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'''Pitu Guli'''{{efn|Alternative spellings of his name are Pito (Пито) and Gule (Гуле) or Gulev (Гулев).}} ({{Cyrl|Питу Гули}};{{efn|His name is alternatively spelled in the ] as ''Пито Гулевъ.''}} 1865&ndash;1903) was an ] revolutionary in ] ], a local leader of what is commonly referred to as the ] (IMRO).<ref name="KBrown">Brown, K. (2003) ''The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press); pp. 196–198, {{ISBN|0-691-09995-2}}</ref> '''Pitu Guli'''{{efn|Alternative spellings of his name are Pito (Пито) and Gule (Гуле) or Gulev (Гулев).}} ({{Cyrl|Питу Гули}};{{efn|His name is alternatively spelled in the ] as ''Пито Гулевъ.''}} 1865&ndash;1903) was an ]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MILLER |first=WILLIAM |date=1925-07 |title=MODERN GREEK HISTORIANS OF MODERN GREECE |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.1925.tb02375.x |journal=History |volume=10 |issue=38 |pages=110–123 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229x.1925.tb02375.x |issn=0018-2648}}</ref>]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Natunewicz |first=Chester F. |last2=Winnifrith |first2=T. J. |date=1989 |title=The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan People |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350402 |journal=The Classical World |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=324 |doi=10.2307/4350402 |issn=0009-8418}}</ref> revolutionary in ] ], a local leader of what is commonly referred to as the ] (IMRO).<ref name="KBrown">Brown, K. (2003) ''The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press); pp. 196–198, {{ISBN|0-691-09995-2}}</ref>


==Life== ==Life==
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] ]
In March 1903, he began commanding a revolutionary squad, crossing the Bulgarian-Ottoman border heading for ]. From April to August 1903, he trained and prepared his irregulars for the upcoming ]. He died in Kruševo, defending the ]. In March 1903, he began commanding a revolutionary squad, crossing the Bulgarian-Ottoman border heading for ]. From April to August 1903, he trained and prepared his irregulars for the upcoming ]. He heroically died defending the people of ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Djulejic |first=Eli |last2=Senev |first2=Aleksandar |last3=Kirijas |first3=Meri |last4=Hristomanova |first4=Slavica |last5=Petlichkovski |first5=Aleksandar |last6=Trajkov |first6=Dejan |last7=Spiroski |first7=Mirko |date=2012-03-01 |title=Allele Frequency of HLADQB1 Locus in Macedonian Population |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/mjms.1857-5773.2012.0223 |journal=Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.3889/mjms.1857-5773.2012.0223 |issn=1857-5749}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puttkamer |first=Joachim Von |date=2017-12-20 |title=The Vlachs of Krushevo. Nationalism and Violence in the Ilinden Uprisin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sofo-2017-760113 |journal=Südost-Forschungen |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=217–240 |doi=10.1515/sofo-2017-760113 |issn=2364-9321}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ganev |first=Venelin I. |title=The Inescapable Past |date=2014-07-29 |work=Twenty Years After Communism |pages=213–232 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199375134.003.0011 |access-date=2024-09-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>


==Family== ==Family==
Except for ] Aromanians,<ref>''Aromanian consciousness was not developed until the late 19th century, and was influenced by the rise of Romanian national movement. As result, wealthy, urbanized Ottoman Vlachs were culturally hellenised during 17-19th century and some of them bulgarized during the late 19th and early 20th. century.'' Raymond Detrez, 2014, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|1442241802}}, p. 520.</ref> as Guli's family, who were ],<ref>Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Университетско изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992, стр. 132.</ref><ref>Тодор Балкански, Даниела Андрей, Големите власи сред българите, Знак 94, {{ISBN|9548709082}}, 1996, стр. 60-70.</ref><ref>], Istoria aromânilor, Biblioteca de istorie, Colecția Sens; Tritonic, 2006, {{ISBN|9737330412}}, p. 123.</ref> most members of other ethnicities dismissed the IMRO as pro-Bulgarian.<ref>Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, Hoover Press, 2013, {{ISBN|081794883X}}, p. 105.</ref><ref>Philip Jowett, Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912–13: The priming charge for the Great War, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|184908419X}}, p. 21.</ref> His sons were: Except for ] Aromanians,<ref>''Aromanian consciousness was not developed until the late 19th century, and was influenced by the rise of Romanian national movement. As result, wealthy, urbanized Ottoman Vlachs were culturally hellenised during 17-19th century and some of them bulgarized during the late 19th and early 20th. century.'' Raymond Detrez, 2014, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|1442241802}}, p. 520.</ref> as Guli's family, who were ],<ref>Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Университетско изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992, стр. 132.</ref><ref>Тодор Балкански, Даниела Андрей, Големите власи сред българите, Знак 94, {{ISBN|9548709082}}, 1996, стр. 60-70.</ref><ref>], Istoria aromânilor, Biblioteca de istorie, Colecția Sens; Tritonic, 2006, {{ISBN|9737330412}}, p. 123.</ref> most members of other ethnicities dismissed the IMRO as pro-Bulgarian.<ref>Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, Hoover Press, 2013, {{ISBN|081794883X}}, p. 105.</ref><ref>Philip Jowett, Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912–13: The priming charge for the Great War, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|184908419X}}, p. 21.</ref> His sons were:
{{bulleted list|Tashko Gulev (Shula Guli), a soldier of the ] who died in 1913 in the ] against the ], during the ].<ref>Македоно-одринското опълчение 1912-1913 г. Личен състав, Главно управление на архивите, 2006, стр. 190.</ref> | Nikola Gulev (Lakia Guli), IMRO revolutionary and one of the people closest to ]. He was arrested by the police of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and died in custody after being tortured in 1924.<ref>Македонска енциклопедија, МАНУ, Скопје, 2009, стр. 415-416.</ref> | Steryo Gulev (Sterya Guli), who ] formed by former ] activists in ] during the ], to fight the communist ]. He reportedly shot himself after Bulgaria switched sides and withdrew from Yugoslavia in 1944, upon the arrival of ]'s partisans in Kruševo, in despair over what he saw as a second period of Serbian dominance in Macedonia.<ref>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0810862956}}, </ref>}} {{bulleted list|Tashko Gulev (Shula Guli), a soldier of the ] who died in 1913 in the ] against the ], during the ].<ref>Македоно-одринското опълчение 1912-1913 г. Личен състав, Главно управление на архивите, 2006, стр. 190.</ref> | Nikola Gulev (Lakia Guli), IMRO revolutionary and one of the people closest to ]. He was arrested by the police of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and died in custody after being tortured in 1924.<ref>Македонска енциклопедија, МАНУ, Скопје, 2009, стр. 415-416.</ref> | Steryo Gulev (Sterya Guli), who ] formed by former ] activists in ] during the ], to fight the communist ]. }}


==Legacy== ==Legacy==

Revision as of 10:23, 9 September 2024

Aromanian revolutionary in Ottoman Macedonia

Voivode
Pitu Guli
Pitu Guli in guerilla attire
Nickname(s)Pitu the Vlach
Bornc. 1865
Kruševo, Ottoman Empire
Died12 August 1903(1903-08-12) (aged 37–38)
Kruševo Republic
Allegiance IMRO
Kruševo Republic
Years of service1885–1903
Battles / wars

Pitu Guli (Cyrillic: Питу Гули; 1865–1903) was an MacedonianAromanian revolutionary in Ottoman Macedonia, a local leader of what is commonly referred to as the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).

Life

He was born to a poor family in Kruševo (Template:Lang-rup) in the Ottoman Empire (now North Macedonia). Guli demonstrated an independent and rebellious nature early in life. He left his home in Macedonia at the age of 17 in search of wealth in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. In 1885, he returned to Macedonia, as part of a rebel squad of the revolutionary movement against the Ottoman Empire, led by Adam Kalmikov. He was captured and exiled to eastern Anatolia for a period of eight years, seven years of which were spent in the prison in Trabzon. In 1895, he again returned to Kruševo and became a member of IMARO. From this time on, he was fully committed to the autonomy of Macedonia from Turkish rule. Between 1897 and 1902 he was again in Sofia, where he also held an eating house.

Pitu Guli and his squad in 1903. Source: Bulgarian Archives State Agency

In March 1903, he began commanding a revolutionary squad, crossing the Bulgarian-Ottoman border heading for Kruševo. From April to August 1903, he trained and prepared his irregulars for the upcoming Ilinden Uprising. He heroically died defending the people of Krushevo and the Krushevo Republic.

Family

Except for Bulgarian Exarchist Aromanians, as Guli's family, who were Bulgarophiles, most members of other ethnicities dismissed the IMRO as pro-Bulgarian. His sons were:

Legacy

Pitu Guli is a national hero in North Macedonia and Bulgaria, and remembered as having fought heroically at Mečkin Kamen (Bear's Rock) near Kruševo, where he was killed during the Ilinden Uprising in defense of the Macedonian Kruševo Republic. A Macedonian Partisan Brigade was named after him. The Macedonian partisan Kuzman Josifovski took the alias "Pitu" after him. He is also celebrated in folk songs and poetry throughout the region of Macedonia, being mentioned in the national anthem of North Macedonia ("Denes nad Makedonija", "Today over Macedonia"). An Aromanian-language song about him, Cãnticlu al Pitu Guli ("The Song of Pitu Guli"), has also been composed.

Notes

  1. Alternative spellings of his name are Pito (Пито) and Gule (Гуле) or Gulev (Гулев).
  2. His name is alternatively spelled in the older Bulgarian orthography as Пито Гулевъ.

References

  1. MILLER, WILLIAM (1925-07). "MODERN GREEK HISTORIANS OF MODERN GREECE". History. 10 (38): 110–123. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1925.tb02375.x. ISSN 0018-2648. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. Natunewicz, Chester F.; Winnifrith, T. J. (1989). "The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan People". The Classical World. 82 (4): 324. doi:10.2307/4350402. ISSN 0009-8418.
  3. ^ Brown, K. (2003) The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation (Princeton: Princeton University Press); pp. 196–198, ISBN 0-691-09995-2
  4. Djulejic, Eli; Senev, Aleksandar; Kirijas, Meri; Hristomanova, Slavica; Petlichkovski, Aleksandar; Trajkov, Dejan; Spiroski, Mirko (1 March 2012). "Allele Frequency of HLADQB1 Locus in Macedonian Population". Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 5 (1): 67–71. doi:10.3889/mjms.1857-5773.2012.0223. ISSN 1857-5749.
  5. Puttkamer, Joachim Von (20 December 2017). "The Vlachs of Krushevo. Nationalism and Violence in the Ilinden Uprisin". Südost-Forschungen. 76 (1): 217–240. doi:10.1515/sofo-2017-760113. ISSN 2364-9321.
  6. Ganev, Venelin I. (29 July 2014), "The Inescapable Past", Twenty Years After Communism, Oxford University Press, pp. 213–232, retrieved 9 September 2024
  7. Aromanian consciousness was not developed until the late 19th century, and was influenced by the rise of Romanian national movement. As result, wealthy, urbanized Ottoman Vlachs were culturally hellenised during 17-19th century and some of them bulgarized during the late 19th and early 20th. century. Raymond Detrez, 2014, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 1442241802, p. 520.
  8. Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Университетско изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992, стр. 132.
  9. Тодор Балкански, Даниела Андрей, Големите власи сред българите, Знак 94, ISBN 9548709082, 1996, стр. 60-70.
  10. Thede Kahl, Istoria aromânilor, Biblioteca de istorie, Colecția Sens; Tritonic, 2006, ISBN 9737330412, p. 123.
  11. Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, Hoover Press, 2013, ISBN 081794883X, p. 105.
  12. Philip Jowett, Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912–13: The priming charge for the Great War, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, ISBN 184908419X, p. 21.
  13. Македоно-одринското опълчение 1912-1913 г. Личен състав, Главно управление на архивите, 2006, стр. 190.
  14. Македонска енциклопедија, МАНУ, Скопје, 2009, стр. 415-416.
  15. Roumen Dontchev Daskalov; Diana Mishkova, Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Two: Transfers of Political Ideologies and Institutions (2013), Balkan Studies Library, BRILL, ISBN 9004261915, p. 536.
  16. Pål Kolstø, Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1317049365, p. 188.
  17. Grigore, George V. (6 March 2018). "Imnul de stat al Macedoniei cântă vitejia unui erou român: Pitu Guli, zis și Pitu Vlahul". Ziarul Națiunea (in Romanian).
  18. Stăncioiu, Octavian (11 September 2017). "Pero Tsatsa și Armânamea la Seara makiduneascâ din Dudeștii Noi". Banatul Azi (in Romanian).
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