| Revision as of 12:54, 18 May 2024 editNederlandse Leeuw (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users62,490 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 12:56, 18 May 2024 edit undoNederlandse Leeuw (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users62,490 edits →Primary sources: Not mentioned in the 2013 excerptNext edit → | ||
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| === Primary sources === | === Primary sources === | ||
| * {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |date=1930 |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930) |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America |pages=325 |isbn= |access-date=26 January 2023}} | * {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |date=1930 |title=The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930) |url=https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=The Mediaeval Academy of America |pages=325 |isbn= |access-date=26 January 2023}} | ||
| ** {{Cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Samuel Hazzard |last2=Sherbowitz-Wetzor |first2=Olgerd P. |orig-year=1953 |title=SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL) |publisher=Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto |date=2013 |url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf |location=Toronto |pages=16 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530225833/http://www.utoronto.ca/elul/English/218/PVL-selections.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2014}} | |||
| * {{Cite book |last=Thuis |first=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nestorkroniek. De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk |url=https://www.vantilt.nl/boeken/nestorkroniek/ |location=Nijmegen |publisher=Uitgeverij Vantilt |pages=304 |isbn=9789460042287 |language=nl}} | * {{Cite book |last=Thuis |first=Hans |date=2015 |title=Nestorkroniek. De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk |url=https://www.vantilt.nl/boeken/nestorkroniek/ |location=Nijmegen |publisher=Uitgeverij Vantilt |pages=304 |isbn=9789460042287 |language=nl}} | ||
Revision as of 12:56, 18 May 2024
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Theodore the Varangian and his son John (Template:Lang-ru; 10th century) are the names attributed to a Varangian Christian man from Greece and his young son living in Kiev, who were killed in a story recorded in the Primary Chronicle under the year 6491 (983). The chronicle glorifies their deaths as examples of Christian martyrs who suffered persecution by the pagan establishment of Kievan Rus' during the reign of prince Vladimir the Great (before his own conversion to Byzantine Christianity around 988).
Biography
Born in the 10th century, Theodore served in Byzantium for a long time, where he took holy baptism. He then moved to live in the city of Kiev. He had a son John, who also professed Christianity. He was one of the best prince combatants.
In ancient manuscripts are the following writing pagan named of Theodore: Tur (Scandinavian Thor) or Utor (Scandinavian Ottar).
Under the year 6491 (983), the Primary Chronicle reports the following story: "And the elders and boyars said: 'let us cast lots upon the boys and girls. Upon whichever one it falls, that one we shall slaughter in sacrifice to the gods'". The lots thrown by the pagan priests, evidently not by chance, fell upon the Christian John. When the messengers told Theodore that his son "had been chosen by the gods themselves to be sacrificed to them", the old warrior decisively answered: “This is not a god, but wood. Today it is, and tomorrow it rots. They do not eat, nor drink nor speak, but are crafted by human hands from wood. God however is One, and the Greeks serve and worship Him. He created heaven and earth, the stars and the moon, the sun and man, and foreordained him to live upon the earth. But these gods, what have they created? They themselves are made. I shall not give my son over to devils.” The pagans killed both father and son. Though they clearly had fewer ulterior motives than other early Russian martyrs, the two have a surprisingly meagre following.
The exact date of the death of Theodore and John is unknown. According to the traditional version, their demise came on July 12, 978, the day after Vladimir of Kiev's succession to the throne was celebrated with pagan thanksgiving to the gods including human sacrifices. However, some historians argue this event happened in summer of 983, during the revolt of the Gentiles throughout the Slavic-Germanic world.
According to legend, Theodore and John's courage standing alone against the crowd of angry pagans so impressed Vladimir with its sincerity that it influenced his decision to become a Christian.
References
- Putna, Martin C. (2021-06-01). Rus - Ukraine - Russia: Scenes from the Cultural History of Russian Religiosity. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-80-246-3580-4.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1930). The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930) (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- Thuis, Hans (2015). Nestorkroniek. De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt. p. 304. ISBN 9789460042287.
Church websites
- Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev
- The Holy Martyrs Theodore (Feodor) the Varangian and his son John