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| {{Short description|Effort by a nation to preserve the government's authority or authenticity}} | {{Short description|Effort by a nation to preserve the government's authority or authenticity}} | ||
| '''Transnational authoritarianism''' represents any effort to prevent acts of political dissent against an ] state by targeting one or more existing or potential members of its ] or ] communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |date=2019 |title=A Tightening Grip Abroad: Authoritarian Regimes Target Their Emigrant and Diaspora Communities |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/authoritarian-regimes-target-their-emigrant-and-diaspora-communities |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baser |first1=Bahar |last2=Ozturk |first2=Ahmet Erdi |date=2020-07-02 |title=Positive and Negative Diaspora Governance in Context: From Public Diplomacy to Transnational Authoritarianism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2020.1770449 |journal=] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=319–334 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2020.1770449 |issn=1943-6149 |s2cid=219747605}}</ref> ] details the extensive use of a number of actors; principally countries governed by authoritarian states are known to engage in transnational repression of dissident and diaspora communities abroad |
'''Transnational authoritarianism''' represents any effort to prevent acts of political dissent against an ] state by targeting one or more existing or potential members of its ] or ] communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |date=2019 |title=A Tightening Grip Abroad: Authoritarian Regimes Target Their Emigrant and Diaspora Communities |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/authoritarian-regimes-target-their-emigrant-and-diaspora-communities |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baser |first1=Bahar |last2=Ozturk |first2=Ahmet Erdi |date=2020-07-02 |title=Positive and Negative Diaspora Governance in Context: From Public Diplomacy to Transnational Authoritarianism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2020.1770449 |journal=] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=319–334 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2020.1770449 |issn=1943-6149 |s2cid=219747605}}</ref> | ||
| ] details the extensive use of a number of actors; principally countries governed by authoritarian states are known to engage in transnational repression of dissident and diaspora communities abroad. The most prolific nations involved in this activity according to their most recent report, are the nations of China, Turkey, Russia, Egypt, and Tajikistan. Other nations noted with concern include Iran, Rwanda, and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defending Democracy in Exile |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| A range of states engage in these actions, including ] and / or ] of ] and ] citizens abroad. It has been noted that the use of transnational authoritarianism by a number of countries is rising across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Political scientists have identified that autocracies face specific challenges and opportunities in the international sphere that affect authoritarian practices. Specifically, the rise of transnationalism and practices that transcend national borders has led autocracies to develop strategies aiming to manage their citizens' migration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brand |first=Laurie A. |title=Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa |date=2006-02-27 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-521-85805-2 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511491498 |oclc=967481251}}</ref> According to ] Gerasimos Tsourapas, global autocracies engage in complex strategies of transnational ], ], and co-optation as well as ] with ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsourapas|first=Gerasimos|title=Global Autocracies: Strategies of Transnational Repression, Legitimation, and Co-Optation in World Politics|journal=International Studies Review|year=2021 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=616–644 |language=en|doi=10.1093/isr/viaa061|doi-access=free}}</ref> ] Dana M. Moss has argued for a typology of transnational authoritarianism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moss |first=Dana M. |date=2016-09-19 |title=Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring |journal=] |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=480–498 |doi=10.1093/socpro/spw019 |issn=0037-7791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as described below: | Political scientists have identified that autocracies face specific challenges and opportunities in the international sphere that affect authoritarian practices. Specifically, the rise of transnationalism and practices that transcend national borders has led autocracies to develop strategies aiming to manage their citizens' migration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brand |first=Laurie A. |title=Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa |date=2006-02-27 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-521-85805-2 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511491498 |oclc=967481251}}</ref> According to ] Gerasimos Tsourapas, global autocracies engage in complex strategies of transnational ], ], and co-optation as well as ] with ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsourapas|first=Gerasimos|title=Global Autocracies: Strategies of Transnational Repression, Legitimation, and Co-Optation in World Politics|journal=International Studies Review|year=2021 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=616–644 |language=en|doi=10.1093/isr/viaa061|doi-access=free}}</ref> ] Dana M. Moss has argued for a typology of transnational authoritarianism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moss |first=Dana M. |date=2016-09-19 |title=Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring |journal=] |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=480–498 |doi=10.1093/socpro/spw019 |issn=0037-7791 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as described below: | ||
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| == References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 09:47, 14 May 2023
Effort by a nation to preserve the government's authority or authenticityTransnational authoritarianism represents any effort to prevent acts of political dissent against an authoritarian state by targeting one or more existing or potential members of its emigrant or diaspora communities.
Freedom House details the extensive use of a number of actors; principally countries governed by authoritarian states are known to engage in transnational repression of dissident and diaspora communities abroad. The most prolific nations involved in this activity according to their most recent report, are the nations of China, Turkey, Russia, Egypt, and Tajikistan. Other nations noted with concern include Iran, Rwanda, and Saudi Arabia.
A range of states engage in these actions, including assassinations and / or forced disappearances of Chinese and Hong Kong citizens abroad. It has been noted that the use of transnational authoritarianism by a number of countries is rising across the world.
Political scientists have identified that autocracies face specific challenges and opportunities in the international sphere that affect authoritarian practices. Specifically, the rise of transnationalism and practices that transcend national borders has led autocracies to develop strategies aiming to manage their citizens' migration. According to political scientist Gerasimos Tsourapas, global autocracies engage in complex strategies of transnational repression, legitimation, and co-optation as well as cooperation with non-state actors. Sociologist Dana M. Moss has argued for a typology of transnational authoritarianism, as described below:
Typology of transnational authoritarianism
| Lethal retribution | The actual or attempted assassinations of dissidents abroad by regime agents or proxies. |
| Threats | Verbal or written warnings directed to members of the diaspora, including the summoning of individuals by regime officials to their embassies for this purpose. |
| Surveillance | The gathering and sending of information about co-nationals to the state security apparatus by informant networks composed of regime agents, loyalists, and coerced individuals. |
| Exile | The direct and indirect banishment of dissidents from the home country, including when the threat of physical confinement and harm prevents activists from returning. |
| Withdrawing scholarships | The rescinding of students’ state benefits for refusing to participate in regime-mandated actions or organizations abroad. |
| Proxy punishment | The harassment, physical confinement, and/or bodily harm of relatives in the home-country as a means of information-gathering and retribution against dissidents abroad. |
See also
- Interpol § Abusive requests for Interpol arrests
- Chinese police overseas service stations
- Conspiracy against rights
- Russian assassinations
References
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019). "A Tightening Grip Abroad: Authoritarian Regimes Target Their Emigrant and Diaspora Communities". Migration Policy Institute.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Baser, Bahar; Ozturk, Ahmet Erdi (2020-07-02). "Positive and Negative Diaspora Governance in Context: From Public Diplomacy to Transnational Authoritarianism". Middle East Critique. 29 (3): 319–334. doi:10.1080/19436149.2020.1770449. ISSN 1943-6149. S2CID 219747605.
- "Defending Democracy in Exile". Freedom House. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
- "Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach". Freedom House. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
- Brand, Laurie A. (2006-02-27). Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491498. ISBN 978-0-521-85805-2. OCLC 967481251.
- Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2021). "Global Autocracies: Strategies of Transnational Repression, Legitimation, and Co-Optation in World Politics". International Studies Review. 23 (3): 616–644. doi:10.1093/isr/viaa061.
- Moss, Dana M. (2016-09-19). "Transnational Repression, Diaspora Mobilization, and the Case of The Arab Spring". Social Problems. 63 (4): 480–498. doi:10.1093/socpro/spw019. ISSN 0037-7791.