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| ⚫ | '''Northgate''' is an informal district of ]s in north urban ], named for and surrounding ], the first covered mall in the ].<ref name="Wilma3186">{{cite web | last =Wilma | first =David | coauthors = | date =2001-08-02, corrected 2005-02-16, updated on 2005-05-07 | year = | month = | url =http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3186 | title ="Northgate Shopping Mall opens on April 21, 1950." | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3186 | publisher = | accessdate =2007-05-17}} <br>Wilma referenced Walt Crowley with Paul Dorpat (Photography Editor), ''National Trust Guide: Seattle'' (New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1998), 209; <br> HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Northgate Beginnings" (by Jim Douglas), http://www.historylink.org/ (accessed August 2001); <br> L. B. Fussell, "Section To Be Known As 'Northgate'", ''The Seattle Times'', February 22, 1948; <br> "Features Of Northgate Shopping Area Outlined", Ibid., February 1, 1950; "Polar Bear Cubs And $35,000 Car Vie At Northgate", Ibid., May 23, 1950; <br> "Plenty of Parking Space At Northgate", Ibid., May 7, 1950; <br> "Carter To Carve Totem Pole For Northgate", Ibid., February 26, 1952; <br> "Northgate Stores Fete Completion Of 5-Acre Area", Ibid., February 15, 1952; <br> "Car Show Planned On Northgate Mall", Ibid., April 30, 1953; <br> "25 New Stores Opening At Northgate", Ibid., August 17, 1965; <br> "Did You Know?" Ibid., March 18, 1965; <br> "Northgate's Vast Parking Areas Can Accommodate Up To 50,000 Cars A Day", Ibid., March 21, 1968; <br> "Eighteen Stores Pioneered Merchandising History At Northgate", Ibid., April 9, 1975; <br> "Northgate An Instant Success", Ibid., April 9, 1975; <br> "Northgate Center Will Celebrate 30th Anniversary Next Month", Ibid., March 13, 1980; <br> "Simoninfo", Simon Properties Website (www.simon.com); <br> Steve Schoenherr (University of San Diego), "Evolution of the Shopping Center", Steve Schoenherr Home Page accessed on November 4, 2004 (http://home.sandiego.edu/~ses/).</ref> | ||
| Its east-west principal arterials are NE Northgate Way and 130th Street, and its north-south principal arterials are Roosevelt Way NE and Aurora Avenue N (]). Minor arterials are College Way-Meridian Avenue N, 1st, 5th, and 15th avenues NE.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| | last = | | last = | ||
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| }} <br>, PDF format, 16.1 MB <br>, PDF format, 1.45 MB ] 2004. <br>, PDF format, 825 KB ] 2004. <br>, PDF format. ] 2004. <br>The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online vewing. <nowiki>]</nowiki></ref> ] runs through the district. Besides the eponymous ], the most characteristic distinctions of the area are ] (NSCC), the south fork of the ] watershed, and the mosque. | }} <br>, PDF format, 16.1 MB <br>, PDF format, 1.45 MB ] 2004. <br>, PDF format, 825 KB ] 2004. <br>, PDF format. ] 2004. <br>The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online vewing. <nowiki>]</nowiki></ref> ] runs through the district. Besides the eponymous ], the most characteristic distinctions of the area are ] (NSCC), the south fork of the ] watershed, and the mosque. | ||
| Northgate neighborhoods are (north to south): | |||
| * ] and | * ] and | ||
| * ], | * ], | ||
| * ] and | * ] and | ||
| * ] |
* ] | ||
| <!-- Consolidated 3 references into 1 --><ref>(1) {{cite web | |||
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| }} <br>See heading, "Note about limitations of these data". <br>(3) Shenk, Pollack, Dornfeld, Frantilla, & Neman. <br>Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the Department of Neighborhoods and other agencies), ] indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the Seattle Municipal Archives . <br> dated ] 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated ] 2002.]</ref> | }} <br>See heading, "Note about limitations of these data". <br>(3) Shenk, Pollack, Dornfeld, Frantilla, & Neman. <br>Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the Department of Neighborhoods and other agencies), ] indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the Seattle Municipal Archives . <br> dated ] 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated ] 2002.]</ref> | ||
| As well as the informal district of neighborhoods, Northgate is also ], the ] within the ] neighborhood of Northgate.<ref>Wilma |
As well as the informal district of neighborhoods, Northgate is also ], the ] within the ] neighborhood of Northgate.<ref name=Wilma3454>{{cite web | last =Wilma | first =David | date =2001-07-20 | year = | month = | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3454 | title ="Seattle Neighborhoods: Maple Leaf -- Thumbnail History" | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3454 | publisher = | accessdate =2007-05-17}} <br>Wilma referenced Mimi Sheridan and Carol Tobin, ''Licton Springs History'', (Seattle: Licton Springs Community Council, 2001), 8; <br> Don Sherwood, "Sacajawea P.F.", in "Interpretive Essays of the Histories of Seattle's Parks and Playfields", handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library.<!-- Handwritten manuscript, so not italic. --></ref> | ||
| North College Park became defined with the Licton Springs neighborhood with the establishment of ] (NSCC), opened 1970.<ref>{{cite web | North College Park became defined with the Licton Springs neighborhood with the establishment of ] (NSCC), opened 1970.<ref>{{cite web | ||
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| | title ="About NSCC" | | title ="About NSCC" | ||
| | publisher =North Seattle Community College | | publisher =North Seattle Community College | ||
| | accessdate = |
| accessdate =2007-05-17 | ||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> Licton Springs takes its name from ''Liq'tid'' (''LEEK-teed'') or Licton, the ] ] word for the reddish mud of the springs—one of the few Puget Sound Salish words still used as a place name.<ref name=Sheridan&Tobin_Wilma_ed>{{cite web | last =Sheridan | first =Mimi | coauthors =Tobin, Carol | editor =Wilma, David, ed. | date =2001-07-17 | year = | month = | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3447 | title ="Seattle Neighborhoods: Licton Springs -- Thumbnail History" | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3447 | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Authors referenced Clarence B. Bagley, ''History of Seattle'' (Chicago, S. J. Clarke Publishing, 1916); Sophie Frye Bass, ''Pig-Tail Days in Old Seattle'' (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1937); David Buerge, "The Maps of the Early Shoreline Area", typescript dated 1996, Shoreline Historical Museum; David Buerge, "Any There There?" ''The Weekly'', June 18, 1997; David Buerge, "Seattle Before Seattle", ''The Weekly'', December 17-23, 1980; Paul Burch, "The Story of Licton Springs", ''The Westerner'', September 1908; W. E. Chambers, "The Pacific Highway", ''The Argus'', December 17, 1921; Isobel Chapman, ''Northgate Reflections'' (Seattle: Isobel Chapman, May 1977); "The Club Salutes Lawrence Denny Lindsley", ''The Mountaineer'', June 1974; Laura C. Daly, "A History of Cemeteries in the City of Seattle...", typescript dated 1984 in possession of Evergreen-Washelli, Seattle; Laura C. Daly, "Seattle's 'Cemetery of the Land of the Hereafter'", ''Portage'', vol. 5, No. 1-2 (Winter/Spring 1984); Emily Inez Denny, ''Blazing the Way'' (Seattle: Rainier Printing Company, 1909); Emily Inez Denny, Notebooks, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle (hereafter MOHAI); Victory Denny, Notebooks -- Licton Springs, MOHAI; "Denny’s Mineral Springs", ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', October 13, 1883, p. 2; Margaret Collins Denny Dixon and Elizabeth Chapman Denny Vann, Denny Geneaology, Vols. 1-3 (New York: National Historical Society: 1944-1951); Paul Dorpat, "Licton Park Home", ''The Seattle Times'', September 15, 1996; ''The Freeways in Seattle'', (Olympia: Washington State Highway Commission, 1962); Faye M. Garneau, "History of Aurora" in Aurora Avenue Merchants Association Newsletter; "Henry L. Denny, Sound Pioneer, Celebrates 91", ''The Seattle Times'', September 15, 1929; King County, Real Property Assessment Rolls, various dates; Janice Krenmayr, ''Footloose in Seattle, Vol. 1'' (Seattle: Seattle Times Company, 1963); ''Kroll’s Atlas of King County'' (Seattle: Kroll Map Company, 1912 and 1926); Calvin Lew, "Principles Used in Planning and Developing Suburban Shopping Centers...", MBA thesis, University of Washington, 1951; "Licton Park to be Site of Sanitarium", ''The Interlaken'', March 9, 1907; Rae Tufts, "Little-known Park has Hot Springs", ''The Seattle Times'', September 12, 1982; Jay Miller, ''Shamanic Odyssey: The Lushootseed Salish Journey to the Land of the Dead'' (Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press, 1988); Brandt Morgan, ''Enjoying Seattle’s Parks'', (Seattle: Greenwood Publications, 1979); Gordon Newell, ''Westward to Alki: The Story of David and Louisa Denny'' (Seattle: Superior Publishing, 1977); "The Northgate Story", ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', December 3, 1965; "Oak Lake School Scrapbook", 1886-1959, Seattle School District; Olmsted Brothers Office, plans of Licton Springs, Job No. 3347, 1907; National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historical Site, Olmsted Plans and Drawings Collection, Brookline, MA; R. L. Polk, Seattle City Directories (various dates); Puget Sound Regional Archives, Property Record Cards; "Scenes Around Licton Springs...", ''The Seattle Times'', March 10, 1907; "Seattle Spa", Ibid., September 13, 1964; Jan Silver, "Seattle’s Painted Waters", in ''Puget Soundings'', October 1980; ''A Field Guide to Seattle’s Public Art'' ed. by Diane Shamash and Steven Huss (Seattle: 1991); Don Sherwood, "Licton Springs Park", in "Interpretive Essays of the Histories of Seattle's Parks and Playfields", handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Sherwood Collection at Seattle Municipal Archives; Paul Burch, "The Story of Licton Springs", ''The Westerner'', September 1908; Nile Thompson and Carolyn J. Marr, ''Building for Learning: Seattle Public School Histories ''(Seattle: Seattle Public Schools, 2002); Nile Robert Thompson, "The Original Residents of Shilshole Bay" in ''Passport to Ballard'' (Seattle: Ballard News Tribune, 1988); U.S. General Land Office, Washington Plat Book, Vol. 26, 127, National Archives, Pacific Northwest Region; Oregon and Washington Donation Land Files, 1851-1903, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives, 1973); Rebecca E. Walls, "Growing and Gathering: An Adaptive Re-use Plan for Greenwood Greenhouse", master's thesis, University of Washington, 1999; Thomas Talbot Waterman, "The Geographical Names Used by Indians of the Pacific Coast", ''The Geographical Review'', Vol. 12 (1922); John R. Watt, ''Pioneering From Covered Wagons Onward'' (Roswell, GA: WH Wolfe Associates, 1995); Roberta Frye Watt, ''Four Wagons West'', (Portland: Binford & Mort, 1931); Warren W. Wing, ''To Seattle by Trolley'' (Edmonds, WA: Pacific Fast Mail, 1988); Mimi Sheridan and Carol Tobin interview of Chuck and June Pilling, November 17, 2000; and of Sayo Harmeling and Bea Kumasaka, February 24, 2001.</ref> | ||
| }}</ref> Licton Springs takes its name from ''Liq'tid'' (''LEEK-teed'') or Licton, the ] ] word for the reddish mud of the springs—one of the few Puget Sound Salish words still used as a place name.<ref name=Sheridan&Tobin_Wilma_ed>Sheridan & Tobin; Wilma, ed.</ref> | |||
| As headwaters of the south fork of the Thornton Creek watershed, Sunny Walter-Pillings Pond and NSCC wetland in Licton Springs–North College Park are headwaters of ] under the ] development. These neighborhoods are natural extensions of ] downstream.<!-- Consolidated 3 references into 1 --><ref>(1) Walter & local Audubon chapters <br>(2) Bowditch, Wang, & Wilson <br>(3) Brokaw</ref> Neighborhood activists and NSCC have been promoting habitat restoration in support.<!-- Consolidated 4 references into 1 --><ref>(1) Brokaw<br>(2) Bowditch, Wang, & Wilson<br>(3) Hodson <br>(4) Thornton Creek Alliance staff</ref> | As headwaters of the south fork of the Thornton Creek watershed, Sunny Walter-Pillings Pond and NSCC wetland in Licton Springs–North College Park are headwaters of ] under the ] development. These neighborhoods are natural extensions of ] downstream.<!-- Consolidated 3 references into 1 --><ref>(1) Walter & local Audubon chapters <br>(2) Bowditch, Wang, & Wilson <br>(3) Brokaw</ref> Neighborhood activists and NSCC have been promoting habitat restoration in support.<!-- Consolidated 4 references into 1 --><ref>(1) Brokaw<br>(2) Bowditch, Wang, & Wilson<br>(3) Hodson <br>(4) Thornton Creek Alliance staff</ref> | ||
| The Sheihk Idriss Mosque in Pinehurst has architecture unique in Seattle. An octagonal dome and a symbolic ], both sheathed in copper and capped with ]s, red brick walls banded with buff brick and tall glass-block windows topped with concrete ]s in the shape of ] arches distinguish the first ] in Seattle (1981) and the first mosque west of the Mississippi River to be built in a Middle Eastern design.<ref>Long</ref> | The Sheihk Idriss Mosque in Pinehurst has architecture unique in Seattle. An octagonal dome and a symbolic ], both sheathed in copper and capped with ]s, red brick walls banded with buff brick and tall glass-block windows topped with concrete ]s in the shape of ] arches distinguish the first ] in Seattle (1981) and the first mosque west of the Mississippi River to be built in a Middle Eastern design.<ref name="Long">{{cite web | last =Long | first =Priscilla | coauthors = | date =2001-09-15 | year = | month = | url =http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3570 | format= | title ="Sheihk Idriss Mosque founded in Seattle's Northgate neighborhood in 1981." | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3570 | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Long referenced David Buerge and Junius Rochester, ''Roots and Branches'' (Seattle: Church Council of Greater Seattle, 1988), 221; <br> David Schraer, "Northgate's Mosque: A Monument on the Strip", ''Arcade (Seattle)'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (June-July 1981), p. 2; <br> John Wolcott, "Muslims in the Northwest", ''The Progress'', Vol. 89, No. 3 (January 16, 1986).</ref> | ||
| The Northgate Mall, opened in 1950, is the first regional shopping center called a mall, though there are 3 other shopping centers in the United States which predate it. <ref |
The Northgate Mall, opened in 1950, is the first regional shopping center called a mall, though there are 3 other shopping centers in the United States which predate it. <ref name="Wilma3186"/> At the time of its opening, it was located outside of the Seattle city limits, though this is no longer the case. | ||
| Surrounding the Northgate Mall is another mall as well as many strip malls, a line of stores with a parking lot, often in front. | Surrounding the Northgate Mall is another mall as well as many strip malls, a line of stores with a parking lot, often in front. | ||
| While there is much commerce in the area, hotel development has been limited with only the Hotel Nexus, previously |
While there is much commerce in the area, hotel development has been limited with only the Hotel Nexus, previously a ], being the only upscale hotel in the area. The many motels on Aurora Avenue is further northwest than the Northgate neighborhood. | ||
| What is now Northgate has been inhabited since the end of the last ] (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago). The ''D<u>kh</u><sup>w</sup>’Duw’Absh'', People of the Inside and ''Xacuabš'', People of the Large Lake,<ref>]: {{IPA|''D<u>kh</u><sup>w</sup>’Duw’Absh''}} , ''Xachua'bsh'' or ''hah-choo-AHBSH'' </ref> Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish native people had used the ''Liq'tid'' Springs area as a spiritual health spa. They harvested cranberries from the ''Slo’q `qed'' (''SLOQ-qed'', bald head), an 85 acre (34 ha) marsh and bog at what is now the NSCC car park, Interstate 5 interchange, and Northgate Mall. Large open areas for game habitat and foraging (anthropogenic ]s) were maintained in what are now these neighborhoods by selective burning every few years. Today the ] descendents are represented by the ] Tribe.<ref name=Sheridan&Tobin_Wilma_ed /> | What is now Northgate has been inhabited since the end of the last ] (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago). The ''D<u>kh</u><sup>w</sup>’Duw’Absh'', People of the Inside and ''Xacuabš'', People of the Large Lake,<ref>]: {{IPA|''D<u>kh</u><sup>w</sup>’Duw’Absh''}} , ''Xachua'bsh'' or ''hah-choo-AHBSH'' </ref> Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish native people had used the ''Liq'tid'' Springs area as a spiritual health spa. They harvested cranberries from the ''Slo’q `qed'' (''SLOQ-qed'', bald head), an 85 acre (34 ha) marsh and bog at what is now the NSCC car park, Interstate 5 interchange, and Northgate Mall. Large open areas for game habitat and foraging (anthropogenic ]s) were maintained in what are now these neighborhoods by selective burning every few years. Today the ] descendents are represented by the ] Tribe.<ref name=Sheridan&Tobin_Wilma_ed /> | ||
| == Notes and references == | == Notes and references == | ||
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| ⚫ | ===Further reading and references=== | ||
| {{refbegin|2}} | |||
| == Bibliography == | |||
| *. Retrieved ] 2006. | |||
| * {{cite web | last = | first = | date =Revised 2006-04-30 | year = | month = | url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/about.htm | title ="About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services" | work =Information Services | publisher =Seattle City Clerk's Office | * {{cite web | last = | first = | date =Revised 2006-04-30 | year = | month = | url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/about.htm | title ="About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services" | work =Information Services | publisher =Seattle City Clerk's Office | ||
| | accessdate = |
| accessdate =2007-05-17}} <br>See heading, "Note about limitations of these data". | ||
| * {{cite web | last =Bowditch | first =Elise | coauthors =Wang, Man; and Wilson, Matthew | date =2002-01-30 | year =| month = | url=http://students.washington.edu/mwarrenw/nscc_trail/ | title ="North Seattle Community College Trail Siting" | work =GEOG461 Urban GIS, Department of Geography | publisher =University of Washington | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Elise Bowditch, Teaching Assistant; Man Wang, Teaching Assistant; Matthew W. Wilson, Research Associate. | * {{cite web | last =Bowditch | first =Elise | coauthors =Wang, Man; and Wilson, Matthew | date =2002-01-30 | year =| month = | url=http://students.washington.edu/mwarrenw/nscc_trail/ | title ="North Seattle Community College Trail Siting" | work =GEOG461 Urban GIS, Department of Geography | publisher =University of Washington | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Elise Bowditch, Teaching Assistant; Man Wang, Teaching Assistant; Matthew W. Wilson, Research Associate. | ||
| * {{cite web | last =Brokaw | first =Michael | date =n.d. | year = | month = | url=http://www.awdevelopment.com/Grounds/wetland.html | title ="Grounds Department Wetland" | work =North Seattle Community College Grounds Maintenance | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | * {{cite web | last =Brokaw | first =Michael | date =n.d. | year = | month = | url=http://www.awdevelopment.com/Grounds/wetland.html | title ="Grounds Department Wetland" | work =North Seattle Community College Grounds Maintenance | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | ||
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| }} <br>Was , NF. | }} <br>Was , NF. | ||
| * {{cite web | last = (Speer, Thomas R.), editor | first = | editor = | date =2004-07-22 | year = | month = | url =http://www.duwamishtribe.org/Life_siahl.doc | title ="Chief Si'ahl" | format=DOC | work = | publisher =Duwamish Tribe | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Includes bibliography. | * {{cite web | last = (Speer, Thomas R.), editor | first = | editor = | date =2004-07-22 | year = | month = | url =http://www.duwamishtribe.org/Life_siahl.doc | title ="Chief Si'ahl" | format=DOC | work = | publisher =Duwamish Tribe | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Includes bibliography. | ||
| * {{cite web | last = | first = | coauthors = | date =n.d. | year = | month = | url=http://www.lictonsprings.org/ |
* {{cite web | last = | first = | coauthors = | date =n.d. | year = | month = | url=http://www.lictonsprings.org/localin/map.html | title = Map of Licton Springs-North College Park | format=| work ="Welcome to the Licton Springs Neighborhood" | publisher =Licton Springs Community Council | accessdate =2007-05-17}} <br>Map of Licton Springs-North College Park. | ||
| * {{cite web | last = | first = | coauthors = | date =Winter 2000 | year = | month = | url=http://www.lictonsprings.org/localin/localopen.html | title ="Licton Springs Neighborhood: Local Interest" | work = | publisher =Licton Springs Community Council | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | * {{cite web | last = | first = | coauthors = | date =Winter 2000 | year = | month = | url=http://www.lictonsprings.org/localin/localopen.html | title ="Licton Springs Neighborhood: Local Interest" | work = | publisher =Licton Springs Community Council | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | ||
| * {{cite web | last =Long | first =Priscilla | coauthors = | date =2001-09-15 | year = | month = | url =http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3570 | format= | title ="Sheihk Idriss Mosque founded in Seattle's Northgate neighborhood in 1981." | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3570 | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Long referenced David Buerge and Junius Rochester, ''Roots and Branches'' (Seattle: Church Council of Greater Seattle, 1988), 221; <br> David Schraer, "Northgate's Mosque: A Monument on the Strip", ''Arcade (Seattle)'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (June-July 1981), p. 2; <br> John Wolcott, "Muslims in the Northwest", ''The Progress'', Vol. 89, No. 3 (January 16, 1986). | |||
| * {{cite web | last = | first = | date = | year =n.d., map .jpg 2002-06-17 | month = | url =http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1030S.htm | title ="Northgate" | work=Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas | publisher =Office of the Seattle City Clerk | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | * {{cite web | last = | first = | date = | year =n.d., map .jpg 2002-06-17 | month = | url =http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1030S.htm | title ="Northgate" | work=Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas | publisher =Office of the Seattle City Clerk | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | ||
| * {{cite web | last = | first = | date = | year =2005 | month = | url=http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/streetclassmaps.htm | title ="Street Classification Maps" | work = | publisher =Seattle Department of Transportation | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>, PDF format, 16.1 MB <br>, PDF format, 1.45 MB ] 2004. <br>, PDF format, 825 KB ] 2004. <br>, PDF format. ] 2004. <br>The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online vewing. <nowiki>]</nowiki> | |||
| * {{cite web | last =Shenk | first =Carol | coauthors =Pollack, Laurie; Dornfeld, Ernie; Frantilla, Anne; and Neman, Chris | date =2002-06-26, maps .jpg c. 2002-06-15 | year = | month = | url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/aboutnm.htm | title ="About neighborhood maps" | work =Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas | publisher =Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the and other agencies), ] indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the . <br> dated ] 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated ] 2002.] | * {{cite web | last =Shenk | first =Carol | coauthors =Pollack, Laurie; Dornfeld, Ernie; Frantilla, Anne; and Neman, Chris | date =2002-06-26, maps .jpg c. 2002-06-15 | year = | month = | url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/aboutnm.htm | title ="About neighborhood maps" | work =Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas | publisher =Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the and other agencies), ] indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the . <br> dated ] 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated ] 2002.] | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| * {{cite web | last = | first =Thornton Creek Alliance staff | date =n.d. | year = | month = | url=http://www.scn.org/earth/tca/tcarestor.htm | title ="Restoration Activities: A Few of Our Accomplishments" | work = | publisher =Thornton Creek Alliance, Seattle Community Network | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | * {{cite web | last = | first =Thornton Creek Alliance staff | date =n.d. | year = | month = | url=http://www.scn.org/earth/tca/tcarestor.htm | title ="Restoration Activities: A Few of Our Accomplishments" | work = | publisher =Thornton Creek Alliance, Seattle Community Network | accessdate =2006-04-21}} | ||
| * {{cite web | last =Walter | first =Sunny | coauthors =local Audubon chapters | date =Updated 2006-02-10 | year = | month = | url=http://www.nwlink.com/~sunnywww/WhereView-WNW-Birds-PugetSound.html | title ="Sunny Walter's Washington Nature Weekends: Wildlife Viewing Locations - Greater Seattle Area" | work = | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." <br>Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders. <br>Walter excerpted from | * {{cite web | last =Walter | first =Sunny | coauthors =local Audubon chapters | date =Updated 2006-02-10 | year = | month = | url=http://www.nwlink.com/~sunnywww/WhereView-WNW-Birds-PugetSound.html | title ="Sunny Walter's Washington Nature Weekends: Wildlife Viewing Locations - Greater Seattle Area" | work = | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." <br>Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders. <br>Walter excerpted from | ||
| ** {{cite book | last=Dolan | first=Maria | authorlink= | coauthors=True, Kathryn | year=2003 | title=Nature in the city: Seattle | accessdate= | publisher=Mountaineers Books | location=Seattle | id=ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback | pages= | chapter= }} <br>"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter -- Twin Ponds". | ** {{cite book | last=Dolan | first=Maria | authorlink= | coauthors=True, Kathryn | year=2003 | title=Nature in the city: Seattle | accessdate= | publisher=Mountaineers Books | location=Seattle | id=ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback | pages= | chapter= }} <br>"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter -- Twin Ponds". | ||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| * {{cite web | last =Wilma | first =David | date =2001-07-20 | year = | month = | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3454 | title ="Seattle Neighborhoods: Maple Leaf -- Thumbnail History" | work =HistoryLink.org Essay 3454 | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} <br>Wilma referenced Mimi Sheridan and Carol Tobin, ''Licton Springs History'', (Seattle: Licton Springs Community Council, 2001), 8; <br> Don Sherwood, "Sacajawea P.F.", in "Interpretive Essays of the Histories of Seattle's Parks and Playfields", handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library.<!-- Handwritten manuscript, so not italic. --> | |||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| * image, "Welcome to the Licton Springs Neighborhood", map of Licton Springs-North College Park. <!-- Retrieved ] 2006. --><!-- Does not fully display --> | |||
| *, North Seattle Community College | |||
| {{Seattle neighborhoods}} | {{Seattle neighborhoods}} | ||
Revision as of 19:15, 17 May 2007
Northgate is an informal district of neighborhoods in north urban Seattle, Washington, named for and surrounding Northgate Mall, the first covered mall in the United States. Its east-west principal arterials are NE Northgate Way and 130th Street, and its north-south principal arterials are Roosevelt Way NE and Aurora Avenue N (SR 99). Minor arterials are College Way-Meridian Avenue N, 1st, 5th, and 15th avenues NE. Interstate 5 runs through the district. Besides the eponymous mall, the most characteristic distinctions of the area are North Seattle Community College (NSCC), the south fork of the Thornton Creek watershed, and the mosque.
Northgate neighborhoods are (north to south):
As well as the informal district of neighborhoods, Northgate is also Northgate Mall, the shopping center within the Maple Leaf neighborhood of Northgate.
North College Park became defined with the Licton Springs neighborhood with the establishment of North Seattle Community College (NSCC), opened 1970. Licton Springs takes its name from Liq'tid (LEEK-teed) or Licton, the Lushootseed (Whulshootseed) Coast Salish word for the reddish mud of the springs—one of the few Puget Sound Salish words still used as a place name.
As headwaters of the south fork of the Thornton Creek watershed, Sunny Walter-Pillings Pond and NSCC wetland in Licton Springs–North College Park are headwaters of Thornton Creek under the Northgate Mall development. These neighborhoods are natural extensions of Maple Leaf downstream. Neighborhood activists and NSCC have been promoting habitat restoration in support.
The Sheihk Idriss Mosque in Pinehurst has architecture unique in Seattle. An octagonal dome and a symbolic minaret, both sheathed in copper and capped with crescent moons, red brick walls banded with buff brick and tall glass-block windows topped with concrete lintels in the shape of Moorish arches distinguish the first mosque in Seattle (1981) and the first mosque west of the Mississippi River to be built in a Middle Eastern design.
The Northgate Mall, opened in 1950, is the first regional shopping center called a mall, though there are 3 other shopping centers in the United States which predate it. At the time of its opening, it was located outside of the Seattle city limits, though this is no longer the case.
Surrounding the Northgate Mall is another mall as well as many strip malls, a line of stores with a parking lot, often in front.
While there is much commerce in the area, hotel development has been limited with only the Hotel Nexus, previously a Ramada Inn, being the only upscale hotel in the area. The many motels on Aurora Avenue is further northwest than the Northgate neighborhood.
What is now Northgate has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago). The Dkh’Duw’Absh, People of the Inside and Xacuabš, People of the Large Lake, Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish native people had used the Liq'tid Springs area as a spiritual health spa. They harvested cranberries from the Slo’q `qed (SLOQ-qed, bald head), an 85 acre (34 ha) marsh and bog at what is now the NSCC car park, Interstate 5 interchange, and Northgate Mall. Large open areas for game habitat and foraging (anthropogenic grasslands) were maintained in what are now these neighborhoods by selective burning every few years. Today the Native American descendents are represented by the Duwamish Tribe.
Notes and references
- ^ Wilma, David (2001-08-02, corrected 2005-02-16, updated on 2005-05-07). ""Northgate Shopping Mall opens on April 21, 1950."". HistoryLink.org Essay 3186. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
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Wilma referenced Walt Crowley with Paul Dorpat (Photography Editor), National Trust Guide: Seattle (New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1998), 209;
HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Northgate Beginnings" (by Jim Douglas), http://www.historylink.org/ (accessed August 2001);
L. B. Fussell, "Section To Be Known As 'Northgate'", The Seattle Times, February 22, 1948;
"Features Of Northgate Shopping Area Outlined", Ibid., February 1, 1950; "Polar Bear Cubs And $35,000 Car Vie At Northgate", Ibid., May 23, 1950;
"Plenty of Parking Space At Northgate", Ibid., May 7, 1950;
"Carter To Carve Totem Pole For Northgate", Ibid., February 26, 1952;
"Northgate Stores Fete Completion Of 5-Acre Area", Ibid., February 15, 1952;
"Car Show Planned On Northgate Mall", Ibid., April 30, 1953;
"25 New Stores Opening At Northgate", Ibid., August 17, 1965;
"Did You Know?" Ibid., March 18, 1965;
"Northgate's Vast Parking Areas Can Accommodate Up To 50,000 Cars A Day", Ibid., March 21, 1968;
"Eighteen Stores Pioneered Merchandising History At Northgate", Ibid., April 9, 1975;
"Northgate An Instant Success", Ibid., April 9, 1975;
"Northgate Center Will Celebrate 30th Anniversary Next Month", Ibid., March 13, 1980;
"Simoninfo", Simon Properties Website (www.simon.com);
Steve Schoenherr (University of San Diego), "Evolution of the Shopping Center", Steve Schoenherr Home Page accessed on November 4, 2004 (http://home.sandiego.edu/~ses/). -
""Street Classification Maps"". Seattle Department of Transportation. 2005. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)
High-Resolution Version, PDF format, 16.1 MB
Medium-Resolution Version, PDF format, 1.45 MB 12 January 2004.
Low-Resolution Version, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004.
"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions", PDF format. 12 January 2004.
The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online vewing. - (1) ""Northgate"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Seattle Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
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(2) ""About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services"". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. Revised 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2006-05-21.{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
See heading, "Note about limitations of these data".
(3) Shenk, Pollack, Dornfeld, Frantilla, & Neman.
Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the Department of Neighborhoods and other agencies), Seattle Public Library indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the Seattle Municipal Archives .
dated 13 June 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.] - Wilma, David (2001-07-20). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: Maple Leaf -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3454. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
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Wilma referenced Mimi Sheridan and Carol Tobin, Licton Springs History, (Seattle: Licton Springs Community Council, 2001), 8;
Don Sherwood, "Sacajawea P.F.", in "Interpretive Essays of the Histories of Seattle's Parks and Playfields", handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library. - ""About NSCC"". North Seattle Community College. n.d. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - ^ Sheridan, Mimi (2001-07-17). Wilma, David, ed. (ed.). ""Seattle Neighborhoods: Licton Springs -- Thumbnail History"". HistoryLink.org Essay 3447. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}:|editor=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
Authors referenced Clarence B. Bagley, History of Seattle (Chicago, S. J. Clarke Publishing, 1916); Sophie Frye Bass, Pig-Tail Days in Old Seattle (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1937); David Buerge, "The Maps of the Early Shoreline Area", typescript dated 1996, Shoreline Historical Museum; David Buerge, "Any There There?" The Weekly, June 18, 1997; David Buerge, "Seattle Before Seattle", The Weekly, December 17-23, 1980; Paul Burch, "The Story of Licton Springs", The Westerner, September 1908; W. E. Chambers, "The Pacific Highway", The Argus, December 17, 1921; Isobel Chapman, Northgate Reflections (Seattle: Isobel Chapman, May 1977); "The Club Salutes Lawrence Denny Lindsley", The Mountaineer, June 1974; Laura C. Daly, "A History of Cemeteries in the City of Seattle...", typescript dated 1984 in possession of Evergreen-Washelli, Seattle; Laura C. Daly, "Seattle's 'Cemetery of the Land of the Hereafter'", Portage, vol. 5, No. 1-2 (Winter/Spring 1984); Emily Inez Denny, Blazing the Way (Seattle: Rainier Printing Company, 1909); Emily Inez Denny, Notebooks, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle (hereafter MOHAI); Victory Denny, Notebooks -- Licton Springs, MOHAI; "Denny’s Mineral Springs", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, October 13, 1883, p. 2; Margaret Collins Denny Dixon and Elizabeth Chapman Denny Vann, Denny Geneaology, Vols. 1-3 (New York: National Historical Society: 1944-1951); Paul Dorpat, "Licton Park Home", The Seattle Times, September 15, 1996; The Freeways in Seattle, (Olympia: Washington State Highway Commission, 1962); Faye M. Garneau, "History of Aurora" in Aurora Avenue Merchants Association Newsletter; "Henry L. Denny, Sound Pioneer, Celebrates 91", The Seattle Times, September 15, 1929; King County, Real Property Assessment Rolls, various dates; Janice Krenmayr, Footloose in Seattle, Vol. 1 (Seattle: Seattle Times Company, 1963); Kroll’s Atlas of King County (Seattle: Kroll Map Company, 1912 and 1926); Calvin Lew, "Principles Used in Planning and Developing Suburban Shopping Centers...", MBA thesis, University of Washington, 1951; "Licton Park to be Site of Sanitarium", The Interlaken, March 9, 1907; Rae Tufts, "Little-known Park has Hot Springs", The Seattle Times, September 12, 1982; Jay Miller, Shamanic Odyssey: The Lushootseed Salish Journey to the Land of the Dead (Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press, 1988); Brandt Morgan, Enjoying Seattle’s Parks, (Seattle: Greenwood Publications, 1979); Gordon Newell, Westward to Alki: The Story of David and Louisa Denny (Seattle: Superior Publishing, 1977); "The Northgate Story", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 3, 1965; "Oak Lake School Scrapbook", 1886-1959, Seattle School District; Olmsted Brothers Office, plans of Licton Springs, Job No. 3347, 1907; National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historical Site, Olmsted Plans and Drawings Collection, Brookline, MA; R. L. Polk, Seattle City Directories (various dates); Puget Sound Regional Archives, Property Record Cards; "Scenes Around Licton Springs...", The Seattle Times, March 10, 1907; "Seattle Spa", Ibid., September 13, 1964; Jan Silver, "Seattle’s Painted Waters", in Puget Soundings, October 1980; A Field Guide to Seattle’s Public Art ed. by Diane Shamash and Steven Huss (Seattle: 1991); Don Sherwood, "Licton Springs Park", in "Interpretive Essays of the Histories of Seattle's Parks and Playfields", handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Sherwood Collection at Seattle Municipal Archives; Paul Burch, "The Story of Licton Springs", The Westerner, September 1908; Nile Thompson and Carolyn J. Marr, Building for Learning: Seattle Public School Histories (Seattle: Seattle Public Schools, 2002); Nile Robert Thompson, "The Original Residents of Shilshole Bay" in Passport to Ballard (Seattle: Ballard News Tribune, 1988); U.S. General Land Office, Washington Plat Book, Vol. 26, 127, National Archives, Pacific Northwest Region; Oregon and Washington Donation Land Files, 1851-1903, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives, 1973); Rebecca E. Walls, "Growing and Gathering: An Adaptive Re-use Plan for Greenwood Greenhouse", master's thesis, University of Washington, 1999; Thomas Talbot Waterman, "The Geographical Names Used by Indians of the Pacific Coast", The Geographical Review, Vol. 12 (1922); John R. Watt, Pioneering From Covered Wagons Onward (Roswell, GA: WH Wolfe Associates, 1995); Roberta Frye Watt, Four Wagons West, (Portland: Binford & Mort, 1931); Warren W. Wing, To Seattle by Trolley (Edmonds, WA: Pacific Fast Mail, 1988); Mimi Sheridan and Carol Tobin interview of Chuck and June Pilling, November 17, 2000; and of Sayo Harmeling and Bea Kumasaka, February 24, 2001. - (1) Walter & local Audubon chapters
(2) Bowditch, Wang, & Wilson
(3) Brokaw - (1) Brokaw
(2) Bowditch, Wang, & Wilson
(3) Hodson
(4) Thornton Creek Alliance staff - Long, Priscilla (2001-09-15). ""Sheihk Idriss Mosque founded in Seattle's Northgate neighborhood in 1981."". HistoryLink.org Essay 3570. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
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Long referenced David Buerge and Junius Rochester, Roots and Branches (Seattle: Church Council of Greater Seattle, 1988), 221;
David Schraer, "Northgate's Mosque: A Monument on the Strip", Arcade (Seattle), Vol. 2, No. 2 (June-July 1981), p. 2;
John Wolcott, "Muslims in the Northwest", The Progress, Vol. 89, No. 3 (January 16, 1986). - IPA pronunciation: Dkh’Duw’Absh , Xachua'bsh or hah-choo-AHBSH
Further reading and references
- ""About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services"". Information Services. Seattle City Clerk's Office. Revised 2006-04-30. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)
See heading, "Note about limitations of these data". - Bowditch, Elise (2002-01-30). ""North Seattle Community College Trail Siting"". GEOG461 Urban GIS, Department of Geography. University of Washington. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
Elise Bowditch, Teaching Assistant; Man Wang, Teaching Assistant; Matthew W. Wilson, Research Associate. - Brokaw, Michael (n.d.). ""Grounds Department Wetland"". North Seattle Community College Grounds Maintenance. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - Dailey, Tom (n.d.). ""Duwamish-Seattle"". "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound". Retrieved 2006-04-21.
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Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section .
Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. ;
Duwamish et al vs. United States of America, F-275. Washington DC: US Court of Claims, 1927. ;
"Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 1-7 August 1984 ;
"Seattle Before Seattle" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 17-23 December 1980. ;
The Puyallup-Nisqually by Marian W. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. .
Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound" . - Dolan, Maria (2003). "North Seattle Community College Wetlands". Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 242–7. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback).
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Hodson, Jeff (2000-02-16). ""Restoration urged for Thornton Creek : Local News"". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)
Was , NF. - (Speer, Thomas R.), editor (2004-07-22). ""Chief Si'ahl"" (DOC). "Chief Si'ahl". Duwamish Tribe. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); External link in|work=
Includes bibliography. - "Map of Licton Springs-North College Park". "Welcome to the Licton Springs Neighborhood". Licton Springs Community Council. n.d. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|coauthors=and|month=(help)
Map of Licton Springs-North College Park. - ""Licton Springs Neighborhood: Local Interest"". Licton Springs Community Council. Winter 2000. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|coauthors=and|month=(help) - ""Northgate"". Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas. Office of the Seattle City Clerk. n.d., map .jpg 2002-06-17. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Shenk, Carol (2002-06-26, maps .jpg c. 2002-06-15). ""About neighborhood maps"". Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas. Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the Department of Neighborhoods and other agencies), Seattle Public Library indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the Seattle Municipal Archives.
dated 13 June 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.] - ""Restoration Activities: A Few of Our Accomplishments"". Thornton Creek Alliance, Seattle Community Network. n.d. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - Walter, Sunny (Updated 2006-02-10). ""Sunny Walter's Washington Nature Weekends: Wildlife Viewing Locations - Greater Seattle Area"". Retrieved 2006-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters."
Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders.
Walter excerpted from- Dolan, Maria (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter -- Twin Ponds".
- Dolan, Maria (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback.