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| ⚫ | '''''Komarekiona eatoni''''', or the '''Kentucky earthworm''', is a ] of ] ]. ''K. eatoni'' is found in the southwestern ], especially near the ], though they range at least northwest to ] and northeast to ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=May 2017 |title=Earthworms ((Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Sparganophilidae) in the Ridge and Valley Ecoregion (67), USA |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=111-123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=December 2015 |title=A Checklist by Counties of Earthworms Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Udrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Maegascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, and Paragnophilidae) in Georgia, USA. |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=85-114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wetzel |first=Mark Julian |last2=Reynolds |first2=John Warren |date=December 2021 |title=A Preliminary Invejntory of Earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata) of the Nachusa Grasslands Area, Lee and Ogle Counties, Illinois, ILLINOIS, USA. |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=91-125}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=January 2018 |title=First Earthworm (Annelida: Oligochaeta) Species' Collections in Canada and the Continental United States. |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1-50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |last2=Wetzel |first2=Mark Julian |date=March 2004 |title=Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida:Clitellata) in North America North of Mexico |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Donald W. |last2=Taylor |first2=Steven J. |last3=Krejca |first3=Jean K. |date=1993 |title=The biological resources of Illinois caves and other subterranean environments |journal=Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity |pages=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=April 2011 |title=The Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of Southeastern United States |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=14 |issue=9-12 |pages=238, 301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=November 1974 |title=The earthworms of Maryland (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megasolecidae, and Sparganophilidae) |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=1 |issue=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=May 1994 |title=Earthworms of North Carolina (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Sparganophilidae) |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=5 |issue=6}}</ref> So far they have only been found in the ] portions of ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=January 1994 |title=The distribution of the earthworms (Oligochaeta) of Indiana: A case for the post quarterly introduction theory for megadrile migration in North America |journal=Megadrilogica |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=30}}</ref> | ||
| '''''Komarekiona eatoni''''', or the '''Kentucky earthworm''', is a ] of ] ]. ''K. eatoni'' is found in the southwestern ], especially near the ], though they range at least northwest to ] and northeast to ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=John Warren |date=May 2017 |title=EARTHWORMS (OLIGOCHAETA: ACANTHODRILIDAE, KOMAREKIONIDAE | |||
| LUMBRICIDAE, MEGASCOLECIDAE, OCNERODRILIDAE AND | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| It is the only species in the family ],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Earthworm ecology |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-1819-1 |editor-last=Edwards |editor-first=C. A. |edition=2nd |location=Boca Raton, Fla |pages=68}}</ref> though some sources have combined it into the family ].<ref>{{Citation |last=Glasby |first=Christopher |title=Annelida – diagnoses, descriptions and keys to family-level taxa |date=2024-09-27 |url=https://preprints.arphahub.com/article/137961/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |doi=10.3897/arphapreprints.e137961 |last2=Biriukova |first2=Olga |last3=Martin |first3=Patrick |last4=Dyne |first4=Geoffrey |last5=Utevsky |first5=Serge |last6=Wilson |first6=Robin}}</ref> | It is the only species in the family ],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Earthworm ecology |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-1819-1 |editor-last=Edwards |editor-first=C. A. |edition=2nd |location=Boca Raton, Fla |pages=68}}</ref> though some sources have combined it into the family ].<ref>{{Citation |last=Glasby |first=Christopher |title=Annelida – diagnoses, descriptions and keys to family-level taxa |date=2024-09-27 |url=https://preprints.arphahub.com/article/137961/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |doi=10.3897/arphapreprints.e137961 |last2=Biriukova |first2=Olga |last3=Martin |first3=Patrick |last4=Dyne |first4=Geoffrey |last5=Utevsky |first5=Serge |last6=Wilson |first6=Robin}}</ref> | ||
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| == Biology == | == Biology == | ||
| The Kentucky earthworm's ] occur collectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jamieson |first=B. G. M. |date=1988 |
The Kentucky earthworm's ] occur collectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jamieson |first=B. G. M. |date=December 1988 |title=On the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of the Oligochaeta |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00520.x |journal=Cladistics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=367–401 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00520.x |issn=0748-3007}}</ref> Its ] has between at least 143,281 ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Belato Costa |first=Flavia Ariany |date=2019 |title=Diversidade e evolução de hemoglobinas extracelulares em Metazoa |trans-title=Diversity and evolution of extracellular hemoglobins in Metazoa. |url=https://sucupira-legado.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.jsf?popup=true&id_trabalho=7621575 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101205557/https://sucupira-legado.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.jsf?popup=true&id_trabalho=7621575 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=sucupira-legado.capes.gov.br |language=pt}}</ref> The worm prefers less ] environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boerner |first=R. E J. |date=April 2006 |title=Unraveling the Gordian Knot: Interactions among vegetation, topography, and soil properties in the central and southern Appalachians |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/1095-5674%282006%29133%5B321%3AUTGKIA%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |language=en |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=321–361 |doi=10.3159/1095-5674(2006)1332.0.CO;2 |issn=1095-5674}}</ref> | ||
| == Conservation == | == Conservation == | ||
Revision as of 22:27, 1 January 2025
Species of annelid
| Kentucky earthworm | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Superkingdom: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Metazoa |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclass: | Oligochaeta |
| Order: | Lumbriculida |
| Family: | Komarekionidae |
| Genus: | Komarekiona |
| Species: | K. eatoni |
Komarekiona eatoni, or the Kentucky earthworm, is a vulnerable species of nearctic Annelid. K. eatoni is found in the southwestern United States, especially near the Appalachian Mountains, though they range at least northwest to Illinois and northeast to Maryland. So far they have only been found in the unglaciated portions of Indiana.
It is the only species in the family Komarekionidae, though some sources have combined it into the family Hormogastridae.
The Kentucky earthworm is endogeic, meaning it lives in the soil and makes horizontal burrows.
Biology
The Kentucky earthworm's ovaries occur collectively. Its genome has between at least 143,281 contigs. The worm prefers less acidic environments.
Conservation
The Kentucky earthworm is susceptible to disturbance and competition with non-native species.
In North Carolina, the species was considered endangered.
References
- Reynolds, John Warren (May 2017). "Earthworms ((Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Sparganophilidae) in the Ridge and Valley Ecoregion (67), USA". Megadrilogica. 22 (5): 111–123.
- Reynolds, John Warren (December 2015). "A Checklist by Counties of Earthworms Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Udrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Maegascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, and Paragnophilidae) in Georgia, USA". Megadrilogica. 19 (6): 85–114.
- Wetzel, Mark Julian; Reynolds, John Warren (December 2021). "A Preliminary Invejntory of Earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata) of the Nachusa Grasslands Area, Lee and Ogle Counties, Illinois, ILLINOIS, USA". Megadrilogica. 26 (8): 91–125.
- ^ Reynolds, John Warren (January 2018). "First Earthworm (Annelida: Oligochaeta) Species' Collections in Canada and the Continental United States". Megadrilogica. 23 (1): 1–50.
- Reynolds, John Warren; Wetzel, Mark Julian (March 2004). "Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida:Clitellata) in North America North of Mexico". Megadrilogica. 9 (11): 82.
- Webb, Donald W.; Taylor, Steven J.; Krejca, Jean K. (1993). "The biological resources of Illinois caves and other subterranean environments". Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity: 31.
- Reynolds, John Warren (April 2011). "The Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of Southeastern United States". Megadrilogica. 14 (9–12): 238, 301.
- Reynolds, John Warren (November 1974). "The earthworms of Maryland (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megasolecidae, and Sparganophilidae)". Megadrilogica. 1 (11).
- Reynolds, John Warren (May 1994). "Earthworms of North Carolina (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Sparganophilidae)". Megadrilogica. 5 (6).
- Reynolds, John Warren (January 1994). "The distribution of the earthworms (Oligochaeta) of Indiana: A case for the post quarterly introduction theory for megadrile migration in North America". Megadrilogica. 5 (3): 30.
- Edwards, C. A., ed. (2004). Earthworm ecology (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8493-1819-1.
- Glasby, Christopher; Biriukova, Olga; Martin, Patrick; Dyne, Geoffrey; Utevsky, Serge; Wilson, Robin (2024-09-27), Annelida – diagnoses, descriptions and keys to family-level taxa, doi:10.3897/arphapreprints.e137961, retrieved 2025-01-01
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - "Earthworm Ecology". www.earthwormsoc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
- Jamieson, B. G. M. (December 1988). "On the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of the Oligochaeta". Cladistics. 4 (4): 367–401. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00520.x. ISSN 0748-3007.
- Belato Costa, Flavia Ariany (2019). "Diversidade e evolução de hemoglobinas extracelulares em Metazoa" [Diversity and evolution of extracellular hemoglobins in Metazoa.]. sucupira-legado.capes.gov.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 January 2025. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
- Boerner, R. E J. (April 2006). "Unraveling the Gordian Knot: Interactions among vegetation, topography, and soil properties in the central and southern Appalachians". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 133 (2): 321–361. doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[321:UTGKIA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1095-5674.
- "Life histories and population dynamics of three earthworm species (Oligochaeta:Lumbricidae) in a northern Michigan hardwood forest". doi:10.25335/yqks-cy60.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - McGaugh, M. Houston; Genoways, Hugh H. (1976). "State laws as they pertain to scientific collecting permits". Museology. 2: 51.
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