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] ]
==Geography== ==Geography==
The underlying rock of the area was formed during the ] and ] periods. The brook and the tributaries leading to it run most of their course through Devonian Brownstones formation ] formed between 419.2 and 393.3 million years ago (mya). Closer to the Wye the brook goes through Devonian and Carboniferous Tintern sandstone formed between 372.2 and 346.7 mya.<ref name="BGS">{{cite web|url=https://geologyviewer.bgs.ac.uk/|title=Geology Viewer|website=British Geological Survey|access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> At the end of the valley, on the right looking downstream, are strata of mudstone and limestone from between 358.9 and 346.7 mya which overlie Tintern sandstone on the hills; this was used to feed historical limekilns after which Limekiln Wood and Brook are so named. The ''Anghidi Fawr'' (great Angidy) is joined by the ''Anghidi Fechan'' (little Angidy), ''Fedw'' Brook and other streams from the surrounding hills before joining the Wye. The valley is steep-sided and there are occasional flooding incidents; following a severe flood in 1993, an alleviation scheme where the Angidy passes under the A466 and joins the Wye was implemented, but it was not considered cost effective to act further up the Angiddy.<ref name=MCC>{{cite web|url=https://www.monmouthshire.gov.uk/app/uploads/2022/06/Tintern-S19-Report-March-2020.pdf|title=Flood and Water Management Act 2010, Section 19 Flood Investigation Report, Tintern, March 2020|website=Monmouthsire County Council|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> The remains of old quarries for sandstone exist along the valley amongst the woods. Much of the stone for the abbey came from the quarry in Barbadoes Wood at the valley end.<ref name="Antiquaries Journal">{{cite journal|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|title=The West Front of Tintern Abbey Church, Monmouthshire|year=2015|volume=95|last1=Morris|first1=Richard K.|last2=Coldstream|first2=Nicola|last3=Turner|first3=Rick|pages=119-150|doi=10.1017/S0003581515000153 }}</ref> The underlying rock of the area was formed during the ] and ] periods. The brook and the tributaries leading to it run most of their course through Devonian Brownstones formation ] formed between 419.2 and 393.3 million years ago (mya). Closer to the Wye the brook goes through Devonian and Carboniferous Tintern sandstone formed between 372.2 and 346.7 mya.<ref name="BGS">{{cite web|url=https://geologyviewer.bgs.ac.uk/|title=Geology Viewer|website=British Geological Survey|access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> At the end of the valley, on the right looking downstream, are strata of mudstone and limestone from between 358.9 and 346.7 mya which overlie Tintern sandstone on the hills; this was used to feed historical limekilns after which Limekiln Wood and Brook are so named. The ''Anghidi Fawr'' (great Angidy) is joined by the ''Anghidi Fechan'' (little Angidy), ''Fedw'' Brook and other streams from the surrounding hills before joining the Wye. The valley is steep-sided and there are occasional flooding incidents; following a severe flood in 1993, an alleviation scheme where the Angidy passes under the A466 and joins the Wye was implemented, but it was not considered cost effective to act further up the Angiddy.<ref name=MCC>{{cite web|url=https://www.monmouthshire.gov.uk/app/uploads/2022/06/Tintern-S19-Report-March-2020.pdf|title=Flood and Water Management Act 2010, Section 19 Flood Investigation Report, Tintern, March 2020|website=Monmouthsire County Council|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> The remains of old quarries for sandstone exist along the valley amongst the woods. Much of the stone for the abbey came from the quarry in Barbadoes Wood at the valley end.<ref name="Antiquaries Journal">{{cite journal|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|title=The West Front of Tintern Abbey Church, Monmouthshire|year=2015|volume=95|last1=Morris|first1=Richard K.|last2=Coldstream|first2=Nicola|last3=Turner|first3=Rick|pages=119–150|doi=10.1017/S0003581515000153 }}</ref>


==History== ==History==
The Angidy has long attracted human occupation. Lower Hale Wood on the north side of the valley contains three ] round barrows labelled A, B and C, of funerary and ritual significance, which now lie in dense managed woodland. Cairn A is a stone ring 26 metres across, cairn B is a stone mound 14 metres by 12 and cairn C is circular of 10 metres diameter. They are scheduled monuments.<ref name="Cadw Lower Hale">{{cite web|url=https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=&id=2415|title=Scheduled Monuments- Full Report|website=Cadw|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> An ] golden stater coin of Anterdig, King of the ], found in the area is another indicator of early occupation of the area.<ref name="GGAT Angidy">{{cite web| url=https://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/wye_valley/english/wyevalley_014.htm|title=Lower Wye Valley:014 Angidy Valley|website=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="GGAT Tintern Barbadoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/wye_valley/english/wyevalley_009.htm|title=Tintern Ancient Woodland and Barbadoes Hill|website=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> Land on both sides of the Wye around ] (Welsh: Abaty Tyndyrn) - founded in 1131 by ], earl of ] (Chepstow) - was given to Cistercian monks from the '']'', north of ]. Building of a simple abbey started five years later. The monks were known as successful farmers, in a system of granges, and they prospered. Weirs built along the Angidy are attributed to monks from the abbey to power two grain mills and a fulling mill; pools above the weirs were used as fish ponds.<ref name="GGAT Angidy"/> The rebuilt abbey (current remains) was completed in 1320, originally under the influence of ].<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Arthur|title=The Story of Monmouthshire, Volume One, from the earliest times to the Civil War|year=1979|page=90}}</ref> The Angidy has long attracted human occupation. Lower Hale Wood on the north side of the valley contains three ] round barrows labelled A, B and C, of funerary and ritual significance, which now lie in dense managed woodland. Cairn A is a stone ring 26 metres across, cairn B is a stone mound 14 metres by 12 and cairn C is circular of 10 metres diameter. They are scheduled monuments.<ref name="Cadw Lower Hale">{{cite web|url=https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=&id=2415|title=Scheduled Monuments- Full Report|website=Cadw|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> An ] golden stater coin of Anterdig, King of the ], found in the area is another indicator of early occupation of the area.<ref name="GGAT Angidy">{{cite web| url=https://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/wye_valley/english/wyevalley_014.htm|title=Lower Wye Valley:014 Angidy Valley|website=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="GGAT Tintern Barbadoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/wye_valley/english/wyevalley_009.htm|title=Tintern Ancient Woodland and Barbadoes Hill|website=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> Land on both sides of the Wye around ] (Welsh: Abaty Tyndyrn) - founded in 1131 by ], earl of ] (Chepstow) - was given to Cistercian monks from the '']'', north of ]. Building of a simple abbey started five years later. The monks were known as successful farmers, in a system of granges, and they prospered. Weirs built along the Angidy are attributed to monks from the abbey to power two grain mills and a fulling mill; pools above the weirs were used as fish ponds.<ref name="GGAT Angidy"/> The rebuilt abbey (current remains) was completed in 1320, originally under the influence of ].<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Arthur|title=The Story of Monmouthshire, Volume One, from the earliest times to the Civil War|year=1979|page=90}}</ref>


In the later 14th century the Abbey economy collapsed due to the ] and in the early 15th century it suffered attacks through ]. In 1536 the abbey, with its 13 remaining monks, surrendered, was dissolved and its lands granted to ].<ref name="Davies">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Geoffrey|title=Monmouthshire Villages|publisher=Sigma Press|location=Ammanford|pages=220-224|year=2015}}</ref><ref name="Anglotopia">{{cite web|url=https://anglotopia.net/british-history/know-ruin-brief-history-tintern-abbey-wales/|title=Know a Ruin: A Brief History of Tintern Abbey in Wales|website=Anglotopia|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kelly's">{{cite book|title=Kelly's Directory of Monmouthshire and South Wales|year=1920|pages=53,54|publisher=Kellys Directories Ltd.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/kellysdirectoryo141920lond/page/n73/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=tintern}}</ref> The buildings round the church were used for businesses or destroyed. As well as the abbey itself, local houses and businesses were constructed using sandstones of different colours from the quarries. In 2021, an arched, stone tunnel about 1.3 metres high inside, parallel to the Angidy and below the public footpath was discovered by electrical company workers. Its purpose remains unknown but ]'s initial estimation was that it dates from the 14th century, implying a connection with the abbey.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210902-the-mysterious-medieval-tunnel-found-by-accident|title=The mysterious medieval tunnel found by accident|website=BBC|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> In the later 14th century the Abbey economy collapsed due to the ] and in the early 15th century it suffered attacks through ]. In 1536 the abbey, with its 13 remaining monks, surrendered, was dissolved and its lands granted to ].<ref name="Davies">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Geoffrey|title=Monmouthshire Villages|publisher=Sigma Press|location=Ammanford|pages=220–224|year=2015}}</ref><ref name="Anglotopia">{{cite web|url=https://anglotopia.net/british-history/know-ruin-brief-history-tintern-abbey-wales/|title=Know a Ruin: A Brief History of Tintern Abbey in Wales|website=Anglotopia|date=9 May 2016 |access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kelly's">{{cite book|title=Kelly's Directory of Monmouthshire and South Wales|year=1920|pages=53,54|publisher=Kellys Directories Ltd.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/kellysdirectoryo141920lond/page/n73/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=tintern}}</ref> The buildings round the church were used for businesses or destroyed. As well as the abbey itself, local houses and businesses were constructed using sandstones of different colours from the quarries. In 2021, an arched, stone tunnel about 1.3 metres high inside, parallel to the Angidy and below the public footpath was discovered by electrical company workers. Its purpose remains unknown but ]'s initial estimation was that it dates from the 14th century, implying a connection with the abbey.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210902-the-mysterious-medieval-tunnel-found-by-accident|title=The mysterious medieval tunnel found by accident|website=BBC|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref>


In order to end reliance on imports of metal products in the ], a blast furnace was built between 1564 and 1566 in the valley using the expertise of the German ] and 20 of his compatriots.<ref name="Baldwin DNB">{{cite web|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-75999?rskey=l2JSVk&result=1|title=Schütz, Christopher|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Davies"/> The valley had water power, plenty of local wood for charcoal as fuel (i.e. with no impurities for ] production) and nearby iron ore. This was part of a monopoly, the ].<ref name="Donald">{{cite book|last=Donald|first=M.B.|title=Elizabethan Monopolies|publisher=Oliver and Boyd|location=Edinburgh and London|year=1961|pages=3,4|url=https://archive.org/details/elizabethanmonop0000mbdo/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref> Here, in 1568, he produced the first British brass - known as 'latten' - but difficulties with local raw materials meant brass-making did not go well and the production of iron wire from ingots made from osmond iron - also using German-developed practices - soon became most important. By the end of the 16th century, 600 workers were producing iron goods that were exported internationally. Despite the legal monopoly, the local wire industry continued to be affected somewhat by imported materials. Different forges, furnaces, mills and wireworks were developed along the Angidy down to the dock at the Wye. By the 19th century there were about 20 waterwheels.<ref name="Wye Valley AONB">{{cite web|url=https://www.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/1572_OLTW_Angidy_Leaflet_.pdf|title=The Angidy Trail|website=Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> In order to end reliance on imports of metal products in the ], a blast furnace was built between 1564 and 1566 in the valley using the expertise of the German ] and 20 of his compatriots.<ref name="Baldwin DNB">{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-75999|title=Schütz, Christopher|date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/75999 |access-date=4 December 2024 |last1=Baldwin |first1=R. C. D. }}</ref><ref name="Davies"/> The valley had water power, plenty of local wood for charcoal as fuel (i.e. with no impurities for ] production) and nearby iron ore. This was part of a monopoly, the ].<ref name="Donald">{{cite book|last=Donald|first=M.B.|title=Elizabethan Monopolies|publisher=Oliver and Boyd|location=Edinburgh and London|year=1961|pages=3,4|url=https://archive.org/details/elizabethanmonop0000mbdo/page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref> Here, in 1568, he produced the first British brass - known as 'latten' - but difficulties with local raw materials meant brass-making did not go well and the production of iron wire from ingots made from osmond iron - also using German-developed practices - soon became most important. By the end of the 16th century, 600 workers were producing iron goods that were exported internationally. Despite the legal monopoly, the local wire industry continued to be affected somewhat by imported materials. Different forges, furnaces, mills and wireworks were developed along the Angidy down to the dock at the Wye. By the 19th century there were about 20 waterwheels.<ref name="Wye Valley AONB">{{cite web|url=https://www.wyevalleyaonb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/1572_OLTW_Angidy_Leaflet_.pdf|title=The Angidy Trail|website=Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>


Mills changed use over they years e.g. Abbey Mill for corn, then iron, back to corn then as a saw mill for stone and wood.<ref name="Davies"/> The noise and spectacle attracted tourists, brought up river from Chepstow and from the 19th century by road and later by railway; amongst these were painters and poets such as ] and ] respectively. Iron ore from the ] and ] was brought upstream. Charcoal was made locally and also brought in by horse. Some workers lived amongst the ruins of the abbey. The graves of workers are around the derelict St. Mary's Church on the hillside. Water-power was gradually superseded by steam-powered production elsewhere in the 19th century. In 1878, works were leased to make tin plate. In 1879, the ] - also Henry Somerset, like his ancestor - granted a 40-year lease to manufacturers of charcoal and various types of wire, nails and other ferrous products,<ref name="Telegram">{{cite news|work=South Wales Daily Telegram|title=Re-opening of the first wire works started in England. Another sign of the revival of trade.|page=3|date=29 August 1879}}</ref> but between 1895 and 1901 industrial activity ceased for what had been the leading wire-making centre of Great Britain from the mid 16th to late 19th century. Mills changed use over they years e.g. Abbey Mill for corn, then iron, back to corn then as a saw mill for stone and wood.<ref name="Davies"/> The noise and spectacle attracted tourists, brought up river from Chepstow and from the 19th century by road and later by railway; amongst these were painters and poets such as ] and ] respectively. Iron ore from the ] and ] was brought upstream. Charcoal was made locally and also brought in by horse. Some workers lived amongst the ruins of the abbey. The graves of workers are around the derelict St. Mary's Church on the hillside. Water-power was gradually superseded by steam-powered production elsewhere in the 19th century. In 1878, works were leased to make tin plate. In 1879, the ] - also Henry Somerset, like his ancestor - granted a 40-year lease to manufacturers of charcoal and various types of wire, nails and other ferrous products,<ref name="Telegram">{{cite news|work=South Wales Daily Telegram|title=Re-opening of the first wire works started in England. Another sign of the revival of trade.|page=3|date=29 August 1879}}</ref> but between 1895 and 1901 industrial activity ceased for what had been the leading wire-making centre of Great Britain from the mid 16th to late 19th century.
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==Natural history== ==Natural history==
Despite the iron industry, the valley continued to be regarded as being of great beauty.<ref name="Telegram"/> Today, brown trout and invertebrates continue to thrive in the Angidy. It is known for ]s, ]s, and more common water birds such as mute swans, geese and herons.<ref name="Woodlald Wild Flowers">{{cite web| url=https://woodlandwildflowers.com/2019/02/28/barbadoes-wood/|title=Barbadoes Wood|website=Woodland Wild Flowers|access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> ]s nest in the banks in summer. Bluebells, sorrel and wild garlic grow along the banks and in the woods.<ref name="Birds">{{cite web|url=https://www.wyevalley-nl.org.uk/exploring-wye-valley-aonb/wildlife/river-wildlife/birds/|title=Riverside birds|website=Wye Valley National Landscape|access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> Despite the iron industry, the valley continued to be regarded as being of great beauty.<ref name="Telegram"/> Today, brown trout and invertebrates continue to thrive in the Angidy. It is known for ]s, ]s, and more common water birds such as mute swans, geese and herons.<ref name="Woodlald Wild Flowers">{{cite web| url=https://woodlandwildflowers.com/2019/02/28/barbadoes-wood/|title=Barbadoes Wood|website=Woodland Wild Flowers|date=28 February 2019 |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref> ]s nest in the banks in summer. Bluebells, sorrel and wild garlic grow along the banks and in the woods.<ref name="Birds">{{cite web|url=https://www.wyevalley-nl.org.uk/exploring-wye-valley-aonb/wildlife/river-wildlife/birds/|title=Riverside birds|website=Wye Valley National Landscape|access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>


The ''afal Anghidi'' (Angidy apple) is listed as a Welsh heritage apple, originally from a tree in the garden of The Globe pub in the valley, the site of which is now used for housing. Considered as a multi-use apple, the fruit was used to make cider for local workers.<ref name="Pomiferous">{{cite web|url=https://pomiferous.com/applebyname/afal-anghidi-id-8910|title=Afal Anghidi|website=Pomiferous|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Wye Valley AONB"/> The ''afal Anghidi'' (Angidy apple) is listed as a Welsh heritage apple, originally from a tree in the garden of The Globe pub in the valley, the site of which is now used for housing. Considered as a multi-use apple, the fruit was used to make cider for local workers.<ref name="Pomiferous">{{cite web|url=https://pomiferous.com/applebyname/afal-anghidi-id-8910|title=Afal Anghidi|website=Pomiferous|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Wye Valley AONB"/>


==Modern usage== ==Modern usage==
The farming industry remains in the surrounding fields; there is local dairy ice cream and cheese production.<ref name="Food Innovation Wales">{{cite web|url=https://foodinnovation.wales/directory-entry/brookes-wye-valley-dairy-co/|title=Brooke’s Wye Valley Dairy Co.|website=Food Innovation Wales|access-date=5 December 2024</ref> A trout fishery has continued to use the old weirs created in the river to fill three fishing ponds for hundreds of years to date, containing wild and stocked fish.<ref name="National Archives">{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C817215|title=Trout fishing: Angidy Brook and Ponds|website=National Archives|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Wye Explorer">{{cite web|url=https://www.wyeexplorer.co.uk/river-angidy-diary|title=River Angidy Diary|website=Wye Explorer|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> Tourism continues to be a source of income with the remains of abbey on the other side of the Wye and different holiday experiences. The various former sites of the brass- and iron-making industries that are scheduled monuments are features of the Angidy Trail, an 8-kilometre (5-mile) circular walking route, included in the Wye Valley National Landscape provision, a designated ].<ref name="Wye Valley AONB"/><ref name="SW Argus">{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/19524537.go-walk-angidy-trail-monmouthshire/|title=Let's go for a walk: The Angidy Trail, Monmouthshire|website=South Wales Argus|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> The farming industry remains in the surrounding fields; there is local dairy ice cream and cheese production.<ref name="Food Innovation Wales">{{cite web|url=https://foodinnovation.wales/directory-entry/brookes-wye-valley-dairy-co/|title=Brooke’s Wye Valley Dairy Co.|website=Food Innovation Wales|access-date=5 December 2024</ref> A trout fishery has continued to use the old weirs created in the river to fill three fishing ponds for hundreds of years to date, containing wild and stocked fish.<ref name="National Archives">{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C817215|title=Trout fishing: Angidy Brook and Ponds|website=National Archives|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Wye Explorer">{{cite web|url=https://www.wyeexplorer.co.uk/river-angidy-diary|title=River Angidy Diary|website=Wye Explorer|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref> Tourism continues to be a source of income with the remains of abbey on the other side of the Wye and different holiday experiences. The various former sites of the brass- and iron-making industries that are scheduled monuments are features of the Angidy Trail, an 8-kilometre (5-mile) circular walking route, included in the Wye Valley National Landscape provision, a designated ].<ref name="Wye Valley AONB"/><ref name="SW Argus">{{cite web|url=https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/19524537.go-walk-angidy-trail-monmouthshire/|title=Let's go for a walk: The Angidy Trail, Monmouthshire|website=South Wales Argus|date=22 August 2021 |access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>


{{Portal bar|Wales|History|Geography}} {{Portal bar|Wales|History|Geography}}

Revision as of 16:18, 10 December 2024

River in Monmouthshire, Wales

Human settlement in Wales
Angidy
One of the pond areas along the Angidy River.
Angidy is located in MonmouthshireAngidyAngidyLocation within Monmouthshire
Community
Principal area
Preserved county
CountryWales
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townCHEPSTOW
Postcode districtNP16
Dialling code01291
PoliceGwent
FireSouth Wales
AmbulanceWelsh
UK Parliament
Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
List of places
UK
Wales
Monmouthshire
51°41′56″N 2°42′03″W / 51.6990°N 2.7008°W / 51.6990; -2.7008

The Angidy River or Angidy Brook (also Angiddy) (Welsh: Afon Anghidi) is a tributary of the River Wye (Welsh: Afon Gwy) in Monmouthshire, Wales (Welsh: Sir Fynwy,Cymru). It is the location of the first-ever blast furnace and brass production in Great Britain and notable developments in the iron industry, especially wire-making, which made it the largest industrial enterprise in Wales and a tourist venue. It is now better known for its natural beauty and fishing.

Remains of the old blast furnace.
Part of the old ironworks site.
Dam and retaining wall for old wireworks.
Looking up the Angidy valley from the A466. The Royal George hotel (1598) is at the left before the large white building, Crown Lodge (1800), both scheduled monuments.
St. Mary's Church, resting place of many ironworkers.
Anghidi Fawr coming northwards to Pontysaison near the road by Fedw Wood.
Grey wagtail on telephone line by the old blast furnace.
Bank of wild garlic by the Angidy near Fedw Wood.
Bluebells by the Anghidi Fawr near Fedw Wood.
Wild garlic by the brook near Fedw Wood.

Geography

The underlying rock of the area was formed during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The brook and the tributaries leading to it run most of their course through Devonian Brownstones formation sandstone formed between 419.2 and 393.3 million years ago (mya). Closer to the Wye the brook goes through Devonian and Carboniferous Tintern sandstone formed between 372.2 and 346.7 mya. At the end of the valley, on the right looking downstream, are strata of mudstone and limestone from between 358.9 and 346.7 mya which overlie Tintern sandstone on the hills; this was used to feed historical limekilns after which Limekiln Wood and Brook are so named. The Anghidi Fawr (great Angidy) is joined by the Anghidi Fechan (little Angidy), Fedw Brook and other streams from the surrounding hills before joining the Wye. The valley is steep-sided and there are occasional flooding incidents; following a severe flood in 1993, an alleviation scheme where the Angidy passes under the A466 and joins the Wye was implemented, but it was not considered cost effective to act further up the Angiddy. The remains of old quarries for sandstone exist along the valley amongst the woods. Much of the stone for the abbey came from the quarry in Barbadoes Wood at the valley end.

History

The Angidy has long attracted human occupation. Lower Hale Wood on the north side of the valley contains three Bronze Age round barrows labelled A, B and C, of funerary and ritual significance, which now lie in dense managed woodland. Cairn A is a stone ring 26 metres across, cairn B is a stone mound 14 metres by 12 and cairn C is circular of 10 metres diameter. They are scheduled monuments. An Iron Age golden stater coin of Anterdig, King of the Dobunni, found in the area is another indicator of early occupation of the area. Land on both sides of the Wye around Tintern Abbey (Welsh: Abaty Tyndyrn) - founded in 1131 by Richard de Clare, earl of Striguil (Chepstow) - was given to Cistercian monks from the Abbaye Notre Dame de l'Aumône, north of Blois. Building of a simple abbey started five years later. The monks were known as successful farmers, in a system of granges, and they prospered. Weirs built along the Angidy are attributed to monks from the abbey to power two grain mills and a fulling mill; pools above the weirs were used as fish ponds. The rebuilt abbey (current remains) was completed in 1320, originally under the influence of Roger Bigod.

In the later 14th century the Abbey economy collapsed due to the Black Death and in the early 15th century it suffered attacks through Owain Glyndŵr. In 1536 the abbey, with its 13 remaining monks, surrendered, was dissolved and its lands granted to Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester. The buildings round the church were used for businesses or destroyed. As well as the abbey itself, local houses and businesses were constructed using sandstones of different colours from the quarries. In 2021, an arched, stone tunnel about 1.3 metres high inside, parallel to the Angidy and below the public footpath was discovered by electrical company workers. Its purpose remains unknown but Cadw's initial estimation was that it dates from the 14th century, implying a connection with the abbey.

In order to end reliance on imports of metal products in the Elizabethan era, a blast furnace was built between 1564 and 1566 in the valley using the expertise of the German Christopher Schutz and 20 of his compatriots. The valley had water power, plenty of local wood for charcoal as fuel (i.e. with no impurities for osmond iron production) and nearby iron ore. This was part of a monopoly, the Company of Mineral and Battery Works. Here, in 1568, he produced the first British brass - known as 'latten' - but difficulties with local raw materials meant brass-making did not go well and the production of iron wire from ingots made from osmond iron - also using German-developed practices - soon became most important. By the end of the 16th century, 600 workers were producing iron goods that were exported internationally. Despite the legal monopoly, the local wire industry continued to be affected somewhat by imported materials. Different forges, furnaces, mills and wireworks were developed along the Angidy down to the dock at the Wye. By the 19th century there were about 20 waterwheels.

Mills changed use over they years e.g. Abbey Mill for corn, then iron, back to corn then as a saw mill for stone and wood. The noise and spectacle attracted tourists, brought up river from Chepstow and from the 19th century by road and later by railway; amongst these were painters and poets such as William Turner and William Wordsworth respectively. Iron ore from the Forest of Dean and Lancashire was brought upstream. Charcoal was made locally and also brought in by horse. Some workers lived amongst the ruins of the abbey. The graves of workers are around the derelict St. Mary's Church on the hillside. Water-power was gradually superseded by steam-powered production elsewhere in the 19th century. In 1878, works were leased to make tin plate. In 1879, the Duke of Beaufort - also Henry Somerset, like his ancestor - granted a 40-year lease to manufacturers of charcoal and various types of wire, nails and other ferrous products, but between 1895 and 1901 industrial activity ceased for what had been the leading wire-making centre of Great Britain from the mid 16th to late 19th century.

Scheduled monuments

  • Three round barrows in Lower Hale Wood, Bronze Age.
  • The Bay, 17th century cottage (location:51.69851, -2.68274).
  • Lower or Abbey Works: remains of iron forge. Site of first British wire production, and later tin plate production in 1880s. (location:51.69949,-2.70484).
  • Dam and retaining wall for pond for wireworks/tinplate works, mid 19th century (location:51.697451, -2.6876565).
  • Royal George Hotel, 1598 (location:51.698050, -2.6820370).
  • Crown Lodge, c.1800 (location:51.697731, -2.6827702).
  • Old Tramway Bridge, 1872-5 (location:51.699313, -2.6814628).
  • Furnace dam, c.18th century (location:51.698740, -2.7022757).
  • Furnace Cottages, c.18th century (location:51.698748, -2.7055459).
  • Old Furnace Blast Furnace, 1664 (location:51.699263, -2.7050474).
  • Beaufort Pond Dam, from c. 16th century (location:51.700547, -2.7113474).
  • Tintern Upper Wireworks (New Tongs Mill) leat, c.1800 (location:51.699750, -2.7122175).

Natural history

Despite the iron industry, the valley continued to be regarded as being of great beauty. Today, brown trout and invertebrates continue to thrive in the Angidy. It is known for kingfishers, dippers, and more common water birds such as mute swans, geese and herons. Sand martins nest in the banks in summer. Bluebells, sorrel and wild garlic grow along the banks and in the woods.

The afal Anghidi (Angidy apple) is listed as a Welsh heritage apple, originally from a tree in the garden of The Globe pub in the valley, the site of which is now used for housing. Considered as a multi-use apple, the fruit was used to make cider for local workers.

Modern usage

The farming industry remains in the surrounding fields; there is local dairy ice cream and cheese production. A trout fishery has continued to use the old weirs created in the river to fill three fishing ponds for hundreds of years to date, containing wild and stocked fish. Tourism continues to be a source of income with the remains of abbey on the other side of the Wye and different holiday experiences. The various former sites of the brass- and iron-making industries that are scheduled monuments are features of the Angidy Trail, an 8-kilometre (5-mile) circular walking route, included in the Wye Valley National Landscape provision, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Portals:

References

  1. "Geology Viewer". British Geological Survey. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  2. "Flood and Water Management Act 2010, Section 19 Flood Investigation Report, Tintern, March 2020" (PDF). Monmouthsire County Council. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  3. Morris, Richard K.; Coldstream, Nicola; Turner, Rick (2015). "The West Front of Tintern Abbey Church, Monmouthshire". The Antiquaries Journal. 95: 119–150. doi:10.1017/S0003581515000153.
  4. "Scheduled Monuments- Full Report". Cadw. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  5. ^ "Lower Wye Valley:014 Angidy Valley". Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  6. "Tintern Ancient Woodland and Barbadoes Hill". Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  7. Clark, Arthur (1979). The Story of Monmouthshire, Volume One, from the earliest times to the Civil War. p. 90.
  8. ^ Davies, Geoffrey (2015). Monmouthshire Villages. Ammanford: Sigma Press. pp. 220–224.
  9. "Know a Ruin: A Brief History of Tintern Abbey in Wales". Anglotopia. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  10. Kelly's Directory of Monmouthshire and South Wales. London: Kellys Directories Ltd. 1920. pp. 53, 54.
  11. "The mysterious medieval tunnel found by accident". BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  12. Baldwin, R. C. D. (2004). "Schütz, Christopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/75999. Retrieved 4 December 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  13. Donald, M.B. (1961). Elizabethan Monopolies. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 3, 4.
  14. ^ "The Angidy Trail" (PDF). Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  15. ^ "Re-opening of the first wire works started in England. Another sign of the revival of trade". South Wales Daily Telegram. 29 August 1879. p. 3.
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  26. "Full report for listed buildings". Cadw. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  27. "Full report for listed buildings". Cadw. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  28. "Barbadoes Wood". Woodland Wild Flowers. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  29. "Riverside birds". Wye Valley National Landscape. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  30. "Afal Anghidi". Pomiferous. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
  31. {{cite web|url=https://foodinnovation.wales/directory-entry/brookes-wye-valley-dairy-co/%7Ctitle=Brooke’s Wye Valley Dairy Co.|website=Food Innovation Wales|access-date=5 December 2024
  32. "Trout fishing: Angidy Brook and Ponds". National Archives. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  33. "River Angidy Diary". Wye Explorer. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  34. "Let's go for a walk: The Angidy Trail, Monmouthshire". South Wales Argus. 22 August 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
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