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| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Yaghistan was originally inhabited by Indo-Aryan ] speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Volume X, Specimens of Languages of the Eranian Family |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1921 |pages=5}}</ref> According to the '']'': | |||
| {{blockquote|"Yāg̲h̲istān referred to different sanctuaries used by ] against the British authorities from early 19th to late 19th century, in the various independent tribal areas, mainly inhabited by the ], ] and ] people in the hinterland of what became the ] (NWFP) of British India such as the ], ], ], ], ], ]..."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=Donzel |editor4-first=E. van |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004161214 |edition=2nd |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/yaghistan-SIM_7942}}</ref>}} | |||
| Initially, any frontier region outside the control of the British colonial government was known as Yaghistan,{{sfn|Christine Noelle|2012|p=162}} which at its widest extent, included ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruns |first=Bettina |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=VlULn9od0HoC&pg=PA42&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixjrbl9ayCAxV9gv0HHVPtAM44ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade |last2=Miggelbrink |first2=Judith |date=2011-10-08 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-531-93273-6 |language=en|p=42}}</ref> Between 1844 and 1900, the term came to be used for the independent tribes of ], who were considered "impossible to be administered",{{sfn|Sana Haroon|2007|p=101}} as they were always outside the sphere of influence of either British Raj or the Emirate of Afghanistan.{{sfn|Sana Haroon|2007|p=101}} | Initially, any frontier region outside the direct control of the British colonial government was known as Yaghistan,{{sfn|Christine Noelle|2012|p=162}} which at its widest extent, included ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruns |first=Bettina |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=VlULn9od0HoC&pg=PA42&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixjrbl9ayCAxV9gv0HHVPtAM44ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade |last2=Miggelbrink |first2=Judith |date=2011-10-08 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-531-93273-6 |language=en|p=42}}</ref> Between 1844 and 1900, the term came to be used for the independent tribes of ], who were considered "impossible to be administered",{{sfn|Sana Haroon|2007|p=101}} as they were always outside the sphere of influence of either British Raj or the Emirate of Afghanistan.{{sfn|Sana Haroon|2007|p=101}} | ||
| Yāghistān was the center of ]'s ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tabassum|first=Farhat|title=Deoband Ulema's Movement for the Freedom of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxFuAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7827-147-8|edition=1st|page=47}}</ref> The area was never conquered by the ] and its people and the unadministered tribes always remained hostile towards the British.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indus Kohistan An Historical and Ethnographie Outline |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=1999 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=70–71 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928174 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|jstor=41928174 |last1=Frembgen |first1=Jürgen Wasim }}</ref> | Yāghistān was the center of ]'s ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tabassum|first=Farhat|title=Deoband Ulema's Movement for the Freedom of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxFuAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7827-147-8|edition=1st|page=47}}</ref> The area was never conquered by the ] and its people and the unadministered tribes always remained hostile towards the British.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indus Kohistan An Historical and Ethnographie Outline |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=1999 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=70–71 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928174 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|jstor=41928174 |last1=Frembgen |first1=Jürgen Wasim }}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 13:33, 5 November 2023
Frontier regionYaghistan (Urdu: یاغستان; "The land of the rebellious and hostility") was a key frontier region between Afghanistan and British Raj, roughly corresponding to the former tribal areas of Pakistan. This was an area where rebels lived, on either side of the Durand Line. The term, in use since atleast 1868, was also used in Afghanistan where Amir Abdur Rehman characterized eastern Pashtun population as "Unruly" and "Rebels".
History
Yaghistan was originally inhabited by Indo-Aryan Kōhistānī speakers. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam:
"Yāg̲h̲istān referred to different sanctuaries used by Mujahideen against the British authorities from early 19th to late 19th century, in the various independent tribal areas, mainly inhabited by the Pashtun, Kashmiri and Kohistani people in the hinterland of what became the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of British India such as the Mohmand Agency, Bunēr, Dīr, Swāt, Kohistān, Hazāra..."
Initially, any frontier region outside the direct control of the British colonial government was known as Yaghistan, which at its widest extent, included Balochistan and Sarhad. Between 1844 and 1900, the term came to be used for the independent tribes of Hindu Kush, who were considered "impossible to be administered", as they were always outside the sphere of influence of either British Raj or the Emirate of Afghanistan.
Yāghistān was the center of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi's Silk Letter Movement. The area was never conquered by the British Raj and its people and the unadministered tribes always remained hostile towards the British.
References
- ^ Sana Haroon 2007, p. 100.
- ^ Nile Green 2017, p. 130.
- ^ Hyman, Anthony (2002). "Nationalism in Afghanistan". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 34 (2): 306. JSTOR 3879829. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- Grierson, George Abraham (1921). Linguistic Survey of India: Volume X, Specimens of Languages of the Eranian Family. Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 5.
- Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (2012). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004161214.
- Christine Noelle 2012, p. 162.
- Bruns, Bettina; Miggelbrink, Judith (2011-10-08). Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 42. ISBN 978-3-531-93273-6.
- ^ Sana Haroon 2007, p. 101.
- Tabassum, Farhat (2006). Deoband Ulema's Movement for the Freedom of India (1st ed.). New Delhi: Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind in association with Manak Publications. p. 47. ISBN 81-7827-147-8.
- Frembgen, Jürgen Wasim (1999). "Indus Kohistan An Historical and Ethnographie Outline". Central Asiatic Journal. 43 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 70–71. JSTOR 41928174.
Sources
- Nile Green (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29413-4.
- Sana Haroon (2007). Frontier of Faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited. ISBN 978-1-84904-183-6.
- Christine Noelle (2012). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60317-4.
Further reading
- Qasuri, Muhammad Ali. Mushahidat Kabul-o-Yaghistan. Karachi: Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu.
- Wazirabadi, Fazal Ilahi (1981). Kavāʼif-i Yāg̲h̲istān : yaʻnī, Mujāhidīn-i Yāg̲h̲istān kī ṣad sālah ḍāʼirī (in Urdu). Gujranwala: Idārah-yi Iḥyāʼ al-Sunnat. OCLC 11598882.
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