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'''Melungeon Jews''' are a small group of ] descendants of historically ] who have ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mystery of the Melungeons – A.D. Miller |url=https://admillerbooks.com/down-in-the-valley-up-on-the-ridge-the-mystery-of-the-melungeons/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=admillerbooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Down in the valley, up on the ridge |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2016/08/27/down-in-the-valley-up-on-the-ridge |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naziri |first=Micah Ben David |title=The Blogs: Indigenous Judean Roots: Smashing Antisemitic “Settler-Colonialist” Narratives |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/indigenous-judean-roots-smashing-antisemitic-settler-colonialist-narratives/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=blogs.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Melungeon Jews''' are a small group of ] descendants of historically ] who have ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mystery of the Melungeons – A.D. Miller |url=https://admillerbooks.com/down-in-the-valley-up-on-the-ridge-the-mystery-of-the-melungeons/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=admillerbooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Down in the valley, up on the ridge |url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2016/08/27/down-in-the-valley-up-on-the-ridge |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naziri |first=Micah Ben David |title=The Blogs: Indigenous Judean Roots: Smashing Antisemitic “Settler-Colonialist” Narratives |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/indigenous-judean-roots-smashing-antisemitic-settler-colonialist-narratives/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=blogs.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


Descendants believe that their ancestors were ] who remained isolated in the ], primarily ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-01 |title=Melungeons: Are You Part of “The Lost Tribe Of Appalachia”? |url=https://familytreemagazine.com/us/the-mystery-of-the-melungeons/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Family Tree Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=J. A. |date=2009-12-08 |title=Part IX Sephardic Jews and the LDS Connection: The Great Melungeon Migration |url=https://www.millennialstar.org/part-ix-sephardic-jews-and-the-lds-connection-the-great-melungeon-migration/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Millennial Star |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yates |first=Donald N. |last2=Hirschman |first2=Elizabeth C. |date=2010 |title=Toward a Genetic Profile of Melungeons in Southern Appalachia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41320252 |journal=Appalachian Journal |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=92–111 |issn=0090-3779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-19 |title=The Jews of Appalachia {{!}} Yo, Yenta! |url=http://www.yoyenta.com/the-jews-of-appalachia/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Descendants believe that their ancestors were ] who remained isolated in the ], primarily ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-01 |title=Melungeons: Are You Part of “The Lost Tribe Of Appalachia”? |url=https://familytreemagazine.com/us/the-mystery-of-the-melungeons/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Family Tree Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=J. A. |date=2009-12-08 |title=Part IX Sephardic Jews and the LDS Connection: The Great Melungeon Migration |url=https://www.millennialstar.org/part-ix-sephardic-jews-and-the-lds-connection-the-great-melungeon-migration/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Millennial Star |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yates |first=Donald N. |last2=Hirschman |first2=Elizabeth C. |date=2010 |title=Toward a Genetic Profile of Melungeons in Southern Appalachia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41320252 |journal=Appalachian Journal |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=92–111 |issn=0090-3779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-09-19 |title=The Jews of Appalachia {{!}} Yo, Yenta! |url=http://www.yoyenta.com/the-jews-of-appalachia/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
⚫ == Origin ==
⚫ Some modern researchers believe that early ] slaves, descended from or acculturated by Iberian ]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foner |first1=Eric |date=8 June 2018 |title=Ira Berlin, 1941–2018 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ira-berlin-1941-2018/ |work=The Nation}}</ref> and ] fleeing the ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Brian Juan |date=2017 |title=Review of Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Havik, Philip J., and Malyn Newitt, eds |journal=Africa Today |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=84–90 |doi=10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05 |jstor=10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10071/14918}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African blacks and Mulattos in the 17th-Century Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish community |url=https://www.asser.nl/global-city/news-and-events/african-blacks-and-mulattos-in-the-17th-century-amsterdam-portuguese-jewish-community/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.asser.nl |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mark |first1=Peter |title=The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World |last2=Horta |first2=José da Silva |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-66746-4}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schorsch |first1=Jonathan |title=A Letter's Importance: The Spelling of Daka(h) (Deut. 23:2) and the Broadening of Western Sephardic Rabbinic Culture |date=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-39248-9 |chapter=Revisiting Blackness, Slavery, and Jewishness in the Early Modern Sephardic Atlantic |doi=10.1163/9789004392489_022}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Mariana Pequena, a black Angolan jew in early eighteenth-century Rio de Janeiro |last1=Kananoja |first1=Kalle |date=2013 |hdl=1814/27607}}</ref> were one of the pre-cursor populations to modern American tri-racial isolate groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mozingo |first1=Joe |title=The Fiddler on Pantico Run: An African Warrior, His White Descendants, A Search for Family |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-2761-9}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berlin |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Berlin |date=1996 |title=From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=251–288 |doi=10.2307/2947401 |jstor=2947401}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Bartl |first1=Renate |title=American tri-racials: African-Native contact, multi-ethnic Native American Nations, and the ethnogenesis of tri-racial groups in North America |date=2018 |publisher=] |doi=10.5282/edoc.26874}}</ref> Many creoles, once in ], were able to obtain their freedom and many ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Berlin |title=Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.) |date=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-34661-1 |pages=1216–1262 |chapter=From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America |doi=10.1163/9789004346611_039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anti-Amalgamation Law is Passed |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/anti-amalgamation-law-passed/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Brendan |title=Free Blacks in Colonial Virginia |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/free-blacks-in-colonial-virginia/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Encyclopedia Virginia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina |url=https://freeafricanamericans.com/introduction.htm |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=freeafricanamericans.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dodge |first1=David |date=January 1886 |title=The Free Negroes of North Carolina |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1886/01/the-free-negroes-of-north-carolina/522594/ |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>


== Name origin ==
Report of Indians Taxed and not Taxed within the "Tennessee" report, "The civilized (self-supporting) Indians of Tennessee, counted in the general census numbered 146 (71 males and 75 females) and are distributed as follows: ], 31; ], 12; ], 10; other counties (8 or less in each), 93. Quoting from the report:<blockquote>The Melungeans or Malungeans, in Hawkins county, claim to be ] of mixed blood (white, Indian, and negro), their white blood being derived, as they assert, from ] and ] stock. They trace their descent primarily to 2 Indians (Cherokees) known, one of them as Collins, the other as Gibson, who settled in the mountains of ], where their descendants are now to be found, about the time of the admission of that state into the ] (1796).</blockquote> Report of Indians Taxed and not Taxed within the "Tennessee" report, "The civilized (self-supporting) Indians of Tennessee, counted in the general census numbered 146 (71 males and 75 females) and are distributed as follows: ], 31; ], 12; ], 10; other counties (8 or less in each), 93. Quoting from the report:<blockquote>The Melungeans or Malungeans, in Hawkins county, claim to be ] of mixed blood (white, Indian, and negro), their white blood being derived, as they assert, from ] and ] stock. They trace their descent primarily to 2 Indians (Cherokees) known, one of them as Collins, the other as Gibson, who settled in the mountains of ], where their descendants are now to be found, about the time of the admission of that state into the ] (1796).</blockquote>

⚫ == Origin ==
⚫ Some modern researchers believe that early ] slaves, descended from or acculturated by Iberian ]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foner |first1=Eric |date=8 June 2018 |title=Ira Berlin, 1941–2018 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ira-berlin-1941-2018/ |work=The Nation}}</ref> and ] fleeing the ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=Brian Juan |date=2017 |title=Review of Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Havik, Philip J., and Malyn Newitt, eds |journal=Africa Today |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=84–90 |doi=10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05 |jstor=10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10071/14918}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African blacks and Mulattos in the 17th-Century Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish community |url=https://www.asser.nl/global-city/news-and-events/african-blacks-and-mulattos-in-the-17th-century-amsterdam-portuguese-jewish-community/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.asser.nl |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mark |first1=Peter |title=The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World |last2=Horta |first2=José da Silva |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-66746-4}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schorsch |first1=Jonathan |title=A Letter's Importance: The Spelling of Daka(h) (Deut. 23:2) and the Broadening of Western Sephardic Rabbinic Culture |date=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-39248-9 |chapter=Revisiting Blackness, Slavery, and Jewishness in the Early Modern Sephardic Atlantic |doi=10.1163/9789004392489_022}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Mariana Pequena, a black Angolan jew in early eighteenth-century Rio de Janeiro |last1=Kananoja |first1=Kalle |date=2013 |hdl=1814/27607}}</ref> were one of the pre-cursor populations to modern American tri-racial isolate groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mozingo |first1=Joe |title=The Fiddler on Pantico Run: An African Warrior, His White Descendants, A Search for Family |date=2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-2761-9}}{{page needed|date=May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berlin |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Berlin |date=1996 |title=From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=251–288 |doi=10.2307/2947401 |jstor=2947401}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Bartl |first1=Renate |title=American tri-racials: African-Native contact, multi-ethnic Native American Nations, and the ethnogenesis of tri-racial groups in North America |date=2018 |publisher=] |doi=10.5282/edoc.26874}}</ref> Many creoles, once in ], were able to obtain their freedom and many ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Berlin |title=Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.) |date=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-34661-1 |pages=1216–1262 |chapter=From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America |doi=10.1163/9789004346611_039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anti-Amalgamation Law is Passed |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/anti-amalgamation-law-passed/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Brendan |title=Free Blacks in Colonial Virginia |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/free-blacks-in-colonial-virginia/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Encyclopedia Virginia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina |url=https://freeafricanamericans.com/introduction.htm |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=freeafricanamericans.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dodge |first1=David |date=January 1886 |title=The Free Negroes of North Carolina |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1886/01/the-free-negroes-of-north-carolina/522594/ |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>


== Sources == == Sources ==

Revision as of 22:35, 11 December 2024

Melungeon Jews are a small group of American descendants of historically tri-racial isolate groups who have converted to Judaism.

Descendants believe that their ancestors were Sephardi crypto-Jews who remained isolated in the Southern United States, primarily Appalachia.

Origin

Some modern researchers believe that early Atlantic Creole slaves, descended from or acculturated by Iberian lançados and Sephardi Jews fleeing the Inquisition, were one of the pre-cursor populations to modern American tri-racial isolate groups. Many creoles, once in British America, were able to obtain their freedom and many married into local white families.

Report of Indians Taxed and not Taxed within the "Tennessee" report, "The civilized (self-supporting) Indians of Tennessee, counted in the general census numbered 146 (71 males and 75 females) and are distributed as follows: Hawkins county, 31; Monroe county, 12; Polk county, 10; other counties (8 or less in each), 93. Quoting from the report:

The Melungeans or Malungeans, in Hawkins county, claim to be Cherokees of mixed blood (white, Indian, and negro), their white blood being derived, as they assert, from English and Portuguese stock. They trace their descent primarily to 2 Indians (Cherokees) known, one of them as Collins, the other as Gibson, who settled in the mountains of Tennessee, where their descendants are now to be found, about the time of the admission of that state into the Union (1796).

Sources

  1. "The mystery of the Melungeons – A.D. Miller". admillerbooks.com. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  2. "Down in the valley, up on the ridge". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  3. Naziri, Micah Ben David. "The Blogs: Indigenous Judean Roots: Smashing Antisemitic "Settler-Colonialist" Narratives". blogs.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  4. "Melungeons: Are You Part of "The Lost Tribe Of Appalachia"?". Family Tree Magazine. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  5. Benson, J. A. (2009-12-08). "Part IX Sephardic Jews and the LDS Connection: The Great Melungeon Migration". The Millennial Star. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  6. Yates, Donald N.; Hirschman, Elizabeth C. (2010). "Toward a Genetic Profile of Melungeons in Southern Appalachia". Appalachian Journal. 38 (1): 92–111. ISSN 0090-3779.
  7. "The Jews of Appalachia | Yo, Yenta!". 2005-09-19. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  8. Foner, Eric (8 June 2018). "Ira Berlin, 1941–2018". The Nation.
  9. O'Neill, Brian Juan (2017). "Review of Creole Societies in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, Havik, Philip J., and Malyn Newitt, eds". Africa Today. 63 (4): 84–90. doi:10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05. hdl:10071/14918. JSTOR 10.2979/africatoday.63.4.05.
  10. "African blacks and Mulattos in the 17th-Century Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish community". www.asser.nl. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  11. Mark, Peter; Horta, José da Silva (2013). The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66746-4.
  12. Schorsch, Jonathan (2019). "Revisiting Blackness, Slavery, and Jewishness in the Early Modern Sephardic Atlantic". A Letter's Importance: The Spelling of Daka(h) (Deut. 23:2) and the Broadening of Western Sephardic Rabbinic Culture. doi:10.1163/9789004392489_022. ISBN 978-90-04-39248-9.
  13. Kananoja, Kalle (2013). Mariana Pequena, a black Angolan jew in early eighteenth-century Rio de Janeiro (Report). hdl:1814/27607.
  14. Mozingo, Joe (2012). The Fiddler on Pantico Run: An African Warrior, His White Descendants, A Search for Family. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-2761-9.
  15. Berlin, Ira (1996). "From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 251–288. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401.
  16. Bartl, Renate (2018). American tri-racials: African-Native contact, multi-ethnic Native American Nations, and the ethnogenesis of tri-racial groups in North America (Thesis). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. doi:10.5282/edoc.26874.
  17. Berlin, Ira (2017). "From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America". Critical Readings on Global Slavery (4 vols.). pp. 1216–1262. doi:10.1163/9789004346611_039. ISBN 978-90-04-34661-1.
  18. "The Anti-Amalgamation Law is Passed". African American Registry. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  19. Wolfe, Brendan. "Free Blacks in Colonial Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  20. "Introduction to Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina". freeafricanamericans.com. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
  21. Dodge, David (January 1886). "The Free Negroes of North Carolina". The Atlantic.