmore-high-water.html?cmp=rss|title=Alberta flooding claims at least 3 lives|date=June 22, 2013|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=June 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624103315/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/21/alberta-flooding-calgary-canmore-high-water.html?cmp=rss|archive-date=June 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
]
Calgary is located at the transition zone between the ] and the Canadian Prairies. The city lies within the foothills of the Parkland Natural Region and the Grasslands Natural Region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tpr.alberta.ca/parks/heritageinfocentre/naturalregions/default.aspx |title=Alberta Natural Regions |author=Government of Alberta |access-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122090712/http://tpr.alberta.ca/parks/heritageinfocentre/naturalregions/default.aspx |archive-date=January 22, 2012 }}</ref> Downtown Calgary is about {{convert|1042.4|m|abbr=on}} ],<ref name="downtown elevation">{{cite web | url=http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Public/Documents/PSSSOP_Handbook_Version_12_Online_Feb_21_2012b.pdf | title=Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town) | publisher=Safety Codes Council | type=PDF | pages=212–215 (PDF pages 226–229) | date=January 2012 | access-date=October 8, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085027/http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Public/Documents/PSSSOP_Handbook_Version_12_Online_Feb_21_2012b.pdf | archive-date=October 16, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the airport is {{convert|3531|ft|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._77/page-1.html |title=Calgary International Airport Zoning Regulations |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 4, 2015 |website=Justice Laws Website |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=August 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120646/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._77/page-1.html |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, the city covered a land area of {{convert|825.29|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=2011censusABmunis>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2012 | access-date=February 8, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722143610/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0 | archive-date=July 22, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> Calgary is in southern ] and is near subarctic climates and also near mountains.

Two rivers run through the city and two creeks. The ] is the larger and it flows from the west to the south. The ] flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River at the historic site of ] near downtown. Nose Creek flows into Calgary from the northwest then south to join the Bow River several kilometres east of the Elbow-Bow confluence. Fish Creek flows into Calgary from the southwest and converges with the Bow River near ].

The City of Calgary, {{convert|848|km2|abbr=on}} in size,<ref name=MAProfileStats>{{cite web | url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=BasicReport&MunicipalityType=CITY&stakeholder=46&profileType=STAT | title=Statistics Profile | publisher=] | type=] | date=March 24, 2015 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402180529/http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=BasicReport&MunicipalityType=CITY&stakeholder=46&profileType=STAT | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> consists of an inner city surrounded by suburban communities of various density.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/CNS/Pages/Research-and-strategy/Community-profiles/Community-Profiles.aspx|title=Community Profiles|date=April 1, 2011|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235957/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/CNS/Pages/Research-and-strategy/Community-profiles/Community-Profiles.aspx|archive-date=March 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is immediately surrounded by two ] – ] to the south and ] to the north, west and east. Proximate urban communities beyond the city within the ] include: the City of ] to the north; the City of ], the Town of ] and the Hamlet of ] to the east; the towns of ] and ] to the south; and the Town of ] to the northwest.<ref name=2015roadmap>{{cite map | title=Your Official Road Map of Alberta | year=2015 | publisher=] | edition=2015 | isbn=9781460120767}}</ref> Numerous rural subdivisions are located within the Elbow Valley, ] and ] areas to the west and northwest.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Elbow-Valley-Map.pdf | title=Elbow Valley Area Map | publisher=] | type=] | date=May 2014 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122940/http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Elbow-Valley-Map.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Springbank-Map.pdf | title=Springbank Area Map | publisher=] | type=] | date=May 2014 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104404/http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Springbank-Map.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Bearspaw-Map.pdf | title=Bearspaw Area Map | publisher=] | type=] | date=May 2014 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114733/http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Bearspaw-Map.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> The ] borders Calgary to the southwest.<ref name=2015roadmap/>

Over the years, the city has made many land annexations to facilitate growth. In the most recent annexation of lands from the surrounding Rocky View County, completed in July 2007, the city annexed ], a former hamlet, and placed its boundaries adjacent to the Hamlet of ] and City of Chestermere, and very close to the City of Airdrie.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=City of Calgary | url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Development+and+Building+Approvals+and+Land+Use+Planning+and+Policy/Land+Use+Planning/Current+Studies+and+Ongoing+Activities/Annexation+Information/Annexation+Information.htm | title=Annexation Information | access-date=August 28, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928015330/http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%2BHall/Business%2BUnits/Development%2Band%2BBuilding%2BApprovals%2Band%2BLand%2BUse%2BPlanning%2Band%2BPolicy/Land%2BUse%2BPlanning/Current%2BStudies%2Band%2BOngoing%2BActivities/Annexation%2BInformation/Annexation%2BInformation.htm | archive-date=September 28, 2009 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
{{Wide image|Calgary-2387396 1280 (cropped).jpg|1100px|{{center|View of downtown Calgary}}|dir=rtl}}

===Flora and fauna===
Numerous plant and animal species are found within and around Calgary. The ] (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' ] ''glauca'') comes near the eastern limit of its range at Calgary.<ref>''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' var. ''glauca'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921061129/http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=6713&flora_id=1 |date=September 21, 2011 }} at ]</ref> Another ] of widespread distribution found in the Calgary area is the white spruce ('']'').<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://calgaryherald.com/life/homes/sunday-december-4-2011-got-spruce-plenty-of-em-thats-fir-sure |title= Sunday, December 4, 2011 - Got Spruce? Plenty of 'em...Thats Fir Sure |date= December 4, 2011 |access-date= June 10, 2020 | work= Calgary Herald. }}</ref> Animals that can be found in and around Calgary include ], ]s, ]s, ], bats, rabbits, ], weasels, ], ]s, ]s, and ]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calgary's critters: A hinterland who's who on wildlife in the city |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-mammals-wildlife-1.3258682 |website=CBC |publisher=CBC News |access-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212446/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-mammals-wildlife-1.3258682 |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Neighbourhoods===
{{Main|List of neighbourhoods in Calgary}}
] community, adjacent to downtown and ]]]
The downtown region of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: ] (including the Festival District), the ], the ], ], and the ] (also part of the ]). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts including the ] Retail Core, the Entertainment District, the Arts District and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the Beltline. The area includes a number of communities such as Connaught, Victoria Crossing and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the ] to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/planning/pdf/centre_city/beltline/beltline_plan_one.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624134625/http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/planning/pdf/centre_city/beltline/beltline_plan_one.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2009|title=Beltline—Area Redevelopment Plan|author=City of Calgary|access-date=September 28, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Directly radiating from the downtown core are the first of the inner-city communities. These include ], ], ]/] (including ] ]), ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] and ] directly to the east. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as ] and ] to the north; ], ], Shaganappi, Westgate and ] to the west; ], ] (including ]), ], ], and ] to the south; and ]/] to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are suburban communities including ], ], ], ], ], Chaparral, ], and ]. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_766_244_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%20Living/Communities/Community%20Profiles/Community%20Profiles.htm|title=The City of Calgary: Community%20Profiles|date=June 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615053030/http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_766_244_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%20Living/Communities/Community%20Profiles/Community%20Profiles.htm|archive-date=June 15, 2010|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>

Several of Calgary's neighbourhoods were initially separate municipalities that were annexed by the city as it grew. These include Bowness, ], Midnapore, Shepard, and Forest Lawn.

=== Climate ===
Calgary experiences a semi-monsoonal ] (] ''Dwb'') within eastern parts of the city and a ] (] ''Dwc'') within western parts of the city due to an increase in elevation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2013|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada|url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=springbank&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=2171&dispBack=1|access-date=July 24, 2020|website=climate.weather.gc.ca|language=en}}</ref> The city has warm, comfortable summers and freezing, dry (but like all of Alberta extremely variable<ref>{{cite journal |last=Szeto |first=Kit K. |date=2008 |title=Variability of Cold-Season Temperatures in the Mackenzie Basin |editor-last=Woo |editor-first=M. |journal=Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg. |pages=61–82 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_4|isbn=978-3-540-73935-7 }}</ref>) winters. It falls into the ] ] 4a.<ref name="Canadian Plant Hardiness Zones">{{cite web|title=Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality|url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=C|website=Natural Resources Canada|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701010026/http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=C|archive-date=July 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to ], average daily temperatures in Calgary range from {{convert|16.5|C}} in July to {{convert|-7.1|C}} in January.<ref name="CIA"/>
]. Winters in Calgary are cold and dry, with temperatures dropping below {{convert|-20|C}}.]]
Winters are cold and the air temperature can drop to or below {{convert|-20|C}} on average of 22 days of the year and {{convert|-30|C}} on average of 3.7 days of the year, but are frequently broken up by warm, dry ]s that blow into Alberta over the mountains. These winds can raise the winter temperature by {{convert|20|C-change}}, and as much as {{convert|30|C-change}} in just a few hours, and may last several days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mountainnature.com/climate/Chinook.htm|title=Learn about the Famous Chinook Winds|author=Ward Cameron|work=mountainnature.com|access-date=February 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214104142/http://www.mountainnature.com/climate/Chinook.htm|archive-date=February 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As well, Calgary's proximity to the Rocky Mountains affects winter temperatures with a mixture of lows and highs, and tends to result in a mild winter for a city in the Prairie Provinces. Temperatures are also affected by the wind chill factor; Calgary's average wind speed is {{convert|14.2|km/h|abbr=on}}, one of the highest in Canadian cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Cities/wind-annual-average.php|title=Average Annual Wind Speed at Canadian Cities|access-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307201233/http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Cities/wind-annual-average.php|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In summer, daytime temperatures range from {{convert|10|to|25|C}} and exceed {{convert|30|C}} an average of 5.1 days in June, July, and August, and occasionally as late as September or as early as May, and in winter drop below or at {{convert|-30|C}} 3.7 days of the year. As a consequence of Calgary's high elevation and aridity, summer days are often comfortable and not humid, unlike many other major cities in Canada. Summer evenings also tend to cool off, with monthly average low temperatures below {{Convert|10|C}} throughout the summer months.<ref name="CIA"/>

Calgary has the sunniest days year round of Canada's 100 largest cities, with slightly over 332 days of sun;<ref name="CIA"/> it has on average 2,396 hours of sunshine annually,<ref name="CIA"/> with an average ] of 55% in the winter and 45% in the summer (15:00 MST).<ref name="CIA"/>

Calgary International Airport in the northeastern section of the city receives an average of {{convert|418.8|mm|abbr=on}} of ] annually, with {{convert|326.4|mm|abbr=on}} of that occurring in the form of rain, and {{convert|128.8|cm|abbr=on}} as snow.<ref name="CIA"/> The most rainfall occurs in June and the most snowfall in March.<ref name="CIA"/> Calgary has also recorded snow every month of the year.<ref name=envcanold>{{cite web|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 Station Data|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=2205&lang=e&StationName=calgary&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1|website=Environment Canada|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=January 30, 2016|date=January 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223041717/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=2205&lang=e&StationName=calgary&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1|archive-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It last snowed in July on July 15, 1999.<ref name=july1999>{{cite web |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2012-07-12&dlyRange=1881-10-01%7C2012-07-11&mlyRange=1881-01-01%7C2012-07-01&StationID=2205&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=specDate&Month=7&Day=15&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&Year=1999&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=51%7C2%7C114%7C4%7CCalgary&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&timeframe=1 |title=Hourly Data Report for July 15, 1999 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=climate.weather.gc.ca |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=August 10, 2018 |quote=06:00 Rain, Snow, Fog |date=October 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810112824/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2012-07-12&dlyRange=1881-10-01%7C2012-07-11&mlyRange=1881-01-01%7C2012-07-01&StationID=2205&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnProx&optLimit=specDate&Month=7&Day=15&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&Year=1999&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&txtRadius=25&optProxType=city&selCity=51%7C2%7C114%7C4%7CCalgary&selPark=&txtCentralLatDeg=&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongDeg=&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&timeframe=1 |archive-date=August 10, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thunderstorms can be frequent and sometimes severe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/stormiest-cities.php|title=Stormiest Canadian Cities - Current Results|website=currentresults.com|access-date=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233828/https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/Canada/stormiest-cities.php|archive-date=March 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> with most of them occurring in the summer months. Calgary lies within Alberta's ] and is prone to damaging hailstorms every few years. A hailstorm that struck Calgary on September 7, 1991, was one of the most destructive ]s in ], with over $400&nbsp;million in damage.<ref>
{{cite web
| url= http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/naturalhazards/majorhailstorms/hailstorms_stats_new.html
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070202092158/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/naturalhazards/majorhailstorms/hailstorms_stats_new.html
| archive-date= February 2, 2007
| title= Major Hailstorms
| author= The Atlas of Canada
| date = April 2004
| access-date=February 14, 2007
}}</ref> Being west of the ] on most occasions, ]es are rare in the region.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Calgary was {{convert|36.7|C}} on ].<ref name="Calgary Int'l CS">{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2008-12-22%7C2018-08-11&dlyRange=1999-05-01%7C2018-08-10&mlyRange=2000-06-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27211&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&selRowPerPage=25&Line=5&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=11&txtStationName=calgary&timeframe=2&Year=2018
| title = Daily Data Report for August 2018
| work = Canadian Climate Data
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = August 12, 2018
| date = October 31, 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180812181605/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2008-12-22%7C2018-08-11&dlyRange=1999-05-01%7C2018-08-10&mlyRange=2000-06-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27211&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&selRowPerPage=25&Line=5&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=11&txtStationName=calgary&timeframe=2&Year=2018
| archive-date = August 12, 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-45.0|C}} on February 4, 1893.<ref name="CIA"/>

On November 15, 2021, Calgary City Council voted to declare a climate emergency. A ] is a resolution passed by a governing body such as a city council. It puts the local government on record in support of emergency action to respond to climate change, and recognizes the pace and scale of action needed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Management |first=Environmental & Safety |title=Calgary's Climate Program |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/environment/climate/climate-change.html |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=www.calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref>{{Calgary weatherbox}}
{{Springbank Hill, Calgary weatherbox}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Calgary}}
In the ] conducted by ], the City of Calgary had a population of 1,306,784 living in 502,301 of its 531,062 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1306784-1239220}}|1239220|1}} from its 2016 population of 1,239,220. With a land area of {{cvt|820.62|km2}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1306784|820.62|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000248 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities) | publisher=] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=February 9, 2022}}</ref>

At the ] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Calgary CMA had a population of {{val|1481806|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|563440|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|594513|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1481806-1392609}}|1392609|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|1392609|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|5098.68|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1481806|5098.68|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=] | date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022}}</ref>

The population of the City of Calgary according to its ] is 1,285,711,<ref name=2019census>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.calgary.ca/2019-census-results-released/|title=2019 Census Results Released|publisher=City of Calgary|date=September 3, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2019}}</ref> a change of
{{percentage|{{#expr:1285711-1267344}}|1267344|1}} from its ] population of 1,267,344.<ref name=2018MAPL>{{cite web | url=http://www.calgary.ca/CA/city-clerks/Pages/Election-and-information-services/Civic-Census/Civic-Census.aspx | title=Civic Census 2018 | publisher=City of Calgary | access-date=October 20, 2018 | date=March 10, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015230547/http://www.calgary.ca/CA/city-clerks/Pages/Election-and-information-services/Civic-Census/Civic-Census.aspx | archive-date=October 15, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the ] conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220 living in 466,725 of its 489,650 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1239220-1096833}}|1096833|1}} from its 2011 population of 1,096,833. With a land area of {{convert|825.56|km2|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1239220|825.56|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2016.<ref name=2016censusABmunis>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta) | publisher=] | date=February 8, 2017 | access-date=February 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082610/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48 | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Calgary was ranked first among the three cities in Canada that saw their population grow by more than 100,000 people between 2011 and 2016. During this time Calgary saw a population growth of 142,387 people, followed by ] at 120,345 people and ] at 116,511 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/96b9-2016-Census-Backgrounder-Population-Dwellings.pdf |title=2016 Census: Population and Dwelling Counts |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 9, 2017 |website=toronto.ca |access-date=August 10, 2018 |quote=• Toronto's population grew by 116,511 residents between 2011 and 2016}}</ref>

The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) is the fourth-largest CMA in Canada and largest in Alberta. It had a population of 1,392,609 in the 2016 Census compared to its 2011 population of 1,214,839. Its five-year population change of 14.6 percent was the highest among all CMAs in Canada between 2011 and 2016. With a land area of {{convert|5107.55|km2|abbr=on}}, the Calgary CMA had a population density of {{Pop density|1392609|5107.55|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2016.<ref name=2016censusCMAs>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100 | title=Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | access-date=October 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923090409/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100 | archive-date=September 23, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Calgary CMA population, as of July 1, 2017, is 1,488,841.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, Canada – Population at July 1|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710007801&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.30&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1|work=Statistics Canada|date = February 26, 2014|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref>

In 2015, the population within an hour commuting distance of the city was 1,511,755.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profit Guide Directory of Municipalities 2015|url=http://www.profitguide.com/microsite/best-places/2015/ranking/calgary-ab|work=Profit Guide|access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032216/http://www.profitguide.com/microsite/best-places/2015/ranking/calgary-ab|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a consequence of the large number of corporations, as well as the presence of the energy sector in Alberta, Calgary has a median family income of $104,530.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil107a-eng.htm|title=Statistics Canada|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331014547/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil107a-eng.htm|archive-date=March 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ] reported that ] (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 430,640 persons or 33.3% of the total population of Calgary. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (65,430 persons or 15.2%), India (56,515 persons or 13.1%), China (36,240 persons or 8.4%), United Kingdom (20,415 persons or 4.7%), Pakistan (18,375 persons or 4.3%), Vietnam (15,395 persons or 3.6%), Nigeria (12,450 persons or 2.9%), United States of America (10,890 persons or 2.5%), Hong Kong (10,775 persons or 2.5%), and South Korea (8,210 persons or 1.9%).<ref name="2021censusB"/>

=== Ethnicity ===
{{See also|Demographics of Calgary#City of Calgary}}
{{Pie chart
| caption=] breakdown of Calgary from the ]<ref name="2021censusB"/>
| label1 = European{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"}}
| value1 = 55.41
| color1 = white
| label2 = South Asian
| value2 = 10.97
| color2 = #804000
| label3 = Southeast Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
| value3 = 8.56
| color3 = orange
| label4 = East Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}}
| value4 = 8.49
| color4 = yellow
| label5 = African
| value5 = 5.47
| color5 = black
| label6 = Middle Eastern{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
| value6 = 3.55
| color6 = darkgreen
| label7 = ]
| value7 = 3.2
| color7 = red
| label8 = Latin American
| value8 = 2.47
| color8 = brown
| label9 = Other{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}}
| value9 = 1.89
| color9 = grey
}}
According to the 2016 Census, 60% of Calgary's population was of European origin, 4% was of ] heritage, and 36.2% of the population belonged to a ] (that is, non-white, non-aboriginal) group. Among those of European origin, the most frequently reported ethnic backgrounds were ], ], ], ], and ].

Among visible minorities, ]s (ethnic backgrounds mainly from India and Pakistan) make up the largest group (9.5%), followed by ] (6.8%) and ] (5.5%). 5.4% were of ]n or ] origin, 3.5% was of ] or ] origin, while 2.6% of the population was of ] origin. Of the largest Canadian cities, Calgary ranked fourth in proportion of visible minorities, behind Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg. 20.7% of the population identified as "Canadian" in ethnic origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/ethnicorigin/pdf/97-562-XIE2006001.pdf|title=National Household Survey – Reference products, 2011|date=May 8, 2013|work=statcan.ca|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325070623/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/ethnicorigin/pdf/97-562-XIE2006001.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
According to the ], religious groups in Calgary included:<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&SearchText=calgary |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
*] (575,250 persons or 44.5%)
*] (499,375 persons or 38.7%)
*] (95,925 persons or 7.4%)
*] (49,465 persons or 3.8%)
*] (33,450 persons or 2.6%)
*] (20,855 persons or 1.6%)
*] (6,390 persons or 0.5%)
*] (1,370 persons or 0.1%)
*Other (9,695 persons or 0.8%)

== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Alberta}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Employment by industry<ref name="statcan"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121211549/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |date=January 21, 2008 }}. Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Released June 27, 2002. Last modified: November 30, 2005. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE</ref>
|-
!Industry !! Calgary !! Alberta
|-
|Agriculture|| 6.1% || 10.9%
|-
|Manufacturing|| 15.8% ||| 15.8%
|-
|Trade|| 15.9% || 15.8%
|-
|Finance|| 6.4% || 5.0%
|-
|Health and education|| 25.1% || 18.8%
|-
|Business services|| 25.1% || 18.8%
|-
|Other services|| 16.5% || 18.7%
|}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Labour force (2016)<ref name="statcan2006">{{cite web |url = http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |publisher = Statistics Canada |title = 2006 Community Profiles Census Subdivision |access-date = January 24, 2012 |date = March 13, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120121054746/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |archive-date = January 21, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
! Rate !! Calgary !! Alberta !! Canada
|-
| Employment || 66.9% || 66.3% || 61.2%
|-
| Unemployment || 10.3% || 9.0% || 6.8%
|-
| Participation || 74.6% || 72.9% || 65.6%
|}
Calgary is recognized as a leader in the ], and its economy expanded at a significantly higher rate than the overall Canadian economy (43% and 25%, respectively) over the ten-year period from 1999 to 2009.<ref name="calgary.ca">{{Cite web |url=http://www.calgary.ca/_layouts/cocis/DirectDownload.aspx?target=http%3a%2f%2fwww.calgary.ca%2fcfod%2ffinance%2fDocuments%2fCorporate-Economics%2fOther-Reports%2fBriefing-Note-04-Economic-Performance-1999-2009.pdf&noredirect=1&sf=1 |title=Calgary's Economic Performance: 1999-2009 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |date=2010 |work=City of Calgary}}</ref> Its high personal and family incomes,<ref name=CanadaWest/><ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com"/> low unemployment and high GDP per capita<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tableaudebordmontreal.com/comparons/activiteeconomique/pibpercapita.en.html?mode=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128073646/http://tableaudebordmontreal.com/comparons/activiteeconomique/pibpercapita.en.html?mode=print|archive-date=November 28, 2010 |title=GDP per capita |publisher=Tableaudebordmontreal.com |access-date= August 29, 2011}}</ref> have all benefited from increased sales and prices due to a resource boom,<ref name="calgary.ca"/> and increasing economic diversification.

Calgary benefits from a relatively strong ] in Alberta, is part of the ], one of the fastest growing regions in the country. It is the head office for many major oil and gas related companies, and many financial service business have grown up around them. Small business and self-employment levels also rank amongst the highest in Canada.<ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com/mediakit/calgary-ecomomy |title=Calgary Economy |work=] |access-date=August 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903024512/http://www.calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com/mediakit/calgary-ecomomy |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Calgary is a distribution and transportation hub<ref name=CRPtransportation>{{cite web | url=http://calgaryregion.ca/crp/invest-overview/Featured-industries/transportation-and-logistics.html | title=Transportation & Logistics | publisher=Calgary Regional Partnership | access-date=March 6, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306113652/http://calgaryregion.ca/crp/invest-overview/Featured-industries/transportation-and-logistics.html | archive-date=March 6, 2014 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> with high retail sales.<ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com"/>

Calgary's economy is decreasingly dominated by the oil and gas industry, although it is still the single largest contributor to the city's GDP. In 2006, Calgary's real GDP (in constant 1997 dollars) was {{CAD|52.386}}&nbsp;billion, of which oil, gas and mining contributed 12%.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/relocateAndExpand/RECalgaryEconomy/gdp.cfm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120030/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/relocate/calgarys-economy/gdp| archive-date= July 22, 2011 | title= Real GDP by Industry: Calgary Economic Region, 2006 | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | access-date= March 12, 2007}}</ref> The larger oil and gas companies are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], making the city home to 87% of Canada's oil and natural gas producers and 66% of coal producers.<ref name=AlbertaFirst>{{cite web| url= http://www.albertafirst.com/profiles/statspack/20366.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013223651/http://albertafirst.com/profiles/statspack/20366.html| archive-date= October 13, 2007 | title= Calgary | author = Alberta First | year= 2007 | access-date = March 12, 2007}}</ref>

As of November 2016, the city had a labour force of 901,700 (a 74.6% participation rate) and 10.3% unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss03k-eng.htm|title=Labour force characteristics, seasonally adjusted, by census metropolitan area (3 month moving average) Calgary (Alta.), Edmonton (Alta.), Kelowna (B.C.)|date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=December 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206020335/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss03k-eng.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss01c-eng.htm|title=Labour force characteristics, seasonally adjusted, by province (monthly) (Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia)|access-date=December 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128175058/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss01c-eng.htm|archive-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

In 2013, Calgary's four largest industries by employee count were "Trade" (with 112,800 employees), "Professional, Scientific and Technical Services" (100,800 employees), "Health Care and Social Assistance" (89,200 employees), and "Construction" (81,500 employees).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/ar2013/pdf/2014-CED-Annual-Report.pdf |title=Calgary Economic Development 2013 Annual Report |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |access-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022172327/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/ar2013/pdf/2014-CED-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, the top three private sector employers in Calgary were ] (7,500 employees), ] (4,945) and ] (4,517).<ref name=topemployers>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/30697588/TOP-CALGARY-EMPLOYERS |title=Top Calgary Employers |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |date=April 2006 |access-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821082047/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/30697588/TOP-CALGARY-EMPLOYERS |archive-date=August 21, 2013 }}</ref> Companies rounding out the top ten were ], the ], Nexen, Canadian Pacific Railway, CNRL, Shell Canada and ].<ref name=topemployers/> The top public sector employers in 2006 were the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services (22,000), the City of Calgary (12,296) and the Calgary Board of Education (8,000).<ref name=topemployers/> Public sector employers rounding out the top five were the University of Calgary and the Calgary Roman Catholic Separate School Division.<ref name=topemployers/>

In Canada, Calgary has the second-highest concentration of head offices in Canada (behind Toronto), the most head offices per capita, and the highest head office revenue per capita.<ref name=CanadaWest/><ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com"/> Some large employers with Calgary head offices include ], ], Suncor Energy, ], Flint Energy Services Ltd., Shaw Communications, and Canadian Pacific Railway.<ref name="large">{{cite web|url=http://albertaventure.com/2010/09/largest-employers-2010/#more-12215 |title=Largest Employers 2010 &#124; Western Business Insight |publisher=Alberta Venture |date=September 1, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103422/http://albertaventure.com/2010/09/largest-employers-2010/ |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> CPR moved its head office from Montreal in 1996 and Imperial Oil moved from Toronto in 2005. Encana's new 58-floor corporate headquarters, ], became the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2006/10/12/encana-office.html|title=EnCana Unveils Plans for Downtown Calgary Office Tower|author=CBC Article |access-date=January 6, 2006 |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165011/http://cbc.ca/money/story/2006/10/12/encana-office.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2001, the city became the corporate headquarters of the ].

] is headquartered close to the Calgary International Airport,<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202015319/http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/contact/index.shtml |date=February 2, 2012 }}. '']''. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</ref> and ] has its headquarters on the airport grounds.<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324030704/http://www.enerjet.ca/customerservice.html |date=March 24, 2010 }}." ]. Retrieved March 31, 2010.</ref> Prior to their dissolution, ]<ref>. '']''. March 3, 2000. Retrieved May 20, 2009.</ref> and ]'s subsidiary ] were also headquartered near the city's airport.<ref>Pigg, Susan. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207091041/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/421016591.html?dids=421016591:421016591&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22%2C+2003&author=Susan+Pigg&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Zip%2C+WestJet+in+fare+war+that+could+hurt+them+both+%3B+Move+follows+competition+bureau+ruling+Battle+could+intensify+when+Zip+flies+eastward&pqatl=google |date=February 7, 2013 }}." '']''. January 22, 2003. Business C01. Retrieved September 30, 2009.</ref> Although its main office is now based in ], ], purchased from Canadian Airlines in September 1998, still maintains operations and charter offices in Calgary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/administration |title=Administration |work=canadiannorth.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823223032/http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/administration |archive-date=August 23, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/charters|title=Charters|work=canadiannorth.com|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823224653/http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/charters|archive-date=August 23, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of Canada's largest ], ], is also headquartered in Calgary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Head Office |url=https://www.mnp.ca/en/offices/head-office |website=MNP LLP |publisher=MNP LLP |access-date=March 12, 2022}}</ref>

According to a report by Alexi Olcheski of Avison Young published in August 2015, vacancy rates rose to 11.5 per cent in the second quarter of 2015 from 8.3 per cent in 2014. Oil and gas company office spaces in downtown Calgary are subleasing 40 per cent of their overall vacancies.<ref name="FP_12Aug2015">{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/news/energy/ghost-vacancies-haunt-downtown-calgary-as-oil-patch-layoffs-empty-office-buildings | title='Ghost vacancies' haunt downtown Calgary as oil patch layoffs empty office buildings | work=Financial Post | date=August 12, 2015 | access-date=October 1, 2015 | author=Morgan, Geoffrey | location=Calgary | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002102104/http://business.financialpost.com/news/energy/ghost-vacancies-haunt-downtown-calgary-as-oil-patch-layoffs-empty-office-buildings | archive-date=October 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> ], which owns the 58-storey, 158,000-square-metre ], claims the building was fully leased. Tenants such as ] "have been letting staff and contractors go in response to the downturn".<ref name="FP_12Aug2015" />

== Arts and culture ==
Calgary was designated as one of the cultural capitals of Canada in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avenuecalgary.com/July-2012/Calgary-2012-Federal-Government-Cancels-Cultural-Capital-Program/ |title=Calgary 2012: Federal Government Cancels Cultural Capital Program - Avenue Calgary - July 2012 |publisher=Avenue Calgary |date=July 6, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412020309/http://www.avenuecalgary.com/July-2012/Calgary-2012-Federal-Government-Cancels-Cultural-Capital-Program/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While many Calgarians continue to live in the city's suburbs, more central neighbourhoods such as Kensington, Inglewood, Forest Lawn, Bridgeland, Marda Loop, the Mission District, and especially the Beltline, have become more popular and density in those areas has increased.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.calgary.ca/ca/city-clerks/pages/election-and-information-services/civic-census/censusresults.aspx |title=Past census results |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=City of Calgary}}</ref>

===Stage===
'''Performing arts venues'''

Calgary is the site of the ] performing arts, culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other is the ] located in Edmonton, each being locally known as the "Jube." The 2,538-seat auditorium was opened in 1957<ref name="jubileeauditorium">{{cite web|url=http://www.jubileeauditorium.com/southern/about/who_we_are.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071214/http://www.jubileeauditorium.com/southern/about/who_we_are.asp|archive-date=July 16, 2011|title=Auditoria History|author=Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium|access-date=September 25, 2007}}</ref> and has been host to hundreds of ], theatrical, stage and local productions. The Calgary Jube is the resident home of the ], the ], and the annual civic ] ceremonies. Both auditoriums operate 365 days a year, and are run by the provincial government. Both received major renovations as part of the province's centennial in 2005.<ref name="jubileeauditorium" />] is a multi-venue ] in ].]]
The city is also home to a number of performing arts spaces, such as ], which is a 400,000 square foot performing arts complex housing the Jack Singer Concert Hall, Martha Cohen Theatre, Max Bell Theatre, Big Secret Theatre, and Motel Theatre, the Pumphouse Theatre, which houses the Victor Mitchell and Joyce Doolittle theatres, The GRAND, the Bella Concert Hall, the Wright Theatre, Vertigo Theatre, Stage West Theatre, Lunchbox Theatre, and several other smaller venues.

'''Theatre'''

Some large theatre companies shares the ] building in Calgary including ], ], and ]. ] is a culture house dedicated to the contemporary live arts. Other companies, groups, and collectives operate in niche theatre such as Storybook Theatre (children's theatre), Sundog Storytellers (immersive theatre), and The Shakespeare Company.

Calgary is the birthplace of the ], which are ] games.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keithjohnstone.com/improv.php | title=The origins of Theatresports | author= Keith Johnstone | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627092251/http://www.keithjohnstone.com/improv.php | access-date= January 27, 2022 | archive-date=June 27, 2007 }}</ref>

'''Music'''

Every three years, Calgary hosts the ] (formerly known as the Esther Honens International Piano Competition). The finalists of the competition perform piano concerti with the ]; the laureate is awarded a cash prize (currently $100,000.00 CDN, the largest cash award of any international piano competition), and a three-year career development program. Honens is an integral component of the classical music scene in Calgary.

A number of ]s are based in Calgary. They include the ], the Calgary Stetson Show Band, the Bishop Grandin Marching Ghosts, and the six-time World Association for Marching Show Bands champions, the Calgary Stampede Showband, as well as military bands including the Band of HMCS Tecumseh, the King's Own Calgary Regiment Band, and the ]. There are many other civilian pipe bands in the city, notably the ] Pipe Band.<ref>Calgary Marching Bands: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101101509/http://www.roundupband.org/ |date=January 1, 2007 }}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103163051/http://www.stetsonband.org/ |date=January 3, 2007 }}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206095342/http://www.stampedeshowband.com/ |date=December 6, 2006 }}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205034627/http://wamsb.org/ |date=December 5, 2006 }}</ref>

Calgary is also home to a choral music community, including a variety of amateur, community, and semi-professional groups. Some of the mainstays include the Mount Royal Choirs from the ] Conservatory, the ], the Calgary Girls Choir, the Youth Singers of Calgary, the Cantaré Children's Choir, Luminous Voices Music Society, Spiritus Chamber Choir, and pop-choral group Revv52.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/featurereview-tim-shantz-spiritus-and-luminous-voices-have-changed-calgarys-choral-scene/|title=Feature/Review: Tim Shantz, Spiritus and Luminous Voices bring a special resonance to Calgary's choral scene|date=April 17, 2014|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/local-arts/calgary-pop-choir-revving-up-for-first-show-with-new-artistic-director/|title=Calgary pop choir revving up for first show with new artistic director|last=Jarvie|first=Michele|date=January 14, 2020|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/city-choir-helps-boys-find-their-voice-for-43-years/|title=City choir helps boys find their voice for forty-three years|last=Jarvie|first=Michele|date=January 13, 2017|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref>

'''Dance'''

The Alberta Ballet is the third largest dance company in Canada. Under the artistic direction of Jean Grand-Maître, the Alberta Ballet is at the forefront both at home and internationally. Jean Grand-Maître has become well known for his successful portrait series collaborations with pop-artists like Joni Mitchell, Elton John, and Sarah McLachlan. The Alberta Ballet resides in the Nat Christie Centre.<ref>]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/grand-matre-the-king-of-pop-ballet/article4392480/|title=Grand-Maître: the king of pop ballet|date=August 23, 2012|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=August 22, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225155/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/grand-matre-the-king-of-pop-ballet/article4392480/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/06/ballet-review-the-alberta-ballets-fumbling-towards-ecstacy/|title=Ballet Review: The Alberta Ballet's Fumbling Towards Ecstacy|last1=DeMello|first1=Jessica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130506032444/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/06/ballet-review-the-alberta-ballets-fumbling-towards-ecstacy/|archive-date=May 6, 2013|access-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref>

Other dance companies include Springboard Performance, which hosts the annual Fluid Movement Arts Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/contemporary-art-and-dance-at-forefront-of-fluid-fest/|title=Contemporary Art and Dance at Forefront of Fluid Fest|first=Louis|last=Hobson|date=October 18, 2018|website=Calgary Herald|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, which opened its new $25-million facility in 2016 in collaboration with the Kahanoff Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/decidedly+jazz+danceworks+breaks+ground+million+space/9793087/story.html|title=Decidedly Jazz Danceworks breaks ground on $25 million art space|last=Hunt|first=Stephen|website=www.calgaryherald.com|language=en-ca|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> as well as a host of others, including European folk dance ensembles, Afro-based dance companies, and diasporic dance companies.

===Screen===
'''Film and television'''

Numerous films have been shot in Calgary and the surrounding area. Notable films shot in and around the city include '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', ''],'' and '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveincalgary.ca/jobs/employment-in-calgary/key-industries/film |title=Calgary's Film Industry |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |access-date=September 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907123132/http://www.liveincalgary.ca/jobs/employment-in-calgary/key-industries/film |archive-date=September 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GALBRAITH |first=JANE |date=September 30, 1993 |title=From Real Life to Screen Proved Tough Sledding : Movies: Despite being dropped by Columbia and two directors, 'Cool Runnings,' the film about Jamaican bobsledders, makes it across the finish line. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-30-ca-40417-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409210920/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-30-ca-40417-story.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> '']'' was filmed in downtown Calgary and Inglewood in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyhive.com/calgary/paul-rudd-hudsons-pub-calgary|title=Paul Rudd was just spotted at this downtown Calgary pub (Photos)|website=dailyhive.com|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> Television shows include '']'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Find+Calgary+buildings+while+watching+Fargo+series/9767194/story.html|title=Find Calgary's buildings while watching the Fargo TV series|last=Volmers|first=Eric|website=www.calgaryherald.com|language=en-ca|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> '']'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyhive.com/calgary/netflix-black-summer-filmed-calgary-area|title=Netflix's new 'Black Summer' series was filmed in the Calgary area {{!}} Etcetera|website=dailyhive.com|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> '']''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/television/embargoed-after-months-of-delays-amid-rumours-of-financial-troubles-calgary-based-wynonna-earp-to-begin-production-of-season-4|title=Calgary-based Wynonna Earp overcomes financial woes, shooting to begin on Season 4|first=Eric|last=Volmers|date=July 2, 2019|website=Calgary Herald|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> '']'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/calgary-herald/20090105/282269546269861|title=|via=PressReader|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> and '']''.

'''Media'''

The '']'' and the '']'' are the main newspapers in Calgary. ], ], ] and ] television networks have local studios in the city.

===Visual art===
Visual and conceptual artists like the art collective ] are active in the city. There are a number of art galleries in the downtown along Stephen Avenue; the SoDo (South of Downtown) Design District; the 17 Avenue corridor; the neighbourhood of Inglewood, including the ].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://uptown17.ca/default.asp?webpage=285 | title= Hip to Haute | author= 17 Avenue Business Revitalisation Zone | access-date= May 22, 2007 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000216/http://uptown17.ca/default.asp?webpage=285 | archive-date= September 29, 2007 | df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designquarterly.ca/CalgarysDesignDistrict.aspx |title=Calgary's Design District |publisher=Design Quarterly |access-date=April 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526223000/http://www.designquarterly.ca/CalgarysDesignDistrict.aspx |archive-date=May 26, 2013 }}</ref> There are also various arts installations in the +15 system in downtown Calgary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Recreation/Pages/Public-Art/Civic-Art-collection.aspx|title=Public Art Collection|date=May 16, 2011|website=www.calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref>

===Libraries===
] has won numerous international architectural and urban design awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards Won by Central Library|url=https://calgarylibrary.ca/about-the-library/media-centre/awards-won-by-central-library/}}</ref>]]
The ] is the city's public library network, with 21 branches loaning books, e-books, CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, audio books, and more. Based on borrowing, the library is the second largest in Canada, and sixth-largest municipal library system in North America. The new flagship branch, the {{convert|240000|sqft|order=flip|abbr=on}} ] in ], opened on November 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McGregor|first1=Lisa|title=Calgary Public Library reinvents itself|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1752548/calgary-public-library-reinvents-itself/|access-date=January 8, 2015|publisher=Global News|date=January 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107061032/http://globalnews.ca/news/1752548/calgary-public-library-reinvents-itself/|archive-date=January 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Museums===
Several museums are located in the city. The ] is the largest in western Canada and includes an ] and ] gallery.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgarykiosk.ca/calgary-tour/Glenbow-Museum.php| archive-url= https://archive.today/20120702215257/http://www.calgarykiosk.ca/calgary-tour/Glenbow-Museum.php| url-status= dead| archive-date= July 2, 2012| title= Glenbow Museum| author= Calgary Kiosk| year= 2006| access-date= June 28, 2007}}</ref> Other major museums include the ] (at {{convert|70000|sqft|abbr=on|order=flip}}, the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.where.ca/calgary/guide_listing~listing_id~652.htm |title=Calgary Chinese Cultural Centre |work=] |year=2007 |access-date=June 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006095301/http://www.where.ca/calgary/guide_listing~listing_id~652.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2006 }}</ref> ] (at ]), ], the ] and ].

===Festivals===
] draws in over a million visitors every year, doubling the city's population during the event.<ref name=":4" />|left]]
] event every year since 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History - Calgary Pride - 30 Years of Pride in Calgary|url=https://www.calgarypride.ca/about/ourhistory/|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=Calgary Pride 2020 Reimagined|language=en-US}}</ref>|alt=|left]]
Calgary hosts a ]. These include the Calgary International Film Festival, the ], the Calgary Performing Arts Festival (formerly ]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/festival-guide/kiwanis+music+festival+gets+name+change/9622993/story.html|title=Kiwanis Music Festival gets a name change|last=Hunt|first=Stephen|website=www.calgaryherald.com|language=en-ca|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> ], ] music festival, ], the ], Carifest, ], the ], ], ], the ], ], the ], ], Expo Latino, ], Calgary International Spoken Word Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.calgaryspokenwordfestival.com/ |title= Calgary Spoken Word Festival |publisher= calgaryspokenwordfestival.com |access-date= August 29, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110831140633/http://www.calgaryspokenwordfestival.com/ |archive-date= August 31, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. The ] is also held annually as well as the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puppetfestival.ca/about/|title=About Us {{!}} Festival of Animated Objects|website=www.puppetfestival.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004634/http://www.puppetfestival.ca/about/|archive-date=March 18, 2017|access-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref>

Calgary's best-known event is the ], which has occurred each July, with the exception of the year 2020, since 1912. It is one of the largest ], with a 2005 attendance of 1,242,928 at the 10-day ] and exhibition.<ref name=":4">{{cite web| url= http://www.stampede.coolattractions.com/history.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060613054127/http://stampede.coolattractions.com/history.html| archive-date= June 13, 2006 | title= History of the Stampede | author= Calgary Stampede | author-link= Calgary Stampede | year= 2006 | access-date= May 8, 2006}}</ref>

===Arts education===
Calgary is also home to several post-secondary institutions that provide credit or non-credit instruction in the arts, including the ] (formerly Alberta College of Art and Design),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/acad-becomes-alberta-university-of-the-arts/|title=New name, new direction: ACAD becomes Alberta University of the Arts|last=Ferguson|first=Ava|date=January 18, 2019|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> the School of Creative and Performing Arts at the University of Calgary,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cda-acd.ca/news-media/first-combined-dance-and-kinesiology-degree-in-canada|title=First combined Dance and Kinesiology Degree in Canada|website=www.cda-acd.ca|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> the Mount Royal University Conservatory,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/mount-royal-university-conservatory|title=Mount Royal University Conservatory {{!}} l'Encyclopédie Canadienne|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> and Ambrose University.

== Attractions ==
{{Main|List of attractions and landmarks in Calgary}}
] is a major ] and tourist attraction in Calgary.]]
] remains a prominent attraction and symbol of Calgary's culture.]]
Downtown Calgary features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, public squares and shopping. Downtown attractions include the ], ], ], ], Chinatown district, Arts Commons, ], St. Patrick's Island, Glenbow Museum, the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC), ], the ] grounds and military museums, and various other ]. Notable shopping areas include the ], Stephen Avenue and the ]. The ] spans the ] in the downtown region. The region is also home to ], an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. At {{convert|2.5|acre|ha|order=flip|abbr=on}}, the ] is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_780_247_0_43/http%3B/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Parks+and+Cemeteries/Parks/Devonian+Gardens/Devonian+Gardens.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191918/http://calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_780_247_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Parks+and+Cemeteries/Parks/Devonian+Gardens/Devonian+Gardens.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 13, 2007| title= Devonian Gardens|author=City of Calgary|access-date=September 25, 2007}}</ref> located on the top floor of the Core Centre. Directly south of the city's downtown is the ], an urban community known for its many lively bars, nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. At the Beltline's core is the popular ''17 Avenue SW'', the community's primary entertainment and ] strip, lined with a high concentration of bars and entertainment. During the Calgary Flames' ], 17 Avenue SW was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the "]". Downtown Calgary is easily accessed using the ] transit system with 9 train stations in the city's downtown core. The train is also fare-free while downtown.

Attractions in other areas of the city include the ], depicting life in pre-1914 Alberta and featuring working historic vehicles such as a ], ] and ]. The village itself comprises a mixture of replica buildings and historic structures relocated from southern Alberta. Just west of the city limits is ], Western Canada's largest outdoor family amusement park, and just north of the park across the Trans Canada Highway is the Springbank/Calgary Airport where the Wings over Springbank Airshow is held every July 18 & 19. Other major city attractions include Canada Olympic Park, which features ], and ]. In addition to the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in the city. Among the largest are ] and ] in the south, Westhills and ] in the southwest, South Trail Crossing and Deerfoot Meadows in the southeast, ] in the northwest, ] in the northeast, and the newly built ] and ] just north of the Calgary city limits, and south of the City of Airdrie.

== Sports and recreation ==
{{Main|Sports in Calgary}}] overlooking ] and the ] ]]
Within Calgary there are approximately {{convert|8000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of parkland available for public usage and recreation.<ref name="Parks">{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/home.aspx|title=Calgary Parks|date=March 7, 2011|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114203330/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/home.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> These parks include ], Inglewood Bird Sanctuary, ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Nose Hill Park is one of the largest municipal parks in Canada at {{convert|1129|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. The park has been subject to a revitalization plan that began in 2006. Its trail system is currently undergoing rehabilitation in accordance with this plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Locations/NW-parks/Nose-Hill-Park.aspx|title=Nose Hill Park|date=January 11, 2011|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170701/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Locations/NW-parks/Nose-Hill-Park.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Construction/Nose-Hill-Park-Trail-and-Pathway-improvement-plan.aspx|title=Nose Hill Park Trail and Pathway improvement plan|date=November 15, 2010|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170616/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Construction/Nose-Hill-Park-Trail-and-Pathway-improvement-plan.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest park in Calgary, Central Memorial Park, dates back to 1911. Similar to Nose Hill Park, revitalization also took place in Central Memorial Park in 2008–2009 and reopened to the public in 2010 while still maintaining its Victorian style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/History/Parks-history.aspx|title=Parks history|date=November 3, 2010|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170545/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/History/Parks-history.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> An {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} pathway system connects these parks and various neighbourhoods.<ref name="Parks" /><ref name="pathway">{{cite web |author=City of Calgary |title=Calgary Pathways and Trails |url=https://www.calgary.ca/bike-walk-roll/pathways.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111235153/http://www.calgary.ca/CS/IIS/Documents/emaps/bicycle_pathways_map.pdf |archive-date=November 11, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2023}}</ref> Calgary also has multiple private sporting clubs including the ] and the Calgary Winter Club.

] is a pedestrian and cycling bridge at ], suspended over the ].]]

In large part due to its proximity to the Rocky Mountains, Calgary has traditionally been a popular destination for winter sports. Since hosting the ], the city has also been home to a number of major winter sporting facilities such as ] (bobsleigh, ], ], ], ], ], and some summer sports) and the ] (] and ]). These facilities serve as the primary training venues for a number of competitive athletes. Also, Canada Olympic Park serves as a ] trail in the summer months. Calgary unsuccessfully bid to host the 2026 Winter Olympics, losing to Milan/Cortina Italy.

In the summer, the Bow River is very popular among river rafters<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.avenuecalgary.com/Things-to-Do/Rafting-Down-the-Bow-River/|title=Planning on Rafting Down the Bow River This Summer? Here's How to Stay Safe|access-date=November 21, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204225/https://www.avenuecalgary.com/Things-to-Do/Rafting-Down-the-Bow-River/|archive-date=November 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and ]. Golfing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians, and the region has a large number of courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/canada/ab/calgary/ |title=Calgary, Alberta Golf Courses |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=GolfLink}}</ref> The ] is a {{convert|5+1/2|furlong|km|adj=on}} horse track located just north of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnty.com/centurydowns/ |title=Century Downs Racetrack and Casino |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326183005/https://www.cnty.com/centurydowns/ |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Calgary hosted the ] Festival in August, at the Predator Bay Water Ski Club, approximately {{cvt|40|km}} south of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iwwfed-ea.org/competition.php?cc=T-09IWSF02&page=men_slalom_results |title=2009 WATERSKI WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=IWWF}}</ref><ref>{{Google maps|url= https://goo.gl/maps/MWKvEE4LECVbJURp8 |title=Predatory Bay |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>

As part of the wider ], the city's sports teams enjoy a popular rivalry with their Edmonton counterparts, most notably the rivalries between the ]'s ] and ], and the ]'s ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5704835/edmonton-eskimos-battle-alberta-cfl-july/ |title=Edmonton Eskimos prepare for Round 1 of 2019 Battle of Alberta in Calgary |last=Campbell |first=Dave |date=July 30, 2019 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=2191048&type=story |title=Bile back in Battle of Alberta |date=October 14, 2005 |first=George |last=Johnson |publisher=ESPN |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>

] is a multi-use ] that is home to the ]'s ] and the ]'s ].]]
] is the home stadium for the ]'s ] and was the ] for the ].]]
Calgary is the hometown of the ] and the location of the Hart family "]", where the patriarch of the Hart Family, ],<ref name="hart">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/stuhart|title=Stu Hart|work=WWE|access-date=November 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031020805/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/stuhart|archive-date=October 31, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> trained numerous professional wrestlers including ], ], the ], ], ], ], ], ] and many more. Also among the trainees were the Hart family members themselves, including WWE Hall of Fame member and former WWE champion ] and his brother, the 1994 WWF ], ].<ref name="hart"/>

In 1997 Calgary hosted The World Police & Fire Games hosting over 16,000 athletes from all over the world.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Professional sports teams
|-
! Club!!League!!Venue!!Established!!Championships
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |1945
| style="text-align:center" |8
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |1980
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |2001
| style="text-align:center" |3
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |2018
| style="text-align:center" |0
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |2022
| style="text-align:center" |0
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |2023
| style="text-align:center" |0
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Amateur and junior clubs
|-
! Club!!League!!Venue!!Established!!Championships
|-
| ]
| ]
| Henry Viney Arena
| style="text-align:center" |1971
| style="text-align:center" |9
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| style="text-align:center" |1995
| style="text-align:center" |2
|-
| ]
| ]
| Calgary Rugby Park
| style="text-align:center" |1998
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
| ]
| ]
| Calgary Rugby Park
| style="text-align:center" |2009
| style="text-align:center" |1
|}

== Government ==
The city is a corporate power-centre with a high percentage of the workforce is employed in ] jobs. The high concentration of oil and gas corporations led to the rise of ]'s ] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/1971poli.html |title=Calgary's Politics 1971–1991 |publisher=University of Calgary |year=1997 |access-date=June 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601065912/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/1971poli.html |archive-date=June 1, 2007 }}</ref> However, as Calgary's population has increased, so has the diversity of its politics.

=== Municipal politics ===
] is the ] for the City of Calgary. Attached to the building is the historic ] built in 1911.]]
The City of Calgary is a ] with a ] structure consisting of a fifteen-member ] elected every four years. The Council itself consists of an at-large ] and fourteen Councillors who represent geographic regions of the city. The legal authority to govern as a "creature of the province" is derived from various regulations and legislation of the ], of which the ''Municipal Government Act'' and the ''City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation'' provide many of the powers and responsibilities for the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal Government Act, R.S.A. 2000 |url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/acts/m26.pdf |website=alberta.ca |publisher=Alberta Queen's Printer |access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation AR 40/2018 |url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2018_040.pdf |website=alberta.ca |publisher=Alberta Queen’s Printer |access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> The current Mayor ] was first elected in the ].

Three school boards operate independently of each other in Calgary, the public, the separate (catholic) and francophone systems. Both the public and separate boards have 7 elected trustees each representing 2 of 14 wards. The School Boards are considered part of municipal politics in Calgary as they are elected at the same time as City Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election and Information Services|url=http://www.calgary.ca/election|publisher=City of Calgary|access-date=September 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203720/http://www.calgary.ca/election/|archive-date=July 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Provincial politics ===
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Calgary federal election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e |title=Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Calgary)|publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | ]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | ]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | ]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | ]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}|
! ]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 22%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''128,163''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''53%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''304,926''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 17%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''95,538''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''10,113''
|-
! ]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 18%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''111,329''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''66%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''405,171''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 10%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''60,850''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 4%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''22,736''
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Calgary provincial election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://officialresults.elections.ab.ca/orResultsPGE.cfm?EventId=60 |title=Official Voting Results by polling station (poll by poll results in Calgary)|publisher=Elections Alberta |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | ]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | ]
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP}}|
! ]
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} | <span style="color:#FFFFFF">'''53%'''</span>
| style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF">''294,957''</span>
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}} | 34%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''188,703''
|-
|}

As a result of the ], Calgary is represented by 26 ], including 23 members of the ] and 3 members of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislative Assembly of Alberta |url=https://www.assembly.ab.ca/net/index.aspx?p=mla_home |website=www.assembly.ab.ca |publisher=]}}</ref>

=== Federal politics ===
Calgary is currently split between 10 ridings in the ].

Historically, all or most of Calgary's federal seats have been held by the major centre-right party of the day, presently the ]. Before 2015, the ] had only elected three MPs from Calgary ridings in their entire history-- ] (1940–1945),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a0f8dbd6-a310-4dd8-a89a-5dcdd30f0517&Language=E |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – EDWARDS, Manley Justin, LL.B. |work=parl.gc.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220171316/http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a0f8dbd6-a310-4dd8-a89a-5dcdd30f0517&Language=E |archive-date=December 20, 2013 }}</ref> ] (1963–1965)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=457be46e-750a-4cf2-bbd6-699fdd7238b7&Language=E&Section=ALL|title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Complete File – HAYS, The Hon. Harry William, P.C.|work=parl.gc.ca|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424211434/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=457be46e-750a-4cf2-bbd6-699fdd7238b7&Language=E&Section=ALL|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and ] (1968–1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=6d8a7f87-00c8-4beb-98a6-a6a13772c7e1&Language=E&Section=ALL|title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Complete File – MAHONEY, The Hon. Patrick Morgan, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B.|work=parl.gc.ca|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424211439/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=6d8a7f87-00c8-4beb-98a6-a6a13772c7e1&Language=E&Section=ALL|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 19, 2015, Calgary elected its first two Liberal MPs since 1968, ] for ] and ] for ].<ref>{{cite web|title = Two new Liberal MPs in Calgary are the first carrying the red banner in cowtown since 1968|url = http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/two-new-liberal-mps-in-calgary-are-the-first-carrying-the-red-banner-in-cowtown-since-1968|website = National Post|access-date = October 26, 2015|date = October 20, 2015|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160319030504/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian%2Dpolitics/two%2Dnew%2Dliberal%2Dmps%2Din%2Dcalgary%2Dare%2Dthe%2Dfirst%2Dcarrying%2Dthe%2Dred%2Dbanner%2Din%2Dcowtown%2Dsince%2D1968|archive-date = March 19, 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> The Tories held the other eight. The Tories won back Calgary Skyview and Calgary Centre in 2019, but the Liberals took back Calgary Skyview in 2021. No Liberal has ever held a Calgary-based riding for more than one term.

The federal riding of ] was held by former ] and CPC leader ]. That seat was also held by ], the leader of the ]; it was known as ] at the time. Harper is the second Prime Minister to represent a Calgary riding; the first was ] from ], who held that position from 1930 to 1935. ], former Prime Minister and former leader of the ] (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the riding of ] during his second stint in Parliament from 2000 to 2004.

The ] has also made inroads in Calgary, exemplified by results of the ] where they achieved 7.7% of the vote across the city, ranging from 4.7% in ] to 13.1% in ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034141/http://enr.elections.ca/DownloadResults.aspx |date=February 4, 2012 }} from Elections Canada</ref>

=== Crime ===
{{Main|Calgary Police Service}}
] on duty in ]]]
The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 60.4 in 2013, which is lower than the national average of 68.7.<ref name=2013crime>{{cite web | url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/14040-eng.pdf | title=Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2013 | first1=Jillian |last1=Boyce |first2=Adam |last2=Cotter |first3=Samuel |last3=Perreault | publisher=Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics | pages=13 & 30 | date=July 23, 2014 | access-date=May 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123141555/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/14040-eng.pdf | archive-date=November 23, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> A slight majority of the other CMAs in Canada had crime severity indexes greater than Calgary's 60.4.<ref name=2013crime/> Calgary had the sixth-most homicides in 2013 at 24.<ref name=2013crime/>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Military in Calgary}}
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2011}}
The presence of the Canadian military has been part of the local economy and culture since the early years of the 20th century, beginning with the assignment of a squadron of ]. A cavalry regiment, ], was authorized on July 3, 1905.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2018|title=The South Alberta Light Horse|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/armour-regiments/south-alberta-light-horse.html|access-date=October 3, 2021|website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> After many failed attempts to create the city's own infantry unit, the ] was finally authorized on April 1, 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carsted|first=Douglas|title=103rd Regiment 1910-21|url=https://calgaryhighlanders.com/about-the-regiment/detailed-history/103rd-regiment-1910-21/|access-date=September 25, 2020|website=The Calgary Highlanders|language=en-US}}</ref> ] was established as Currie Barracks and Harvie Barracks following the Second World War. The base remained the most significant ] institution in the city until it was decommissioned in 1998, when most of the units moved to ]. Despite this closure there is still a number of ] Reserve units, and cadet units garrisoned throughout the city. They include {{HMCS|Tecumseh}} ] unit, ], ], both headquartered at the ], ] 3 Squadron Calgary, ], headquartered at the former location of CFB Calgary, 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, ], 14 (Edmonton) Military Police Platoon Calgary, ] detachment Calgary (33 Engineer Squadron), along with a small cadre of ] support. Several units have been granted ].

The ] commemorates those who died during wartime or while serving overseas. Along with those from units currently stationed in Calgary it represents the ] and ] Battalions of the ].

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in Calgary|C-Train}}
{{see also|List of airports in the Calgary area}}

====Public transit====

] is Calgary's ] transit system, boasting the second-highest ridership in North America.]]

] provides public transportation services throughout the city with regular bus service, ] (BRT), and ] (LRT). Calgary's light rail system, known as the ], was one of the first ] (behind ]). It currently consists of two lines (] and ]), with 44 stations and {{convert|58.2|km|abbr=on}} of track. Most of the CTrain runs on both dedicated tracks with partial grade separation across suburban areas, and a street-level section across downtown. The CTrain is one of the continent's busiest, carrying 270,000 passengers per weekday and approximately half of Calgary downtown workers take the transit to work. The CTrain is also North America's first and only rapid transit system to run on 100% renewable, ] energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jun12/eco-conscious_communting2.asp|title=Eco-conscious commuting (page 2) – Canadian Geographic|work=canadiangeographic.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903153650/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jun12/eco-conscious_communting2.asp|archive-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> In early 2020, city council approved construction of the ], the third light rail line in the city's rapid transit network. It will be the first rail line in Calgary to operate low-floor trains and is the largest public works project in the history of Calgary, about three-and-a-half times bigger than the second-largest project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Line LRT: Calgary councillors approve alternative Stage 1 route|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7074430/calgary-council-green-line-stage-one-route-approved-june/|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=Global News|language=en-CA}}</ref>

====Airports====
].]]
] (YYC), in the city's northeast, is a major transportation and cargo hub for much of central and western Canada. It is ], serving 18 million passengers in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yyc.com/en-us/media/factsfigures/passengerstatistics.aspx|title=YYC > Media > Facts & Figures > Passenger Statistics|website=yyc.com|access-date=February 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005030/http://www.yyc.com/en-us/media/factsfigures/passengerstatistics.aspx|archive-date=June 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport serves as the primary gateway into ], located 90 minutes west, and the entire ] system.<ref name=Getting2Banff>{{cite web | url=http://www.banff.ca/visiting-banff/maps-directions/banff-directions.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331145555/http://www.banff.ca/visiting-banff/maps-directions/banff-directions.htm | archive-date=March 31, 2010 | title=Getting to Banff | publisher=Town of Banff | access-date=September 22, 2011}}</ref> ] destinations include cities throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, Central America, and Asia. ], Canada's eleventh busiest,<ref name="move">{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2011001/t002-eng.htm|title=Aircraft movement Statistics: NAV CANADA Towers and Flight Service Stations: Annual Report (TP 577): Table 2-1 – Total aircraft movements by class of operation – NAV CANADA towers|work=statcan.gc.ca|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907160633/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2011001/t002-eng.htm|archive-date=September 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> serves as a reliever for the Calgary International taking the ] traffic and is also a base for ] aircraft.

====Pedestrian and cycling ====
]
Spanning over {{convert|1,000|km|abbr=on}}, Calgary has the most extensive walking and cycling pathway network in North America. There are also {{convert|290|km|abbr=on}} of on-street bikeways and {{convert|96|km|abbr=on}} of publicly maintained trails.<ref name=pathway/> As of 2017, 140,000 Calgarians cycle at least once a week and about 400,000 cycle occasionally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Planning |first=Transportation |title=Bike Data |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/planning/transportation/bicycle-data.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> 40% of cyclists in Calgary ride no matter how cold it gets and 96% ride when temperatures are above 0°.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winter cycling in Alberta growing more popular {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9362154/alberta-winter-cycling-edmonton-calgary/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=globalnews.ca |language=en-US}}</ref> The Peace Bridge provides pedestrians and cyclists access to the downtown core from the north side of the Bow River. The bridge ranked among the top 10 architectural projects in 2012 and among the top 10 public spaces of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designboom.com/architecture/designboom-2012-top-ten-public-spaces/|title=designboom 2012 top ten: public spaces|work=designboom – architecture & design magazine|date=December 28, 2012|access-date=January 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109095300/http://www.designboom.com/architecture/designboom-2012-top-ten-public-spaces/|archive-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Skyway====
] ] network is the world's most extensive elevated pedestrian skywalk system.]]

In the 1960s, Calgary started to develop a series of pedestrian bridges connecting many downtown buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/pd/Pages/Centre-City/Calgarys-Plus15-Skywalk.aspx |title=Calgary's +15 Skywalk |publisher=] |year=2013 |access-date=November 28, 2013 |archive-date=December 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225234852/http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/pd/Pages/Centre-City/Calgarys-Plus15-Skywalk.aspx |url-status=dead |quote=The first +15 bridge was installed on January 21, 1970, connecting Calgary Place to the Calgary Inn (now the Westin Hotel). By 1984, Calgary's +15 Skywalk consisted of 38 bridges, {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} of walkways and numerous public spaces. Today there are more than 62 bridges and {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=on}} of walkways.}}</ref>

Today, these bridges connect between most of the city's downtown office towers and make up the world's most extensive ] network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the ]. The system shields pedestrians from the city's extremely cold winter temperatures. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} above ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Recreation+and+Leisure/Activities/Walking/Plus+15.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821194436/http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%2BLiving/Recreation%2Band%2BLeisure/Activities/Walking/Plus%2B15.htm|archive-date=August 21, 2007|title=Plus 15|author=The City of Calgary|date=February 2007|access-date=September 25, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Roads and highways====
Calgary lies at the crossroads of ] and the ], making it an important hub for the transit of goods across Canada and along the ]. ] forms a nearly completed ] around the city that will be fully finished by 2024 when the final section opens in west Calgary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/west-ring-road-calgary-construction-2019-province-1.4735307 |title=Work on Calgary ring road's $1B final leg to start in 2019 |last=Gibson |first=John |work=CBC News |date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=July 5, 2018 }}</ref> Freeways and expressways are mostly called "trails". Highway&nbsp;2, named ], is the main north–south route through Calgary and one of the busiest highways in Canada.<ref name=revenge>{{Cite web |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/Deerfoot+Revenge/6752087/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102013541/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Deerfoot%2BRevenge/6752087/story.html |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |date=June 7, 2012 |last=Klaszus |first=Jeremy |title=Deerfoot's Revenge |work=Calgary Herald |access-date=October 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Much of Calgary's street network is on a grid where roads are numbered with avenues running east—west and streets running north—south. Until 1904 the streets were named; after that date, all streets were given numbers radiating outwards from the city centre.<ref name="The Odd History of Calgary's City Streets">{{cite web
| title = The Odd History of Calgary's City Streets
| publisher = SmartCalgaryHomes.com
| url = http://www.smartcalgaryhomes.com/blog/the-odd-history-of-calgarys-city-streets1.html
| access-date = June 23, 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100618132858/http://www.smartcalgaryhomes.com/blog/the-odd-history-of-calgarys-city-streets1.html
| archive-date = June 18, 2010
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Roads in predominantly residential areas, as well as freeways and expressways, do not generally conform to the grid and are usually not numbered. However, it is a developer and city convention in Calgary that non-numbered streets within a new community have the same name prefix as the community itself.<ref>{{Google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@51.0254188,-114.1079941,11z |title=Calgary |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>

====Rail====
Calgary's presence along the CPR mainline (which includes the ]) makes the city an important hub of freight rail throughout the province. There is no inter-city or regional passenger rail serving the city. In June 2020, the ] signed a memorandum of understanding with the ] to build a {{convert|130|km|adj=on}} inter-city rail line from downtown Calgary to Banff, and an express line from Calgary International Airport to downtown Calgary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calgary-Banff Rail|url=https://cib-bic.ca/en/projects/calgary-banff-rail/|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=Canada Infrastructure Bank - Banque de l'infrastructure du Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> A {{convert|350|-|400|km/h|abbr=on}} ] line running from Downtown Calgary to Downtown Edmonton is planned as well. In July 2021, ] signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Alberta to build the line, and it is expected to open sometime between 2030 and 2032.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Province on board with building high-speed Calgary-Edmonton rail link: developer|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/province-on-board-with-building-high-speed-calgary-edmonton-rail-link-developer|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=calgaryherald|language=en-CA}}</ref>

Between 1955 and 1978, CPR operated a transcontinental passenger rail service called the '']'', running between Toronto and Vancouver via CPR's right-of-way through Calgary. In 1978, ] assumed responsibility over CPR's Canadian rail service. In the aftermath of another round of deep budget cuts made to Via Rail on January 15, 1990, Via permanently discontinued the '']'' and rerouted the Canadian along the ''Super Continental''{{'s}} ] route, bypassing Regina and Calgary in favour of Saskatoon and Edmonton. Since then, there has been no intercity rail service to or from Calgary. But two new rail-tour lines have opened along the CPR right-of-way: ] and ]. The latter still operates rail-tour services to Calgary, while the former has terminated its westbound services at Banff, two hours to the west.

=== Health care ===
;Medical centres and hospitals
{{Main|Health care in Calgary}}
] is the largest hospital in the province of Alberta.|left]]
Calgary has four major adult ] hospitals and one major pediatric acute care site: the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. They are all overseen by the Calgary Zone of the ], formerly the ]. Calgary is also home to the ] (located at the Foothills Medical Centre), the Grace Women's Health Centre, which provides a variety of care, and the ]. In addition, the ] (a large 24-hour assessment clinic), and the Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre (RRDTC), as well as hundreds of smaller medical and dental clinics operate in Calgary. The ] also operates in partnership with Alberta Health Services, by researching cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, joint injury, arthritis and genetics.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://medicine.ucalgary.ca/about/facts| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140622132810/http://medicine.ucalgary.ca/about/facts| archive-date= June 22, 2014 | title= Faculty of Medicine Quick Facts | author= Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary | year= 2011 | access-date = January 26, 2007}}</ref> The Alberta children's hospital, built in 2006, replaced the old Children's Hospital.

The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,100 beds, and employ over 11,500 people.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health/calgaryHospitals.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208204157/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health/calgaryHospitals.cfm| archive-date=February 8, 2009 | title= Calgary Hospitals | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | access-date= March 13, 2007}}</ref>

== Education ==
=== Primary and secondary ===
In the 2011–2012 school year, 100,632 ] students enrolled in 221 schools in the English language public school system run by the ].<ref name=CBEfacts/> With other students enrolled in the associated ] and Chinook Learning Service programs, the school system's total enrolment is 104,182 students.<ref name=CBEfacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbe.ab.ca/media/facts.asp |publisher=Calgary Board of Education |title=Quick Facts |date=January 11, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131185111/http://www.cbe.ab.ca/Media/facts.asp |archive-date=January 31, 2012 }}</ref> Another 43,000 attend about 95 schools in the separate English language ] board.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cssd.ab.ca/schools/index.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111021338/http://www.cssd.ab.ca/schools/index.shtml| archive-date=January 11, 2006| title=Calgary Schools| author=Calgary Catholic District School Board| author-link=Calgary Catholic School District| access-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref> The much smaller Francophone community has their own French language school board (]), which is also based in Calgary, but serves a larger regional district. There are also several public ] in the city. Calgary has a number of unique schools, including the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic-calibre athletes, the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsportschool.ca/|title=National Sport School|work=nationalsportschool.ca|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204164820/http://www.nationalsportschool.ca/|archive-date=February 4, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Calgary is also home to many private schools including Mountain View Academy, Rundle College, ], ], ], ], ], Delta West Academy, Masters Academy, ], Menno Simons Christian School, ], ], Calgary Christian School, ], and Bearspaw Christian School.

Calgary is also home to what was Western Canada's largest public high school, ], with 2,241 students enrolled in the 2005–2006 ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbe.ab.ca/schools/view.asp?id=75 |title=Lord Beaverbrook High School |author=Calgary Board of Education |author-link=Calgary Board of Education |year=2007 |access-date=May 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417010829/http://www.cbe.ab.ca/schools/view.asp?id=75 |archive-date=April 17, 2007 }}</ref> Currently the student population of Lord Beaverbrook is 1,812 students (September 2012) and several other schools are equally as large; ] with 2,035 students (2009) and ] with 1,983 students (2009).

=== Post-secondary ===
]s (490 acres).]]
The publicly funded ] (U of C) is a ] and is Calgary's largest degree-granting facility with an enrolment of 28,464 students in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oia.ucalgary.ca/system/files/2011_2012FB_2012-10-02.pdf|title=U of C fact book—page 8| year= 2011–2012|publisher=University of Calgary|access-date=November 19, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2015}}</ref> ], with over 14,000 students, grants degrees in a number of fields. ], with over 14,000 students, provides polytechnic and apprentice education, granting certificates, diplomas and applied degrees. ] provides ] programs. Both ] and the ] have ] light-rail stations on or near their campuses.

Other publicly funded post-secondary institutions based in Calgary include the ], ] (associated with the ] and the ]), ], and ].<ref name="PublicPostSec">{{cite web | url=http://eae.alberta.ca/post-secondary/institutions/public.aspx | title=Publicly Funded Institutions | publisher=Alberta Enterprise and Advanced Education | access-date=November 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206023215/http://eae.alberta.ca/post-secondary/institutions/public.aspx | archive-date=December 6, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The publicly funded ], ] (NAIT), and the ]<ref name=PublicPostSec/> also have campuses in Calgary.<ref name=AULocations>{{cite web | url=http://lss.athabascau.ca/advising/learning_centres.php | title=UA Locations | publisher=] | access-date=November 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125234858/http://lss.athabascau.ca/advising/learning_centres.php | archive-date=November 25, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NAITCalgary>{{cite web | url=http://www.nait.ca/71636.htm | title=NAIT Calgary | publisher=] | access-date=December 3, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204232713/http://www.nait.ca/71636.htm | archive-date=December 4, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=UofLCalgary>{{cite web | url=http://www.uleth.ca/edmonton/ | title=Faculty of Management Edmonton Campus | publisher=] | access-date=November 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115151423/http://www.uleth.ca/edmonton/ | archive-date=January 15, 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Several independent private institutions are located in the city. These include ], ], ], ], ], and ].

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Calgary}}
Calgary's daily newspapers include the '']'', and '']'', and formerly '']''.

Calgary is the sixth largest television market in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvb.ca/page_files/pdf/infocentre/tvbasics.pdf|title=Television Bureau of Canada: TV Basics 2014–2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910195433/http://www.tvb.ca/page_files/pdf/InfoCentre/TVBasics.pdf|archive-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> Broadcasts stations serving Calgary include ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), and ] (]). Network affiliate programming from the United States originates from ].

There are a wide range of radio stations, including a station for First Nations and the Asian Canadian community.

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Calgary}}

== International relations ==
The City of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural and educational partnerships in ] agreements with six cities:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/AboutCED/CEDdetails/sisterCities.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120058/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/about/initiatives/calgaryconnect| archive-date=July 22, 2011| author=Calgary Economic Development| title=Sister Cities|access-date=January 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Common/Municipal+Handbook/+Welcome+to+Calgary/Welcome+to+Calgary.htm#sister| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601181554/http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%2BCommon/Municipal%2BHandbook/%2BWelcome%2Bto%2BCalgary/Welcome%2Bto%2BCalgary.htm#sister| archive-date=June 1, 2008| author=City of Calgary| title=Welcome to Calgary| access-date=July 4, 2009| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! City
! Province/State
! Country
! Date
|-
| ]
| Quebec
| Canada
| 1956
|-
| ]
| Rajasthan
| India
| 1973
|-
| ]
| Heilongjiang
| China
| 1985
|-
| ]
| Mexico State
| Mexico
| 1994
|-
| ]
| Daejeon
| South Korea
| 1996
|-
| ]<ref name="Phoenix sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixsistercities.org|title = Phoenix Sister Cities|access-date=August 6, 2013|publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085207/http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/|archive-date = July 24, 2013}}</ref>
| Arizona
| US
| 1997
|}

Calgary is one of nine Canadian cities, out of the total of 98 cities internationally, that is in the New York City Global Partners, Inc. organization,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml |title=NYC's Partner Cities |work=Government of New York City |access-date=March 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201221257/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archive-date=February 1, 2013 }}</ref> which was formed in 2006 from the former Sister City program of the City of New York, Inc.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/scphome/home.shtml| title=New York City Global Partners| work=]| access-date=March 14, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121237/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/scphome/home.shtml| archive-date=March 9, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Canada}}
* ]
* ]
* ]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=David |title=The Limits of Labour: Class Formation and the Labour Movement in Calgary, 1883-1929 |date=1999 |publisher=UBC Press |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |isbn=9780774852364 |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsoflabourcl0000brig |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
*{{Citation |last1=Dixon |first1=Joan |last2=Read |first2=Tracey |year=2005 |title=Celebrating the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede |publisher=Altitude Publishing Canada Ltd. |location=Canmore, Alberta |isbn=1-55153-939-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kalman |first1=Harold |title=A History of Canadian Architecture |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Toronto |isbn=9780195406962 |page=530 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcanadia0002kalm |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |volume=2}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Reasons |editor1-first=Charles E. |title=Stampede City: Power and Politics in the West |date=1984 |publisher=Between the Lines |location=Toronto |isbn=0919946461 |ol=2580912M}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |last=McGinnis |first=J.P. Dickin |chapter=Building in Calgary 1875-1914}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |last=Thorner |first=T. |chapter=Crime and Criminal Justice in Calgary}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |last=Dawson |first=J. Brian |chapter=The Chinese Experience in Frontier Calgary: 1885-1910}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse/page/153 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |chapter-url-access=registration |last=Stamp |first=Robert M. |chapter=The Bureaucratization of Public Education in Calgary}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse/page/203 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |chapter-url-access=registration |last=Foran |first=Max |chapter=Land Speculation and Urban Development: Calgary 1884-1912}}
*{{cite book |last1=MacEwan |first1=Grant |author-link1=Grant MacEwan |title=Calgary Cavalcade from Fort to Fortune |date=1975 |publisher=Western Producer Book Service |location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |isbn=0919306500 |url=https://archive.org/details/calgarycavalcade0000mace_a2n4 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=MacEwan |first1=Grant |author-link1=Grant MacEwan |title=Poking into Politics |date=1966 |publisher=The Institute of Applied Art, Ltd. |location=Edmonton, Alberta |url=https://archive.org/details/pokingintopoliti0000mace |access-date=November 20, 2020 |oclc=14408511 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Stenson |first=Fred |title=The Story of Calgary |publisher=Fifth House Ltd. |year=1994 |location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |isbn=1-895618-36-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcalgary00sten |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Tom |title=Cowtown: An Album of Early Calgary |date=1975 |publisher=City of Calgary Electric System & McClelland and Stewart West Limited |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210124 |url=https://archive.org/details/cowtownalbumofea0000ward |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Janz |first=Darrel |year=2001 |title=Calgary: Heart of the New West |url=https://archive.org/details/calgaryheartofne0000sche |url-access=registration |publisher=Towery Pub |location=Memphis, Tennessee |isbn=978-1-881096-93-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kozub |first1=Mark |last2=Kozub |first2=Janice |year=2001 |title=A Calgary Album: Glimpses of the Way We Were |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Foo2g5a0LIC&q=Calgary&pg=PP1 |publisher= Dundurn Press |isbn=978-0-88882-224-6 |access-date= April 6, 2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=James |year=2002|edition=revised |title=Calgary: The Unknown City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r-krRZlq9oC&q=Calgary&pg=PA1 |publisher= ] |isbn= 978-1-55152-111-4 |access-date= April 6, 2011 |ol=3746623M}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McMorran |first1=Jennifer |last2=Brodeur |first2=François |year=1999 |title=Calgary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkkKn5wT8akC&q=Calgary&pg=PA1 |publisher=Éditions Ulysse |isbn= 978-2-89464-171-2 |access-date= April 6, 2011}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Calgary|Calgary}}
* {{official website}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Calgary
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|Southeast = ]
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|Southwest = ]<br />]
|West = ]<br />]
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Calgary
|list1={{Canada topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Calgary}}
{{Subdivisions of Alberta}}
{{Calgary landmarks}}
{{Calgary neighbourhoods|state=collapsed}}
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}}
{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}
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{{Authority control}}

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Revision as of 00:13, 15 March 2023

Calgary is a city you should not know ice spice Take a look inside your heart Is there any room for me? I won't have to hold my breath 'Til you get down on one knee Because you only want to hold me When I'm looking good enough Did you ever feel me? Would you ever picture us? Every time I pull my hair Was only out of fear That you'll find me ugly And one day you'll disappear because What's the point of crying? It was never even love Did you ever want me? Was I ever good enough? The, the boy's a liar The boy's a liar He doesn't see ya You're not lookin' at me, boy The boy's a liar The boy's a liar He doesn't see ya You're not lookin' at me, boy Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough He say that I'm good enough, grabbin' my duh-duh-duh Think about that I shouldn't have (huh) So I tell him it's one of me, he makin' fun of me (ha-ha) His girl is a bum to me (grrah) Like that boy is a cap Sayin' he home, but I know where he at, like Bet he blowin' her back Thinkin' 'bout me 'cause he know that fat (damn) And it been what it been (huh) Callin' his phone like, "Yo, send me your pin" Duckin' my t, 'cause he know what I'm on (grrah) But when he hit me, I'm not gon' respond (grrah) But I don't sleep enough without you And I can't eat enough without you (huh) If you don't speak, does that mean we're through? (Huh) Don't like sneaky 

that you do (grrah)

The, the boy's a liar The boy's a liar He doesn't see ya You're not lookin' at me, boy The boy's a liar The boy's a liar He doesn't see ya You're not lookin' at me, boy Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough Good eno-o-ough