| Revision as of 13:19, 7 April 2007 editGun Powder Ma (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers16,796 edits Tags out of place. See respective links which give ample references (please make yourself acquainted with Wiki policy which is to provide sources at the MAIN article)← Previous edit | Revision as of 17:05, 8 April 2007 edit undoJohnbod (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, IP block exemptions, Rollbackers280,638 edits →Printing: add & refNext edit → | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
| {{for|the global diffusion of Gutenberg printing|Spread of printing}} | {{for|the global diffusion of Gutenberg printing|Spread of printing}} | ||
| Despite being claimed by some scholars that printing must have been spread from ] to ], possibly through the ], there is no conclusive evidence that Chinese ] printing ever spread beyond East Asia. ]'s ] developed |
Despite being claimed by some scholars that printing must have been spread from ] to ], possibly through the ], there is no conclusive evidence that Chinese ] printing ever spread beyond East Asia. ], initially for ]s, reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on ] for ]s and ]s.<ref name="Hind">''An Introduction to a History of Woodcut'', Arthur M. Hind, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 ISBN: 0-486-20952-0</ref> | ||
| ]'s ] developed from 1440 can be traced back to European sources and techniques, such as ] from the ] age. The lack of known intermediaries and profound technical differences suggest that Gutenberg's invention was done independently. Today all movable type printing solely derives from Gutenberg's press, including in China, where the introduction of European presses and techniques in the 19th century displaced laborious Chinese-style printing. | |||
| ==See also == | ==See also == | ||
Revision as of 17:05, 8 April 2007
The 'Four Great Inventions of ancient China' (simplified Chinese: 四大发明; traditional Chinese: 四大發明; pinyin: Sì dà fā míng, meaning "four great inventions") are, according to the British scholar Joseph Needham:
These inventions are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as signs of ancient China's advanced science and technology and contribution to the world that had tremendous effects on human civilization and development by people.
These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact. According to English philosopher Francis Bacon, writing in Novum Organum,
Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries." (Novum Organum, Liber I, CXXIX - Adapted from the 1863 translation)
Karl Marx also commented that
Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press were the three great inventions which ushered in bourgeois society. Gunpowder blew up the knightly class, the compass discovered the world market and founded the colonies, and the printing press was the instrument of Protestantism and the regeneration of science in general; the most powerful lever for creating the intellectual prerequisites. Economic Manuscripts of 1861-63, Division of Labour and Mechanical Workshop. Tool and Machinery
Although neither mentioned papermaking specifically, it can be seen as a prerequisite to the development and widespread use of print.
Historical debate
Compass
- For the question of an independent European invention, see Compass.
Magnetism as a natural force had been long known in many cultures. The first incontestable reference to a magnetized needle appears in Chinese literature in 1086 in the Dream Pool Essay written by the scholar Shen Kua. The compass remained known to the Chinese only in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. The true practical mariner's compass uses a pivoting needle in a dry box, and was invented in Europe no later than 1300. It was then introduced in China via the sea lanes in the late 16th or early 17th century, according to a contemporary Chinese source by "the Japanese".
There are other minor differences between the use between the two cultures. The European needle was marked to point north, not south as in China, and the case around the needle showed sixteen basic divisions, not twenty-four. Depending on how important these differences are considered, it would be reasonable to state either that the Chinese magnetic needle was copied elsewhere around the world, or that an European independent invention may be likely.
Printing
For the global diffusion of Gutenberg printing, see Spread of printing.Despite being claimed by some scholars that printing must have been spread from China to Europe, possibly through the Middle East, there is no conclusive evidence that Chinese movable type printing ever spread beyond East Asia. Woodblock printing, initially for textiles, reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards.
Johannes Gutenberg's printing press developed from 1440 can be traced back to European sources and techniques, such as agricultural presses from the Hellenistic age. The lack of known intermediaries and profound technical differences suggest that Gutenberg's invention was done independently. Today all movable type printing solely derives from Gutenberg's press, including in China, where the introduction of European presses and techniques in the 19th century displaced laborious Chinese-style printing.
See also
References
- Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.182f.
- Barbara M. Kreutz, “Mediterranean Contributions to the Medieval Mariner's Compass,” Technology and Culture, Vol. 14, No. 3. (Jul., 1973), pp. 367-383 (373)
- Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), pp. 605-617 (615ff.)
- Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), pp. 175-196 (193f.)
- Barbara M. Kreutz, “Mediterranean Contributions to the Medieval Mariner's Compass,” Technology and Culture, Vol. 14, No. 3. (Jul., 1973), pp. 367-383 (376)
- An Introduction to a History of Woodcut, Arthur M. Hind, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 ISBN: 0-486-20952-0