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Revision as of 04:06, 1 June 2007

A picture clause is an element in Programming Languages that is used to describe a data item, by using sample characters that indicate the item characteristics and size.

History

The picture clause was first used in the COMTRAN (Commercial Translator) language developed by Bob Bemer of IBM in 1957. In 1959, it was incorporated into the original definition of COBOL. Since then, many other programming languages have copied this feature.

Structure

A picture clause is made up of various characters, each of which represents a certain type of data item. The number of repeated characters indicates the size of the data item. Here are some examples (from COBOL) of picture characters and what they represent:

  • A -- an alphabetic character (A-Z or a-z, plus blank)
  • B -- the blank character
  • X -- any character, alphabetic, numeric, or other symbols
  • 9 -- a numeric digit
  • Z -- a numeric digit, but zero-suppressed (replaced by a blank when equal to zero)
  • S -- a sign for a number
  • , -- the comma, used as a separator in displaying numbers
  • . -- the period, used as a decimal point in displaying numbers
  • + -- the plus sign, used in displaying signed numbers
  • - -- the minus sign, used in displaying signed numbers

Some picture characters are used in input data and data storage fields, some only in output fields, and some in both. For example, S is used for a signed number on input and storage fields, but output fields will display a + or - sign.

Examples

picture clause data type sample contents
PICTURE IS 999 3-digit number 123, 005, 087, any number from 000 through 999
PICTURE IS S999 3-digit signed number +123, -005, +087, any number from -999 through +999
PICTURE IS ZZ9 3-digit number, leading zeros suppressed 123, 5, 87, any number from 000 through 999
PICTURE IS A(8) up to 8-character alphabetic string "Fredrick", "Fred ", any string up to 8 letters
PICTURE IS X(8) up to 8-character string "Smithson", "O'Riley ", "Von-Jovi", any string up to 8 characters

Footnotes

  1. ^ The comma and decimal point can be switched for European use.
  2. These examples are from COBOL.
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