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An outbreak of cases of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) started in late 2024. It was brought to public attention when the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published data showing that respiratory infections of human metapneumovirus had risen significantly in the week of 16 to 22 December 2024.

Later, cases were reported in Hong Kong, Malaysia, India and Kazakhstan amid fears of a worldwide pandemic. As of 2006, HMPV had a worldwide distribution.

Epidemiology

In late 2024, human metapneumovirus was linked to 6.2 percent of positive respiratory illness tests and 5.4 percent of respiratory-illness hospitalizations in China, more than COVID-19, rhinovirus or adenovirus. Cases were reported in Hong Kong, with a lower growth rate than that of mainland China. Cases were reported in Malaysia, with an increase of 102 cases from 225 cases in 2023 to 327 cases in 2024. India confirmed its first cases of HMPV in Bengaluru on 6 January 2025. An 8-month-old boy and a 3-month-old girl were diagnosed after experiencing respiratory symptoms. As of January 7th, there are currently 7 confirmed cases in India. In Kazakhstan, 30 cases have been reported, but the number of HMPV cases are still far less than rhinovirus, adenovirus or coronavirus.

Kan Biao, head of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC)'s National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, announced that the rate of HMPV among children ages 14 and under was on the rise in China in late 2024.

Chinese health officials stated that the surge was consistent with overall seasonal trends, and officials in Taiwan and India stated that the very young, old, and immunocompromised were the most at risk, which is a known characteristic of HMPV.

In Pakistan, the National Institute of Health stated that HMPV had been reported in Pakistan since 2001, with 21 cases at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) in 2015. In early January 2025, the Pakistani government was closely monitoring the situation in China, and called a meeting of the National Command and Operation Center (NCOC).

Disease

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of HMPV are often similar to that of the common cold, including cough, fever, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, wheezing, shortness of breath and rash.

Transmission

No conclusive studies have proven the true method of transmission, but it is likely through contact with contaminated secretions, via droplet, aerosol, or fomite vectors.

Cause

HMPV belongs to the subfamily Pneumovirinae (genus Metapneumovirus). It is an enveloped, nonfragmented, negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus.

Diagnosis

RT-PCR has been extensively used for pathogen detection, while this method is not appropriate for early HMPV diagnosis because of its low sensitivity. The RT-qPCR method has a higher sensitivity than the traditional RT-PCR, and requires less operation time and fewer equipment, thus RT-qPCR has been widely used for the timely molecular detection of HMPV. The usage of bronchoscopy and chest X-rays are also prevalent. It can also be diagnosed through direct detection of viral genome by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), and direct detection of viral antigens in respiratory secretions using immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassay.

Prevention

Moderna has conducted a clinical trial for a candidate modRNA vaccine against metapneumovirus. As of October 2019, the vaccine candidate has passed through phase I.

Treatment

HMPV does not have a specific antiviral medication. Treatment primarily aims at managing symptoms and preventing complications. Rest and hydration, over-the-counter medications to control body-aches and fevers are recommended for mild conditions, while some cases may require oxygen therapy and hospitalization. Severe cases of hMPV as with individuals who are immunocompromised are treated with Ribavirin and IVIG.

Prognosis and Risk factors

Most people recover from HMPV in about 7 to 10 days without any complications. However, certain groups face a higher risk of severe complications:

• Pneumonia: HMPV can cause viral pneumonia, requiring hospitalization and intensive care in severe cases.
• Bronchiolitis: Infants and young children often experience inflammation and blockage of airways, leading to difficulty breathing and wheezing.
• Exacerbation of Chronic Conditions: HMPV can worsen existing respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Secondary Bacterial Infections: These infections, such as bacterial pneumonia, may develop as complications due to a weakened immune system.
• Pregnancy Complications: Respiratory issues caused by HMPV during pregnancy can lead to maternal and foetal health risks.

References

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5. Taheri, Mandy (4 January 2025). "HMPV: China's neighbors respond amid virus outbreak". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
6. Azmi, Amalia (4 January 2025). "Malaysia recorded 327 hMPV cases in 2024, disease not new - Ministry". NST Online. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
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8. "HMPV in India: Two 3-month-old and 8-month-old babies detected with the virus, confirms government". The Times of India. 6 January 2025. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
9. Zargar, Arshad (7 January 2025). "India's first human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cases confirmed, but officials say "no reason to worry"". CBS News. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
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• 2024 disease outbreaks
• December 2024 events in China
• January 2025 events in China
• Disease outbreaks in China