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| {{Short description|Megathrust earthquake and tsunami in Solomon Islands}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} | |||
| {{Use Australian English|date=October 2022}} | |||
| {{Infobox earthquake | |||
| | title = 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake | |||
| | image = Venga Village (10680804884).jpg | |||
| | image alt = | |||
| | imagecaption = | |||
| | caption = Tsunami damage in Venga village | |||
| | map2 = {{Location map | Oceania#Solomon Islands | |||
| | relief = yes | |||
| | label = | |||
| | lat = -10.799 | |||
| | long = 165.114 | |||
| | mark = Bullseye1.png | |||
| | marksize = 40 | |||
| | position = bottom | |||
| | width = 250 | |||
| | float = right | |||
| | caption = }} | |||
| | local-date = {{Start date|2013|02|06}} | |||
| | local-time = 12:12:25 ] | |||
| | timestamp = 2013-02-06 23:12:25 | |||
| | isc-event = 602419452 | |||
| | anss-url = usc000f1s0 | |||
| | magnitude = 8.0 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name="Heidarzadeh2016"/> | |||
| | depth = {{convert|24|km|abbr=on}} | |||
| | location = {{coord|-10.799|165.114|region:XX_type:event|display=inline,title}} | |||
| | type = ] | |||
| | countries affected = ] | |||
| | damage = | |||
| | intensity = {{MMI|8}} | |||
| | tsunami = 11 m (36 ft) | |||
| | aftershocks = 20 | |||
| | PGA = | |||
| | casualties = 10 dead,<ref name="Heidarzadeh2016"/> 6 more missing,<ref name="Lay2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lay |first1=T|last2=Ye |first2=L|last3= Kanamori |first3=H|last4= Yamazaki |first4=Y|last5= Cheung |first5=KF|last6=Ammon |first6=CJ|title=The February 6, 2013 Mw 8.0 Santa Cruz Islands earthquake and tsunami.|journal= Tectonophysics|date=26 November 2013 |volume=608|pages=1109–21|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.001 |bibcode=2013Tectp.608.1109L|url=https://websites.pmc.ucsc.edu/~thorne/TL.pdfs/LYKYCA_SantaCruz_Tectonophys2013.pdf}}</ref> at least 15 injured.<ref name="Fitz2014">{{cite journal|last1=Fritz |first1=HM|last2= Papantoniou |first2=A|last3=Biukoto |first3=L|last4= Albert |first4=G|last5= Wei |first5=Y|title= The Solomon Islands tsunami of 6 February 2013 in the Santa Cruz Islands: field survey and modeling|journal=EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts|year= 2014|pages=5777|bibcode=2014EGUGA..1615777F |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EGUGA..1615777F/abstract}}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''2013 Solomon Islands earthquake''' (also known as the '''Santa Cruz earthquake''')<ref name="Heidarzadeh2016">{{cite journal|last1=Heidarzadeh |first1=M|last2=Harada |first2=T|last3= Satake |first3=K|last4= Ishibe |first4=T|last5= Gusman |first5=AR|title=Comparative study of two tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Solomon Islands: 2015 Mw 7.0 normal‐fault and 2013 Santa Cruz Mw 8.0 megathrust earthquakes|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=16 May 2016|volume=43|issue=9|pages=4340–9|doi=10.1002/2016GL068601 |s2cid=130013162|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016GL068601}}</ref> struck ] within ] on 6 February with a ] of 8.0 and a maximum ] of VIII (''Severe''). The epicentre was close to the ] within Temotu Province at the boundaries of the ] and ] ], causing local evacuations, a tsunami of {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} and killing at least ten people. | |||
| {{commons category|2013 Solomon Islands earthquake}} | |||
| == Tectonic setting == | |||
| * – ] | |||
| *{{EQ-isc-link|602419452}} | |||
| {{Earthquakes in 2013}} | |||
| The whole of Solomon Islands, including Santa Cruz, is located on the plate boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. This highly seismic region has a “near 90° bend in the boundary…"<ref name="Ref 1">{{cite journal | title=The February 6, 2013 Mw 8.0 Santa Cruz Islands earthquake and tsunami |author1=Lay, Thorne |author2=Ye, Lingling |author3=Kanamori, Hiroo |author4=Yamazakic, Yoshiki |author5=Cheung, Kwok Fai |author6=Ammond, Charles J. | doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.001 | volume=608 | journal=Tectonophysics | pages=1109–1121| year=2013 |bibcode=2013Tectp.608.1109L |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/43724/7/mmc1.pdf }}</ref> This area experiences much plate movement as the Santa Cruz Island “has upper plate strike-slip and normal faulting, plate boundary under-thrusting, ] extensional faulting, and intraplate faulting” and Solomon Islands is located on the subduction zone of the two boundaries.<ref name="Ref 1" /> On 6 February, 2013, the largest under-thrusting earthquake ever to be recorded in that area caused a tsunami, and both the earthquake and the tsunami were destructive, destroying many buildings in Temotu and damaging at least 724 homes. | |||
| ] | |||
| ==Earthquake== | |||
| ] | |||
| On 6 February 2013, at 12:12 local time (01:12 ]) an earthquake of {{M|w|8.0|link=yes}} on the ] struck Solomon Islands, in the ]. The epicentre was {{convert|76|km}} west of ] on ], Temotu Province,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=M8.0 – 76km W of Lata, Solomon Islands|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000f1s0#general_summary|author =USGS|publisher=]}}</ref> at a depth of {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Heidarzadeh2016"/> The earthquake was caused by the interaction between the ] and the ] plates, and was preceded by dozens of ]s in the region.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> At least 20 ]s were reported,<ref name="toi">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2013-02-06 |title=Five dead as Solomons quake sparks Pacific tsunami |publisher=Times of India |accessdate=2013-02-06 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Five-dead-as-Solomons-quake-sparks-Pacific-tsunami/articleshow/18369309.cms |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206205540/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Five-dead-as-Solomons-quake-sparks-Pacific-tsunami/articleshow/18369309.cms |archivedate=February 6, 2013 }}</ref> including one measuring {{M|w|7.1}}<ref name=CNA-AFP-1253179>{{cite news |url= http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1253179/1/.html |title= Villagers flee huge aftershock in tsunami-hit Solomon Islands |publisher= ChannelNewsAsia |author= AFP |date= 9 February 2013 |accessdate= 9 February 2013 |archive-date= 16 February 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130216062959/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1253179/1/.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> on 8 February and two measuring {{M|w|7.0}}.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|date=2013-02-05|title=Powerful earthquake strikes off Solomon Islands|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2013-02-05|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21347496}}</ref> “This event had a shallow dipping thrust faulting mechanism…”<ref name="Ref 1" /> being an interplate earthquake<ref name="Heidarzadeh2016"/> and “…produced a tsunami of ~ 1.5 height” on the Santa Cruz Islands.<ref name="Ref 1" /> In the days leading up to the major earthquake, the area had been seismically active with many earthquakes, some up to {{M|w|6}}. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| dmskamkslada | |||
| The Random Letter Generator is a free online tool that allows you to generate random letters. If you want to see letters in cursive, check our our Cursive Letters generator instead. The process is quite easy. All you need to do is select the number of different random letters your want generated, what language alphabet you want and then if you want upper, lower or both cases displayed. Once this is done, all you need to do is hit the "Generate Random Letter" button and your random letters will appear. | |||
| English Letters | |||
| The boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific plates has complicated faulting patterns around the arcs of Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and is used to high frequency, low to moderate intensity, seismic activity.<ref name="Ref 1" /> | |||
| This tool is set at default to display English letters. It can be an excellent way to teach children or students learning English as a second language the 26 letters of the alphabet. Since you have the option of choosing upper or lower case (or both), you can test knowledge of both the capitalized and lower case alphabets simply by clicking the button to reveal a new random letter once the previous one has been identified. | |||
| Many of the “larger events recorded have involved intraplate and interplate earthquakes with magnitudes up to about 8.0, several of which were located near the abrupt bends in the arcs.<ref name="Ref 1" /> | |||
| Solomon Islands has more seismic activity than most adjacent areas, producing more earthquake “]” and “triplets,” deviations from the normal earthquake aftershock in which a second and sometimes third earthquake can be produced from the aftershock of the first earthquake.<ref name="Ref 3">{{cite journal | url=http://www.bssaonline.org/content/89/5/1147.abstract | title=Worldwide doublets of large shallow earthquakes | journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America | volume=89 | issue=5 | pages=1147–1155 | date=1999 | accessdate=22 October 2013 |author1=Kagan, Y.Y. |author2=Jackson D.D. | doi=10.1785/BSSA0890051147 | bibcode=1999BuSSA..89.1147K }}</ref> This occurs rarely, maybe once or twice a year, making this area a unique seismic area. | |||
| French, German and Spanish | |||
| The closest land to the epicentre was ], Temotu Province, and its principal town ], reputedly experienced the largest movement. Aftershocks up to of magnitude 6 continued but the greatest threat was considered to be the potential tsunami. The epicentre area was subsequently hit by thirteen aftershocks greater than magnitude 5.” | |||
| In addition to English, the tool also will generate random letters for French, German, and Spanish. All these are similar to English with their alphabets but they do contain a few more than the standard 26 English letters. These additional letters will randomly display as well if you choose German, French or Spanish as the language. | |||
| Hebrew and Greek | |||
| ===Tsunami=== | |||
| For those who are studying Hebrew letters and Greek letters, both the Hebrew alphabet and Greek alphabet are also available. The Greek alphabet has 24 letters while the Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. When you select Greek from the drop down menu, you'll see random Greek Letters and when you select Hebrew, you'll see random Hebrew letters. Using the letter generator is a fun way to study both of these alphabets. | |||
| The ] issued a ] warning for Solomon Islands, ], ],<ref>{{cite news|last=Vuibau|first=Tevita|title=Tsunami warning|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=224546|accessdate=8 February 2013|newspaper=The Fiji Times|date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208011356/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=224546|archive-date=2013-02-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> and several other islands in the region; the agency also issued a tsunami watch for Australia, New Zealand and eastern Indonesia.<ref name="guard">{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2013-02-05|title=Tsunami alert after Solomon Islands earthquake|accessdate=2013-02-05|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/06/tsunami-alert-solomon-islands-earthquake}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite news|author =Kaylene Hong|date=2013-02-05|title=Magnitude 8 Quake Strikes Off Santa Cruz Islands|publisher=]|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2013-02-05|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324445904578286703858134458}}</ref> A tsunami of {{Convert|11|m|ft}} struck Manoputi Village, with heights of {{convert|1|m|ft}} at ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsunami Event: LATA, SOLOMON ISLANDS|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/related-runups/5476|publisher=NGDC}}</ref><ref name="guard"/><ref name="wsj"/><ref name="toi"/> Smaller tsunamis of {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} were reported in Vanuatu and New Caledonia, respectively.<ref name="abc">{{cite news|publisher=ABC Australia|date=2013-02-05|title=Solomons quake triggers tsunami, destroys villages|accessdate=2013-02-05|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-06/solomons-quake-triggers-tsunami/4504034}}</ref> | |||
| Non Latin Alphabet Letters | |||
| ===Damage=== | |||
| The tool also offers a number of random letters for non-Latin languages. These include Armenian, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. The alphabets of all these languages look nothing like English, so using this tool can be an excellent way to study the alphabets and characters of these languages. For example, the tool has over 3000 Chinese characters and the Japanese version has all the Hiragana Japanese character letters. | |||
| The expected tsunami was regarded as the greatest threat but even before the tsunami arrived many coastline villages to the west and south of Lata had already been destroyed by the earthquake itself. Local news agencies reported that four villages were destroyed.<ref name="toi"/> Houses were flooded in eastern Temotu Province.<ref name="bbc"/> On ], {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} waves damaged 50 buildings.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Tsunami damages dozens of homes in Solomon Islands|publisher=USAToday.com|accessdate=2013-02-05|date=2013-02-05|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/05/tsunami-warning-earthquake-south-pacific/1894875/}}</ref> In Lata, the tsunami damaged the airport and flooded low-lying areas,<ref>{{cite news|title=Fears for villages after major quake hits near Solomons|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=2013-02-06|accessdate=2013-02-05|url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/fears-for-villages-after-major-quake-hits-near-solomons-20130206-2dxso.html}}</ref> killing nine people, including five elderly and one child.<ref name="abc2"/> More than 100 houses on the island were destroyed, in addition to 800 others damaged.<ref>{{cite web|title=Massive earthquake and Tsunami Santa Cruz Islands (Solomon Islands) – 9 people killed, more missing and 4500+ people affected|url=http://earthquake-report.com/2013/02/06/very-strong-earthquake-santa-cruz-islands-on-february-6-2013/|date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208021715/http://earthquake-report.com/2013/02/06/very-strong-earthquake-santa-cruz-islands-on-february-6-2013/|archive-date=8 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was reported that almost all houses in Nela village were washed away, and some homes in Venga village were shifted by water.<ref>{{cite web|author =Updated at 9:53 pm on 7 February 2013 |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/127442/airport-flood-hinders-tsunami-aid-effort |title=Radio New Zealand : News : World : Airport flood hinders tsunami aid effort |publisher=Radionz.co.nz |date= 2013-02-06|accessdate=2013-02-10}}</ref> The earthquake killed 10 people, and 6 people remain listed as missing,<ref name="Heidarzadeh2016"/><ref name="Lay2013"/> with at least 15 injured.<ref name="Fitz2014"/><ref name="abc2">{{cite news|publisher=Fairfax New Zealand Limited|date=2013-02-07|title=Airport damage hits Solomons quake cleanup|author =Nicole Pryor And Agencies|accessdate=2013-02-07|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/8271293/Airport-damage-hits-Solomons-quake-cleanup}}</ref> | |||
| Writing Creativity | |||
| Residents of Solomon Islands and other surrounding islands moved to higher ground causing major traffic jams in the capital, ]. Many other Pacific countries ordered precautionary evacuations, even countries not on the warning list.<ref name="guard"/><ref name="abc"/> Officials in ] ordered residents to evacuate along the eastern coast of ] and nearby ].<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|publisher=CNN|title=Powerful quake strikes in South Pacific, sparks tsunami|accessdate=2013-02-05|date=2013-02-05|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/05/world/asia/solomon-islands-quake/?hpt=hp_t1}}</ref> Residents also evacuated to higher ground in ], the capital of Fiji.<ref name="toi"/> | |||
| This tool can be used to challenge writers to use their creativity in coming up with stories to enhance and practice their writing. For example, you can use the tool to generate 10 random letters. The writer then must write 10 sentences to create an interesting story with each sentence beginning with the random letter generated. | |||
| Increase Vocabulary | |||
| == Environmental context == | |||
| It can also be an excellent way to test your vocabulary when you first begin learning any of these languages. After you generate a random letter, you can use the tool to come up with as many words as you can that begin with that letter. You can make it a bit more difficult and also use it to come up with words that end with that letter. | |||
| There are many human elements that affect the ecosystem and how Santa Cruz, and Solomon Islands generally, will recover. Though once one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, very little attention is given in the Solomons to biodiversity and environmental conservation.<ref name="Ref 4" /> 85% of the people on these islands live a subsistence lifestyle.<ref name="Ref 4">{{cite web | url=http://www.sprep.org/Solomon-Islands/pein-solomon-islands | title=Solomon Islands | publisher=Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme | accessdate=24 October 2013}}</ref> The population is growing about 4.4% annually and as it grows, the people must use more of their natural resources as food and shelter.<ref name="Ref 4" /> The Solomons ecosystems were already being threatened by invasive species, major loss of coastal land, and ]. That means that sudden major ], like that caused by both the earthquake and tsunami, can lead to “hunger, poverty, disease, and conflict and is a threat to internal security…”.<ref name="Ref 4" /> | |||
| Word Games | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| If you happen to be playing a game where you are looking for words while driving or doing other activities, you can use the tool so that the letter you choose is completely random. For example, you may play a game where you say or write down as many things as you can see starting with a specific letter, and this tool will determine what that letter is for each round. | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| While this is a simple tool, it's a great way to test your basic understanding of each language when you first begin to learn and begin to write and read it. The more you practice, the quicker you'll master each of the alphabets. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|30em}} | |||
| The above are just a few ideas on how this tool can be used and there are surely a lot more ways individuals can incorporate this | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{commons category|2013 Solomon Islands earthquake}} | |||
| * – ] | |||
| *{{EQ-isc-link|602419452}} | |||
| OTHER PROJECTS | |||
| {{Earthquakes in 2013}} | |||
| Cursive Letters | |||
| Bible Verse Generator | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Random List Generator | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Random Picture Generator | |||
| ] | |||
| Alphabetize Any List | |||
| ABOUT US | |||
| We created this website to generate random words and more. | |||
| Privacy Policy | |||
| EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES: | |||
| Dark mode Slide in text | |||
Revision as of 10:31, 30 October 2023
- February 06, 2013, Santa Cruz Islands, M = 8.0 – Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
| ← Earthquakes in 2013 → | |
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dmskamkslada The Random Letter Generator is a free online tool that allows you to generate random letters. If you want to see letters in cursive, check our our Cursive Letters generator instead. The process is quite easy. All you need to do is select the number of different random letters your want generated, what language alphabet you want and then if you want upper, lower or both cases displayed. Once this is done, all you need to do is hit the "Generate Random Letter" button and your random letters will appear.
English Letters This tool is set at default to display English letters. It can be an excellent way to teach children or students learning English as a second language the 26 letters of the alphabet. Since you have the option of choosing upper or lower case (or both), you can test knowledge of both the capitalized and lower case alphabets simply by clicking the button to reveal a new random letter once the previous one has been identified.
French, German and Spanish In addition to English, the tool also will generate random letters for French, German, and Spanish. All these are similar to English with their alphabets but they do contain a few more than the standard 26 English letters. These additional letters will randomly display as well if you choose German, French or Spanish as the language.
Hebrew and Greek For those who are studying Hebrew letters and Greek letters, both the Hebrew alphabet and Greek alphabet are also available. The Greek alphabet has 24 letters while the Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. When you select Greek from the drop down menu, you'll see random Greek Letters and when you select Hebrew, you'll see random Hebrew letters. Using the letter generator is a fun way to study both of these alphabets.
Non Latin Alphabet Letters The tool also offers a number of random letters for non-Latin languages. These include Armenian, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. The alphabets of all these languages look nothing like English, so using this tool can be an excellent way to study the alphabets and characters of these languages. For example, the tool has over 3000 Chinese characters and the Japanese version has all the Hiragana Japanese character letters.
Writing Creativity This tool can be used to challenge writers to use their creativity in coming up with stories to enhance and practice their writing. For example, you can use the tool to generate 10 random letters. The writer then must write 10 sentences to create an interesting story with each sentence beginning with the random letter generated.
Increase Vocabulary It can also be an excellent way to test your vocabulary when you first begin learning any of these languages. After you generate a random letter, you can use the tool to come up with as many words as you can that begin with that letter. You can make it a bit more difficult and also use it to come up with words that end with that letter.
Word Games If you happen to be playing a game where you are looking for words while driving or doing other activities, you can use the tool so that the letter you choose is completely random. For example, you may play a game where you say or write down as many things as you can see starting with a specific letter, and this tool will determine what that letter is for each round.
While this is a simple tool, it's a great way to test your basic understanding of each language when you first begin to learn and begin to write and read it. The more you practice, the quicker you'll master each of the alphabets.
The above are just a few ideas on how this tool can be used and there are surely a lot more ways individuals can incorporate this
OTHER PROJECTS Cursive Letters
Bible Verse Generator
Random List Generator
Random Picture Generator
Alphabetize Any List
ABOUT US We created this website to generate random words and more.
Privacy Policy
EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES:
Dark mode Slide in textCategories: