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| The '''Ottoman Turks''' were the ethnic subdivision of the ] who dominated the ruling class of the ]. | |||
| The '''Azeri''', also referred to as Azerbaijanian ], are a Turkic-Muslim people who live in the ], located in a crossroads between eastern ] and western ]. Term Azerbajanis was first introduced by bolsheviks, with intention to claim northern province of Persia (from ] - Iran). Thus, referring to term Azerbaijan in historivcal context before 1918 is nonsence. | |||
| == Brief History == | |||
| Before ] muslim population of modern territory of Azerbajdzhan did not have ethnic identification and call themselves just muslims. By 1918 approximately 60% of population were ], whereas Azerbaijanis (or, correclty, Azeri Turks) contituted ca 30% of population. Ethnic cleansing and descrimination on ethnic basis almost completely eliminated Talysh and ] population. Azeri historians use georgraphical principle in their studies. According to theory of ], Azeriz did not change at all during centuries, withstanding all invasions and wars and inherit all territories of nation lived on territory of contemporary Azerbaijan. | |||
| The Ottomans were first known to the west in 1227, when they fled the ] into the ] in what is now called ]. However, they would have a state in Western Turkey under Ertugrul Gazi, whose capital was Sögüt, near Bursa to the south of Turkey's Sea of Marmara, the body of water between the ] and the ]. He established a principality as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son Osman expanded the principality, and for him both the empire and the people were named by Europeans. Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing empire taking ], present day Iznik, and crossed the Dardanelles in 1362. But the Ottoman empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured the ] capital, Constantinople (subsequently to be known as ]), in 1453. | |||
| The northern half of Iranian province of Azerbaijan was annexed by the Russians in ]. Between ] and ] approximately one million Azeri Turks migrated to ] from ]. Total number of Azeri Turks is more than 10 million worldwide, with the majority living outside of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Republic of ] has a population of 5 million, while more than 2 million live in Russia and 1 million living in different CIS contries, mainly in ], the northwestern region of Iran in the provinces of Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan; the territory of South Azerbaijan. | |||
| The Ottoman empire would rule much of the ], the ] and even ] over the course of several centuries, until it was replaced by the ], whose leader Enver Pasha staged a coup in 1913. After the Second World War Muhammad V was removed and in 1922 the modern Republic was formed. | |||
| More than 8 million live in various cities in central ] especially in the capital of Tehran. Most analysts state that at least 50% of the city and province of Tehran including the city of Karaj, is inhabited by Azeri Turks. The nomadic Turkic tribes of Afshar, Shahseven, Qarapapaq, Qajar and Timurtash who are spread across Iran are tribes of the Azerbaijanians. There are also 2 million indigenous Azerbaijanians living in the eastern region of Turkey (mostly in Kars and Igdir), 2.5 million throughout the ] (mostly in the autonomous republic of ] and the capital city of ]) 1 million living in northern Iraq (whom are referred to as Turkmens that live mostly in ], ] and ]) and 300,000 living in the southern region of Georgia. There are also scattered populations of Azerbaijanians in ], ], ] and ], including a large diaspora living in ] and ]. | |||
| == Culture and the Arts== | |||
| The conquest of Constantanople, made the Ottomans the ruler of one of the most profitable empires on earth, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans would grow and make major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and would become the standard of opulence. | |||
| ==== Ottoman Calligraphy ==== | |||
| Because ] is a religion which focuses very heavily on learning the central text of the ], ] became one of the foremost of the arts. | |||
| The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late ] by a new style pioneered by Seyh Hamdullah (1429-1520) which became the basis for Ottoman Calligraphy. Focusing on the ] version of the script, which became the standard for copying the ] (See ]). | |||
| The next great change in Ottoman calligraphy comes from the style of ] (1642-1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favor with an empire at its peak of both territorial extent, and governmental burdens. | |||
| The late calligraphic style of the Ottomans was created by Mustafa Râkim (1757-1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, and placing greater emphasis on technical perfection which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the sülüs script as well as the nesih script which had been the dominant standard script. | |||
| ==== Ottoman Poetry ==== | |||
| Ottoman poetry produced epic length verse, but is better remembered for shorter forms, for example the ]. The epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his '']'', and his contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms. | |||
| ==== Ottoman painting ==== | |||
| By the 1300's the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsman, and produced a flowering of miniatures which depicted pagentry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, as well as chronicling events. While initially isilluminated manuscript]] work. | |||
| By the late 1700's European influences in painting are clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| == External Links == | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
Revision as of 20:28, 10 June 2005
The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkic people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire.
Brief History
The Ottomans were first known to the west in 1227, when they fled the Mongol Empire into the Seljuk Empire in what is now called Anatolia. However, they would have a state in Western Turkey under Ertugrul Gazi, whose capital was Sögüt, near Bursa to the south of Turkey's Sea of Marmara, the body of water between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. He established a principality as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son Osman expanded the principality, and for him both the empire and the people were named by Europeans. Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing empire taking Nicaea, present day Iznik, and crossed the Dardanelles in 1362. But the Ottoman empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured the Byzantine capital, Constantinople (subsequently to be known as Istanbul), in 1453.
The Ottoman empire would rule much of the Balkans, the Fertile Crescent and even Egypt over the course of several centuries, until it was replaced by the Young Turks, whose leader Enver Pasha staged a coup in 1913. After the Second World War Muhammad V was removed and in 1922 the modern Republic was formed.
Culture and the Arts
The conquest of Constantanople, made the Ottomans the ruler of one of the most profitable empires on earth, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans would grow and make major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and would become the standard of opulence.
Ottoman Calligraphy
Because Islam is a religion which focuses very heavily on learning the central text of the Qur'an, calligraphy became one of the foremost of the arts.
The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 1400's by a new style pioneered by Seyh Hamdullah (1429-1520) which became the basis for Ottoman Calligraphy. Focusing on the nesih version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Qur'an (See Arabic Calligraphy).
The next great change in Ottoman calligraphy comes from the style of Hâfiz Osman (1642-1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favor with an empire at its peak of both territorial extent, and governmental burdens.
The late calligraphic style of the Ottomans was created by Mustafa Râkim (1757-1826) as an extension and reform of Osman's style, and placing greater emphasis on technical perfection which broadened the calligraphic art to encompass the sülüs script as well as the nesih script which had been the dominant standard script.
Ottoman Poetry
Ottoman poetry produced epic length verse, but is better remembered for shorter forms, for example the gazel. The epic poet Ahmedi (-1412) is remembered for his Alexander the Great, and his contemporary Sheykhi wrote verses on love and romance. Yaziji-Oglu produced a religious epic on Mohammed's life, drawing from the stylistic advances of the previous generation and Ahmedi's epic forms.
Ottoman painting
By the 1300's the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsman, and produced a flowering of miniatures which depicted pagentry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, as well as chronicling events. While initially isilluminated manuscript]] work.
By the late 1700's European influences in painting are clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition.