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| ] notes that ], an eighteenth-century professor of chemistry, wrote of an ancient idea that there were "two sorts of brass or orichalcum". Needham also suggests that the Greeks may not have known how orichalcum was made and that they might even have had an imitation of the original.<ref name="Needham">{{Cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China |work=Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality |publisher=] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0521085717 |volume=5 |pages=227–228}}</ref> | ] notes that ], an eighteenth-century professor of chemistry, wrote of an ancient idea that there were "two sorts of brass or orichalcum". Needham also suggests that the Greeks may not have known how orichalcum was made and that they might even have had an imitation of the original.<ref name="Needham">{{Cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China |work=Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 2, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality |publisher=] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0521085717 |volume=5 |pages=227–228}}</ref> | ||
| In 2015, 39 ingots believed to be orichalcum were discovered in a sunken vessel on the coasts of Gela in Sicily which have tentatively been dated at 2,600 years old. They were analyzed with ] by Dario Panetta of ] and turned out to be an alloy consisting of 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc, and smaller percentages of nickel, lead, and iron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jessica E. |
In 2015, 39 ingots believed to be orichalcum were discovered in a sunken vessel on the coasts of Gela in Sicily which have tentatively been dated at 2,600 years old. They were analyzed with ] by Dario Panetta of ] and turned out to be an alloy consisting of 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc, and smaller percentages of nickel, lead, and iron.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraceni |first=Jessica E. |title=Unusual Metal Recovered from Ancient Greek Shipwreck |url=http://www.archaeology.org/news/2874-150107-sicily-orichalcum-metal |website=] |agency=archaeology.org}}</ref> Another cache of 47 ingots were recovered in February 2016 and found to have similar composition as measured with ] and ]: around 65–80% copper, 15–25% zinc, 4-7% lead, 0.5-1% nickel, and trace amounts of Ni, Ag, Sb, As, Bi and other elements.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Eugenio;ast=Caponetti |last2=Armetta |first2=Francesco |last3=Brusca |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Ferrante |first4==Marco |last5=Martino |first5=Delia Chillura |last6=Saladino |first6=Maria Luisa |last7=Guastella |first7=Dario |last8=Chirco |first8=Gabriella |last9=Berrettoni |first9=Mario |last10=Zamponi |first10=Silvia |last11=Conti |first11=Paolo |last12=Tusa |first12=Sebastiano |date=June 2021 |title=Newly discovered orichalcum ingots from Mediterranean sea: Further investigation |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=37 |page=102901 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102901 |s2cid=233577366 |number=102901}}</ref> | ||
| == Ancient literature == | == Ancient literature == | ||
Revision as of 06:35, 16 March 2023
Fabulous metal mentioned in ancient writings, such as the story of Atlantis in the Critias of Plato For the mineral made of a basic carbonate of zinc and copper, see Aurichalcite. For the second largest producer of copper in the world, see Aurubis. For the term as used in works of fiction, see List of fictional materials.
| Orichalcum | |
|---|---|
 A bronze sestertius coin from the time of Caligula | |
| Material type | Metal |
Orichalcum or aurichalcum /ˌɔːrɪˈkælkəm/ is a metal mentioned in several ancient writings, including the story of Atlantis in the Critias of Plato. Within the dialogue, Critias (460–403 BC) claims that orichalcum had been considered second only to gold in value and had been found and mined in many parts of Atlantis in ancient times, but that by Critias's own time, orichalcum was known only by name.
Orichalcum may have been a noble metal such as platinum, as it was supposed to be mined, or one type of bronze or brass or possibly some other metal alloy.
Overview
The name is derived from the Greek ὀρείχαλκος, oreikhalkos (from ὄρος, oros, mountain and χαλκός, chalkos, copper), literally meaning "mountain copper".
The Romans transliterated "orichalcum" as "aurichalcum", which was thought to mean literally "gold copper". It is known from the writings of Cicero that the metal which they called orichalcum resembled gold in color but had a much lower value. In Virgil's Aeneid, the breastplate of Turnus is described as "stiff with gold and white orichalc".
Orichalcum has been held to be either a gold–copper alloy, a copper–tin or copper–zinc brass, or a metal or metallic alloy no longer known.
In later years, "orichalcum" was used to describe the sulfide mineral chalcopyrite and also to describe brass. However, these usages are difficult to reconcile with the claims of Plato's Critias, who states that the metal was "only a name" by his time, while brass and chalcopyrite were very important in the time of Plato, as they still are today.
Joseph Needham notes that Bishop Richard Watson, an eighteenth-century professor of chemistry, wrote of an ancient idea that there were "two sorts of brass or orichalcum". Needham also suggests that the Greeks may not have known how orichalcum was made and that they might even have had an imitation of the original.
In 2015, 39 ingots believed to be orichalcum were discovered in a sunken vessel on the coasts of Gela in Sicily which have tentatively been dated at 2,600 years old. They were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence by Dario Panetta of Technologies for Quality and turned out to be an alloy consisting of 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc, and smaller percentages of nickel, lead, and iron. Another cache of 47 ingots were recovered in February 2016 and found to have similar composition as measured with ICP-OES and ICP-MS: around 65–80% copper, 15–25% zinc, 4-7% lead, 0.5-1% nickel, and trace amounts of Ni, Ag, Sb, As, Bi and other elements.
Ancient literature
Orichalcum is first mentioned in the 7th century BC by Hesiod, and in the Homeric hymn dedicated to Aphrodite, dated to the 630s.
According to the Critias of Plato, the inner wall surrounding the citadel of Atlantis with the Temple of Poseidon "flashed with the red light of orichalcum". The interior walls, pillars, and floors of the temple were completely covered in orichalcum, and the roof was variegated with gold, silver, and orichalcum. In the center of the temple stood a pillar of orichalcum, on which the laws of Poseidon and records of the first son princes of Poseidon were inscribed.
Pliny the Elder points out that orichalcum had lost currency due to the mines being exhausted. Pseudo-Aristotle in De mirabilibus auscultationibus (62) describes a type of copper that is "very shiny and white, not because there is tin mixed with it, but because some earth is combined and molten with it." This might be a reference to orichalcum obtained during the smelting of copper with the addition of "cadmia", a kind of earth formerly found on the shores of the Black Sea, which is attributed to be zinc oxide.
Numismatics
In numismatics, the term "orichalcum" is used to refer to the golden-colored bronze alloy used for the sestertius and dupondius coins. It is considered more valuable than copper, of which the as coin was made.
See also
- Ashtadhatu
- Auricupride
- Corinthian bronze
- Electrum
- Hepatizon
- Panchaloha
- Shakudō
- Shibuichi
- Thokcha
- Tumbaga
References
- ^ "The Internet Classics Archive | Critias by Plato". classics.mit.edu. Paragraph 13. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Cf. Felice Vinci, The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales. The "Illiad", the "Odyssey" and the Migration of Myth, Inner Traditions, Rochester (Vermont) 2005.
- Caley, Earle Radcliffe (1964). Orichalcum and Related Ancient Alloys: Origin, Composition, and Manufacture: With Special Reference to the Coinage of the Roman Empire, Issues 151-154 Front Cover. American Numismatic Society. pp. 2, 92, 105.
- Polehampton, Edward (1815). The Gallery of Nature and Art; Or, a Tour Through Creation and Science. R. Wilks for C. Cradock & W. Joy. p. 272.
Whether, if a person should offer a piece of gold to sale, thinking that he was only disposing of a piece of orichalcum, an honest man ought to inform him that it was really gold, or might fairly buy for a penny what was worth a thousand times as much
- Needham, Joseph (1974). Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0521085717.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Saraceni, Jessica E. "Unusual Metal Recovered from Ancient Greek Shipwreck". Archaeology Magazine. archaeology.org.
- Armetta, Francesco; Brusca, Lorenzo; Ferrante, =Marco; Martino, Delia Chillura; Saladino, Maria Luisa; Guastella, Dario; Chirco, Gabriella; Berrettoni, Mario; Zamponi, Silvia; Conti, Paolo; Tusa, Sebastiano (June 2021). "Newly discovered orichalcum ingots from Mediterranean sea: Further investigation". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 37 (102901): 102901. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102901. S2CID 233577366.
{{cite journal}}:|first=missing|last=(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "The Internet Classics Archive | Critias by Plato". classics.mit.edu. Paragraphs 14-15. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Zhirov, Nicholas F. (2001). Atlantis: Atlantology: Basic Problems. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 46. ISBN 0-89875-591-3.
External links
Media related to Orichalcum at Wikimedia Commons
