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	Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Misplaced Pages article at ]; see its history for attribution.		Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Misplaced Pages article at ]; see its history for attribution.
			{{See also\|Ralliement (disambiguation)}}

			] published in '']'' in October 1892. French President ] drives the train, with ] at his side; just behind them, ] tries to grab hold with his ].<br>Caption: "We board the train, but it is to seize the engine," a quote from Catholic priest ] on 19 June 1892<ref>{{Cite book\|language=fr\|first=Jean-Dominique\|last=Durand\|editor=Jean-Dominique Durand (ed.)\|others=et al.\|title=Cent ans de catholicisme social à Lyon et en Rhône-Alpes\|subtitle=la postérité de ''Rerum novarum''\|pages=71\|publisher=Éditions de l'Atelier\|year=1992\|isbn=978-2-7082-2954-9\|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Z0WLVX0qm1IC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false\|accessdate=2022-06-18\|chapter=Les lendemains de ''Rerum novarum'' dans la Loire}}</ref>.]]

			The '''Ralliement''' refers to the policy adopted by some ] in ] to support the ] following the publication of the ] '']'' on February 16, 1892, by ]. Supporters of this position were called the '''Ralliés''' (Rallying Catholics).

			According to Bruno Dumons, "The emergence of a ] encouraged Catholics to embrace reconciliation. By endorsing openness, ] and ] authorities fostered initiatives attempting a ] Catholic right-wing experiment, which renounced ] and accepted republican institutions."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|first=Bruno\|last=Dumons\|title=Catholicisme et politique (19th century)\|editor-first=Bruno\|editor-last=Dumons and Christian Sorrel (eds.)\|book-title=Le catholicisme en chantiers. France, 19th–20th centuries\|publisher=]\|year=2013\|url=https://books.openedition.org/pur/114453\|isbn=978-2-7535-2801-7\|isbn2=978-2-7535-6951-5\|doi=10.4000/books.pur.114435\|pages=19-35}}</ref>.

			This policy of rapprochement with ] initially generated great hope among the Ralliés—] and liberal Catholics—but was shattered by the ] at the end of the 19th century. "The wave of ] that followed engulfed French Catholicism, despite a handful of ]. This well-documented episode caused a political crisis, resulting in divided Catholic political stances—from the ] (1898) to ] (1899)—and a republican 'defense government' seeking to revive ] out of fear of ]"<ref name=":0" />.

			== Church Stance Before the Ralliement ==
			{{...}}

			== Background ==
			The Ralliement followed the failure of the ] in 1889, which demonstrated the resilience of ]<ref name=":2" />. After the ], the movement gained momentum. ] wrote to the royalist pretender stating that restoration via universal suffrage was impossible, though the causes of monarchism remained. He advocated for a more conservative, religiously focused approach.<ref name="Aux origines du populisme">{{Cite book\|language=fr\|first=Bertrand\|last=Joly\|title=Aux origines du populisme\|subtitle=histoire du boulangisme\|publisher=CNRS Éditions\|year=2022\|isbn=978-2-271-13972-6\|pages=642-643}}</ref>

			At the same time, Cardinal ] of Algiers accepted republican priests<ref name="Aux origines du populisme" />.

			In 1890, Cardinal ] reported to Pope Leo XIII, advising Catholics to dissociate from anti-republicanism<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal\|first=James E.\|last=Ward\|title=The French Cardinals and Leo XIII's Ralliement Policy\|journal=Church History\|volume=33\|issue=1\|year=1964\|doi=10.2307/3163260\|jstor=3163260\|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/french-cardinals-and-leo-xiiis-ralliement-policy/FB0EA57F4D2A6B7353BD63D65B0BE032\|accessdate=2022-06-19\|pages=60–73}}</ref>.

			== "Toast of Algiers" ==
			]'' (November 14, 1890) reporting Cardinal Lavigerie's "Toast of Algiers"]]

			On November 12, 1890, Cardinal Lavigerie hosted French naval officers in ]. Raising his glass, he declared: "When a people's will has been clearly expressed...it becomes necessary to embrace the form of government to save the nation."<ref>{{Cite book\|author=]\|title=Le Toast d'Alger. Documents 1890-1891\|publisher=De Boccard\|year=1966\|pages=68}}</ref>

			This declaration, orchestrated by the Vatican, paved the way for the 1892 encyclical ''Au milieu des sollicitudes''<ref name="Montclos">{{Cite book\|author=Xavier de Montclos\|title=Le Toast d'Alger. Documents 1890-1891\|publisher=De Boccard\|year=1966\|pages=10-11}}</ref>.

			== Encyclical ''Au milieu des sollicitudes'' ==
			The encyclical '']'' called for reconciliation between the Church and France's secular government. Pope Leo XIII urged Catholics to support the republic for the common good while maintaining religious principles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|first=Paola\|last=Vismara Chiappa\|title=Église et État en France au début du Ralliement\|journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France\|volume=68\|issue=181\|year=1982\|doi=10.3406/rhef.1982.1699\|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhef_0300-9505_1982_num_68_181_1699\|accessdate=2021-12-12\|pages=213-233}}</ref>

			== References ==
			{{Reflist}}

			== See Also ==

			]
			]
			]
			]
			== Further Reading == {{...}}

			] ]

Revision as of 04:45, 3 January 2025

Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Misplaced Pages article at fr:Ralliement (catholicisme en France); see its history for attribution.

The Ralliement refers to the policy adopted by some Catholics in France to support the French Third Republic following the publication of the papal encyclical Au milieu des sollicitudes on February 16, 1892, by Pope Leo XIII. Supporters of this position were called the Ralliés (Rallying Catholics).

According to Bruno Dumons, "The emergence of a more moderate Republic encouraged Catholics to embrace reconciliation. By endorsing openness, Roman and episcopal authorities fostered initiatives attempting a conservative Catholic right-wing experiment, which renounced monarchy and accepted republican institutions.".

This policy of rapprochement with secular republicanism initially generated great hope among the Ralliés—Christian democrats and liberal Catholics—but was shattered by the Dreyfus affair at the end of the 19th century. "The wave of anti-Semitism that followed engulfed French Catholicism, despite a handful of Dreyfusards. This well-documented episode caused a political crisis, resulting in divided Catholic political stances—from the Action Française (1898) to Le Sillon (1899)—and a republican 'defense government' seeking to revive secularism out of fear of clericalism".

Church Stance Before the Ralliement

Template:...

Background

The Ralliement followed the failure of the Boulangist coup d'état in 1889, which demonstrated the resilience of French republican institutions. After the 1889 elections, the movement gained momentum. Albert de Mun wrote to the royalist pretender stating that restoration via universal suffrage was impossible, though the causes of monarchism remained. He advocated for a more conservative, religiously focused approach.

At the same time, Cardinal Charles Lavigerie of Algiers accepted republican priests.

In 1890, Cardinal Domenico Ferrata reported to Pope Leo XIII, advising Catholics to dissociate from anti-republicanism.

"Toast of Algiers"

On November 12, 1890, Cardinal Lavigerie hosted French naval officers in Algiers. Raising his glass, he declared: "When a people's will has been clearly expressed...it becomes necessary to embrace the form of government to save the nation."

This declaration, orchestrated by the Vatican, paved the way for the 1892 encyclical Au milieu des sollicitudes.

Encyclical Au milieu des sollicitudes

The encyclical Au milieu des sollicitudes called for reconciliation between the Church and France's secular government. Pope Leo XIII urged Catholics to support the republic for the common good while maintaining religious principles.

References

Durand, Jean-Dominique (1992). "Les lendemains de Rerum novarum dans la Loire". In Jean-Dominique Durand (ed.) (ed.). Cent ans de catholicisme social à Lyon et en Rhône-Alpes (in French). et al. Éditions de l'Atelier. p. 71. ISBN 978-2-7082-2954-9. Retrieved 2022-06-18. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)
^ Dumons, Bruno (2013). Dumons and Christian Sorrel (eds.), Bruno (ed.). Catholicisme et politique (19th century). Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. 19–35. doi:10.4000/books.pur.114435. ISBN 978-2-7535-2801-7. {{cite book}}: |editor-last= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |book-title= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |isbn2= ignored (help)
^ Ward, James E. (1964). "The French Cardinals and Leo XIII's Ralliement Policy". Church History. 33 (1): 60–73. doi:10.2307/3163260. JSTOR 3163260. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
^ Joly, Bertrand (2022). Aux origines du populisme (in French). CNRS Éditions. pp. 642–643. ISBN 978-2-271-13972-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)
Xavier de Montclos (1966). Le Toast d'Alger. Documents 1890-1891. De Boccard. p. 68.
Xavier de Montclos (1966). Le Toast d'Alger. Documents 1890-1891. De Boccard. pp. 10–11.
Vismara Chiappa, Paola (1982). "Église et État en France au début du Ralliement". Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France. 68 (181): 213–233. doi:10.3406/rhef.1982.1699. Retrieved 2021-12-12.