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Unsafe conclusion in Motion and location

Under the subtitle "Motion in the Solar System"

There is an unsupported conclusion with an orphan reference. To wit: " The orbits of the inner planets, including of the Earth, are similarly displaced by the same gravitational forces, so the movement of the Sun has little effect on the relative positions of the Earth and the Sun or on solar irradiance on the Earth as a function of time. "

Checking footnote 140 reveals:

Retraction of: Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-45584-3, published online 24 June 2019 The Editors have retracted this Article. After publication, concerns were raised regarding the interpretation of how the Earth-Sun distance changes over time and that some of the assumptions on which analyses presented in the Article are based are incorrect.The analyses presented in the section entitled “Effects of SIM on a temperature in the terrestrial hemispheres” are based on the assumption that the orbits of the Earth and the Sun about the Solar System barycenter are uncorrelated, so that the Earth-Sun distance changes by an amount comparable to the Sun-barycenter distance. Post-publication peer review has shown that this assumption is inaccurate because the motions of the Earth and the Sun are primarily due to Jupiter and the other giant planets, which accelerate the Earth and the Sun in nearly the same direction, and thereby generate highly-correlated motions in the Earth and Sun. Current ephemeris calculations show that the Earth-Sun distance varies over a timescale of a few centuries by substantially less than the amount reported in this article. As a result the Editors no longer have confidence in the conclusions presented. S. I. Zharkov agrees with the retraction. V. V. Zharkova, E. Popova, and S. J. Shepherd disagree with the retraction.

Folkner, W. M., Williams, J. G., Boggs, D. H., Park, R.S. & Kuchynka, P. The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE430 and DE431. "The Interplanetary Network Progress Report", Volume 42–196, February 15, 2014.

JPL Horizons on-line solar system data. Horizons System

Reference: Retraction Note: Oscillations of the baseline of solar magnetic field and solar irradiance on a millennial timescale

faint young Sun paradox

@Praemonitus removed the summary of Faint young Sun paradox, but in my opinion this topic is a great application of our understand (or lack) of the Sun's life history and should be included in this article. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:52, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

I do see the point that it is related to the Sun's life history. OTOH, the predominant theory according to Faint young Sun paradox has a lot more to do with the Earth (greenhouse effect) than it does with the Sun, so maybe it's not actually that revealing a data point regarding the Sun's evolution. Double sharp (talk) 16:30, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

Ok thanks, I think that is what Praemonitus was getting at. Johnjbarton (talk) 16:40, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

Yes, the point about the increases to the Sun's luminosity and radius are already covered in the "Main sequence" section, so I didn't see a need to repeat that. There is a chart on the Solar luminosity article that provides useful information on the topic. Praemonitus (talk) 19:10, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

Question about the chemical abundances of the Sun

The Composition section says the following:

I'm puzzled about why the Sun would lose helium mass at the photosphere. Was it a diffusion process? (Cf. chemically peculiar star.) The article needs to explain it. Praemonitus (talk) 15:08, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

Not a loss of helium but a gain of heavier elements. See Introduction:

• Lodders, K. (2021). Relative atomic solar system abundances, mass fractions, and atomic masses of the elements and their isotopes, composition of the solar photosphere, and compositions of the major chondritic meteorite groups. Space Science Reviews, 217(3), 44.

Johnjbarton (talk) 16:36, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

The H + He account for 98.5% at the start and 98.7% at present. Hence, the heavier elements have decreased in mass. Hmm. Praemonitus (talk) 18:17, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

Okay, it's covered by the next paragraph: heavy element settling from the photosphere. Praemonitus (talk) 20:33, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

Norman or Joseph?

The article refers to "Norman" Lockyer and later to "Joseph" Lockyer even though the same person is indicated.

Some consistent name should be chosen and used consistently. 71.128.242.202 (talk) 19:37, 25 October 2024 (UTC)

I did not find any mention of "Joseph Lockyer". The person named "Joseph Norman Lockyer" went exclusively by "Norman Lockyer". See Talk:Norman Lockyer. Johnjbarton (talk) 00:18, 26 October 2024 (UTC)

I simplified the mention of 'Joseph Lockyer' earlier to just 'Lockyer' since Norman Lockyer was mentioned just a couple sentences above. Sgubaldo (talk) 00:21, 26 October 2024 (UTC)

Ok great, I saw that. So fixed!  Done Johnjbarton (talk) 00:25, 26 October 2024 (UTC)

Nearly perfect sphere?

Is a tennis ball "a near perfect sphere"? A Class A ball bearing has an oblateness of under 3 ppm. The Sun's oblateness is nearly 3 times worse than that. And that's assuming the only thing we're concerned about is its GROSS physical dimensions (i.e. the major and minor axes). This is real life, not a 3D geometry exercise. Characterizing is as "near perfect" is totally vacuous. It serves no purpose and is wrong by many measures. Turns out, who knew?, that texture matters. The Photosphere can vary by 100's of km (according to the article) Do the math: 100 ÷ 7000 = 0.014 or 1.4% This isn't even reasonably near what could be made in the early 18th Century, let alone the 21st. That description should be removed. (And of course, anyone who claims that its surface is "near perfect" hasn't seen a Solar Prominence or a Coronal Mass Ejection. And never mind the fact that the heliopause not even close to spherical and varies by orders of magnitude more than the Sun's radius. (But the article does -sorta- qualify that it's talking about the visible surface of the Sun, i.e. the Photosphere, so it could be worse.)40.142.176.185 (talk) 09:09, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

It matters because it is related to the Sun's internal rotation, which is discussed in the very next subsection. Perhaps that connection could be made more explicit. Remsense ‥ 论 09:21, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

I rewrote that paragraph, please review. I did not make the connection to rotation but the Gough ref could be used to do so. Johnjbarton (talk) 20:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC)

How does this work?

hello I am merely 11 so some off my info may be wrong. How does the sun connect to earth in a way that could hurt earth. The sun is a part of global warming and too my knowledge and love off planets the Sun should not be getting any closer. How does this work? 50.127.5.36 (talk) 16:07, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

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