Persian Gulf: Difference between revisions

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	] leads to the ]. Detail from ].]]

	The '''Persian Gulf''' (]: خليج فارس ''khalīj-e-Fārs''; in ]: الخليج الفارسي ''al-khalīj al-fārisī¹'' , also called الخليج العـربـي ''al-khalīj al-arabī²''"Arabian Gulf"), in the ] region, is an extension of the ] located between ] (]) and the ].<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 (); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>

	The Persian Gulf was the focus of the ] that lasted from ] to ], with each side attacking the other's ]s. In ], the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "]" or "The Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.

	The natural environment of the Persian Gulf is very rich with good fishing grounds, extensive ]s, and abundant ], but its ecology has become increasingly under pressure from the heavy industrialisation and in particular the repeated major ] spillages associated with recent wars fought in the region.

	==Geography==
	] is the dramatic constriction on the right third.]]
	This inland sea of some 233,000 km² is connected to the ] in the east by the ]; and its western end is marked by the major ] of ], which carries the waters of the ] and the ]. Its length is 989 kilometres, separating mainly ] from ] with the shortest divide of about 56 kilometres in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow and have a maximum depth of 90 metres and an average depth of 50 metres.

	Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran, ] (exclave of ]), ], Saudi Arabia, ] on a ] off the Saudi coast, ] on an island, ] and ] in the northwest. ] lie within the Persian Gulf.

	==Oil and gas==
	The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest single source of crude oil and related industries dominate the region. ], the world's largest offshore ], is located in the Persian gulf. Large gas finds have also been made with Qatar and Iran sharing a giant field across the territorial median line (North Field in the Qatari sector; South Pars Field in the Iranian sector). Using this gas, Qatar has built up a substantial ] (LNG) and petrochemical industry.

	The oil-rich countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the '']''. Iraq's egress to the gulf is narrow and easily blockaded consisting of the marshy river delta of ], which carries the waters of the ] and the ]s, where the left (East) bank is held by Iran.

	==Etymology==
	The experts, who have worked on the name of Persian Gulf, became unanimous considering the name of Persian Gulf as the correct term. For at least during the past 2500 years, i.e. from the rise of the ] (550-330 B.C.) there has never been seen such a consensus in the ] among writers and historians on one name during the past twenty-five centuries. The rise of the Achaemenid dynasty, and center of power which was from the province of Pars (Persis, or modern Fars) in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf.<ref>Touraj Daryaee, ''The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity'', Journal of World History, Vol. 14, No. 1., March 2003, (); accessed Fenruary 09, 2007</ref>

	Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, ] mentions in a book, published in ] that:
	{{cquote\|No water channel has been so significant as '''Persian Gulf''' to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in past or in present. This water channel which separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabia Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 (); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>\|cquote}}

	No written deed has remained since the era before the Persian Empire, but in the oral history and culture, the Iranians have called the southern waters: "Jam Sea", "Iran Sea", "Pars Sea".

	During the years: 550 to 330 B.C. coinciding with sovereignty of the first ] on the Middle East area, especially the whole part of Persian Gulf and some parts of the ], the name of "Pars Sea" has been widely written in the compiled texts.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 (); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>

	In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by ], to ] and ], and the area is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the great, installed at junction of waters of Arabian Gulf (Ahmar Sea = Red sea) and Nile river and Rome river (current ]) which belongs to the 5th century BC where, Darius, the king of Achaemenid Empire has named the Persian Gulf Water Channel: '''Pars Sea'''.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 (); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>

	==Naming dispute==
	], ].]]
	{{Mainarticle\|Persian Gulf naming dispute}}
	Since the 1960s with the rise of Arab nationalism (]), starting with ]'s ], some Arab countries, including the ones bordering the Persian Gulf, have adopted the term "Arabian Gulf" (in ]: الخلیج العربي ''al-khalīj al-ʿarabī'') to refer to the waterway.<ref>Niusha Boghrati, ''Omission of 'Persian Gulf' Name Angers Iran'', World Press.com, dated December 28, 2006 ()</ref> This is controversial and not commonly used outside of the Arab world, nor is it recognized by the ]<ref>UN Map ()</ref><ref>UN Map of Iran()</ref><ref>UN Map Map of Western Asia, ()</ref> and other international organizations. The United Nations on many occasions has requested that only "Persian Gulf" be used as the official and standard geographical designation for the body of water.<ref>()</ref> "Arabian Gulf" is also an ancient name for the ].<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ()</ref> ] (472 to 509 B.C.) can be stated where Persian Gulf and ] (Red Sea) have been clearly shown. Also a map has remained from ], the great Greek historian (425-484 B.C.) which introduces Red Sea as the Arabian Gulf.
	<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 (); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>

	In the world map of Diseark (285-347 B.C.) too, Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf have been clearly distinct. At the same time, many maps and deeds prepared up to the 8th century by the historians such as ]<ref>Arriann, "Alexander Fleet in the Persian Gulf", in ''Anabasis Alexandri'': Book VIII (INDICA), ()</ref> ], ], Hiparek, Claudius Batlamious, Krats Malous,…… and in the Islamic period, ], Abou Yousef Eshagh Kandi, ], ], ], ], ], Ibn Houghal, ] and others, mention that there is a wide sea at south of Iran named “Pars Sea”, “Pars Gulf”, “Fars Sea”, “Fars Gulf”, “Bahre Fars”, “Sinus Persicus” and “Mare Persicum” and so on. In a book, named “Persilus Aryateria”, the Greek traveller of the 1st century A.D. has called the Red Sea as Arabian gulf; the Indian ocean has been named Aryateria Sea; the waters at Oman Coast is called Pars Sea; Barbarus region (between Oman and Yemen coast are called belonging to Pars, and the Gulf located at south side of Iran is named: Persian Gulf. By describing the water body, the life of Persians living at both sides have also been confirmed.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006 (); accessed February 09, 2007</ref>

	Most recently, at the Twenty-third session of United Nation in March-April 2006, the name 'Persian Gulf' was confirmed again as the legitimate and the official term to be used by members of United Nation.<ref>Working Paper No. 61, ''UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES'', dated March 28, April 4, 2006, p.2 ()</ref>

	== British residency==
	{{Mainarticle\| British Residency of the Persian Gulf}}
	From 1763 until 1971, the ] maintained varying degrees of political control over some Persian Gulf states, including the United Arab Emirates (originally called the "Trucial Coast States") and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar.

	Britain still keeps a high profile in the region even today. In 2006, for example, over 1 million Britons visited ] alone.<ref>Peter Beaumont, ''Blair was dangerously off target in his condemnation of Iran'', The Guardian dated December 24, 2006, ()</ref>


	==References==
	{{reflist}}

	==See also==
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	{{Wiktionary}}

	==External links==
	{{Commonscat\|Persian Gulf}}
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Revision as of 07:21, 21 March 2007

Its Arabian Gulf forever