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| ...the farmer is devoted (submissive) to Wado, Wado is devoted to Mantri, Mantri is devoted to Nu Nangganan. Nu Nangganan is devoted to ''Mangkubumi'', ''Mangkubumi'' is devoted to the King, the King is devoted to the '']s'', the '']s'' are devoted to '']''...|4='']'' (1518)|5=II: 17--9}} | ...the farmer is devoted (submissive) to Wado, Wado is devoted to Mantri, Mantri is devoted to Nu Nangganan. Nu Nangganan is devoted to ''Mangkubumi'', ''Mangkubumi'' is devoted to the King, the King is devoted to the '']s'', the '']s'' are devoted to '']''...|4='']'' (1518)|5=II: 17--9}} | ||
| In the concept of state administration in the ], apart from the level of ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heryana|first=A.|year=2019|title=KEKUASAAN DAN KEPEMIMPINAN BERDASARKAN TEKS NASKAH KUNA SUNDA|url=https://prosidingbalarjabar.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/seminar/article/view/37|journal=Prosiding Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat|volume=2|issue=1|pages=65-85|doi=10.24164/prosiding18/06}}</ref> ''Mangkubumi'' can also mean ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arifia|first=S.|last2=Van Zichem|first2=R.|last3=Arsyad|first3=A.|last4=Zuchron|first4=D.|year=2023|title=16th Century Sundanese Royal Trade|url=https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/index.php/ijssr/article/view/522|journal=International Journal of Social Service and Research (IJSSR)|volume=3|issue=9|pages=2173-2182|doi=10.46799/ijssr.v3i9.522}}</ref> In carrying out his duties, ''Mangkubumi'' assisted the duties of the ''Prebu'' or King of the Sunda Kingdom, ''Mangkubumi'' was assisted by the ''Nu nangganan'', ''Nu nangganan'' was assisted by the ''Mantri'' and the ''Mantri'' was assisted by the ''Wado'' who were in direct contact with the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lubis|first=N.H.|last2=Muhsin Z.|first2=M.|last3=Sofianto|first3=K.|last4=Mahzuni|first4=D.|last5=Widyonugrohanto|first5=W.|last6=Mulyadi|first6=R.M.|last7=Darsa|first7=U.A.|year=2016|title=REKONSTRUKSI KERAJAAN GALUH ABAD VIII-XV|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita/article/view/5142|journal=Paramita: Historical Studies Journal|volume=26|issue=1|pages=9-22|doi=10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5142|issn=0854-0039}}</ref> ''Mangkubhumi'' is also found in ], and is referred to as ''Mahapatih Hamengkubumi'' often shortened to '']'' or simply ''Mangkubumi''. In ], ''Mangkubhumi'' is referred to as '']''. | In the concept of state administration in the ], apart from the level of ],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heryana|first=A.|year=2019|title=KEKUASAAN DAN KEPEMIMPINAN BERDASARKAN TEKS NASKAH KUNA SUNDA|url=https://prosidingbalarjabar.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/seminar/article/view/37|journal=Prosiding Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat|volume=2|issue=1|pages=65-85|doi=10.24164/prosiding18/06}}</ref> ''Mangkubumi'' can also mean ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arifia|first=S.|last2=Van Zichem|first2=R.|last3=Arsyad|first3=A.|last4=Zuchron|first4=D.|year=2023|title=16th Century Sundanese Royal Trade|url=https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/index.php/ijssr/article/view/522|journal=International Journal of Social Service and Research (IJSSR)|volume=3|issue=9|pages=2173-2182|doi=10.46799/ijssr.v3i9.522}}</ref> In carrying out his duties, ''Mangkubumi'' assisted the duties of the ''Prebu'' or King of the Sunda Kingdom, ''Mangkubumi'' was assisted by the ''Nu nangganan'', ''Nu nangganan'' was assisted by the ''Mantri'' and the ''Mantri'' was assisted by the ''Wado'' who were in direct contact with the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lubis|first=N.H.|last2=Muhsin Z.|first2=M.|last3=Sofianto|first3=K.|last4=Mahzuni|first4=D.|last5=Widyonugrohanto|first5=W.|last6=Mulyadi|first6=R.M.|last7=Darsa|first7=U.A.|year=2016|title=REKONSTRUKSI KERAJAAN GALUH ABAD VIII-XV|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita/article/view/5142|journal=Paramita: Historical Studies Journal|volume=26|issue=1|pages=9-22|doi=10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5142|issn=0854-0039}}</ref> ''Mangkubhumi'' is also found in ], and is referred to as ''Mahapatih Hamengkubumi'' often shortened to '']'' or simply ''Mangkubumi''. In ], ''Mangkubhumi'' is referred to as '']''. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 12:33, 5 January 2025
Historically used term
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Mangkubhumi is a term for prime minister which was historically used in kingdoms in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan during Hindu–Buddhist civilizations in Nusantara. Elsewhere, Mangkubhumi is also referred to as Rijksbestierder, Bendahara, Pepatih Dalem, Perdipati, Pabbicara Butta, Tuan Bicara, Rajabicara, and Tomarilaleng.
At first, the position of Mangkubhumi was given to lower class people who were not nobles. However, over time the position of Mangkubumi was also held by the Majesty the King and Prince Dipati Anom (the Sultan's brother or the second son of the reigning Sultan), with the title "Prince of Mangkubhumi" and became the highest position under king.
Etymology
The term mangkubhumi is a term found in Indonesian languages, for example in the manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian which is in Old Sundanese, there is the following sentence fragment:
...wang tani bakti di wado, wado bakti di mantri, mantri bakti di nu nangganan, nu nangganan bakti di mangkubumi, mangkubumi bakti di ratu, ratu bakti di déwata, déwata bakti di hyang...
Translation:
...the farmer is devoted (submissive) to Wado, Wado is devoted to Mantri, Mantri is devoted to Nu Nangganan. Nu Nangganan is devoted to Mangkubumi, Mangkubumi is devoted to the King, the King is devoted to the devatas, the devatas are devoted to Hyang...
— Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian (1518), II: 17--9
In the concept of state administration in the Kingdom of Sunda, apart from the level of prime minister, Mangkubumi can also mean harbor master. In carrying out his duties, Mangkubumi assisted the duties of the Prebu or King of the Sunda Kingdom, Mangkubumi was assisted by the Nu nangganan, Nu nangganan was assisted by the Mantri and the Mantri was assisted by the Wado who were in direct contact with the people. Mangkubhumi is also found in Javanese, and is referred to as Mahapatih Hamengkubumi often shortened to Mahapatih or simply Mangkubumi. In Banjarese, Mangkubhumi is referred to as Maharaja Mangkubumi.
See also
- Wazir – A similar position parallel to Mangkubhumi.
- Hamengkubuwana I, which has another name "Mangkubumi".
- Gajah Mada, a famous Mahapatih Hamengkubumi of Majapahit.
References
- Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto, Indonesia. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (1992). Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Nusantara pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19. PT Balai Pustaka. p. 116. ISBN 9794074101.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)ISBN 978-979-407-410-7 - Munandar, A.A. (1994). "Penataan Wilayah pada Masa Kerajaan Sunda". Berkala Arkeologi. 14 (2): 95–105. doi:10.30883/jba.v14i2.706.
- Heryana, A. (2019). "KEKUASAAN DAN KEPEMIMPINAN BERDASARKAN TEKS NASKAH KUNA SUNDA". Prosiding Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat. 2 (1): 65–85. doi:10.24164/prosiding18/06.
- Arifia, S.; Van Zichem, R.; Arsyad, A.; Zuchron, D. (2023). "16th Century Sundanese Royal Trade". International Journal of Social Service and Research (IJSSR). 3 (9): 2173–2182. doi:10.46799/ijssr.v3i9.522.
- Lubis, N.H.; Muhsin Z., M.; Sofianto, K.; Mahzuni, D.; Widyonugrohanto, W.; Mulyadi, R.M.; Darsa, U.A. (2016). "REKONSTRUKSI KERAJAAN GALUH ABAD VIII-XV". Paramita: Historical Studies Journal. 26 (1): 9–22. doi:10.15294/paramita.v26i1.5142. ISSN 0854-0039.
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