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| {{infobox University | |||
| |name= The University of Michigan | |||
| |image_name= Umichigan color seal.gif | |||
| |motto= ''Artes, Scientia, Veritas ("Arts, Knowledge, Truth")''<br /> | |||
| |endowment= ]5.65 ]<ref name="endowment">{{cite journal | title= | journal=The Michigan Daily | date=October 9, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> | |||
| |president= ] | |||
| |established= 1817 | |||
| |type= Flagship<br />]<br />]<br />] | |||
| |calendar = Trimester | |||
| |staff= | |||
| |faculty= 6,238 | |||
| |students= 40,025 | |||
| |undergrad= 25,555 | |||
| |postgrad= 14,470 | |||
| |colors= ] and ] | |||
| <span style="background-color:#FFD700;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000"> </span> <span style="background-color:#000080;width:50px;border:1px solid #000000"> </span> | |||
| |city= ] | |||
| |country= ] | |||
| |campus= 3,176 ]s (12.86 ])<br/>]: 20,965 acres (84.84 km²), including arboretum | |||
| |free_label= Sports | |||
| |free= ] | |||
| |website= | |||
| |logo= ] | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''University of Michigan, Ann Arbor''' ('''U of M''', '''UM''' or simply '''Michigan''') is a ]al ] ] in the state of ], and one of the foremost universities in the United States. The university was founded in 1817 in ], about 20 years before the territory of Michigan officially became a state, and moved to ] in 1837. Today, it is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan system, which now has two satellite campuses, the ] and the ]. | |||
| In its 2006 Top 100 Global Universities ranking, Newsweek ranked the University of Michigan 11th in the World. In its 2007 edition, '']'' ranked the university's undergraduate program second in the United States among public universities and 24th among all universities. In its last published survey in 1995 the ] ranked UM third in the United States in a study that spanned 41 graduate disciplines as to aggregate quality of graduate programs. The university has one of the largest research expenditures of any American university and one of the largest number of living alumni at 420,000.<ref name=alumni>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/index.php | title=About the Association | publisher=University of Michigan Alumni Association | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> The university owns one of the most well-regarded academic medical centers in the United States, the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/honorroll.htm | title=America's Best Hospitals 2006: Honor Roll | year=2007 | publisher=US News and World Reports | accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> UM is recognized for its history of ] and its athletic teams, notably in ], ], and ] as well. | |||
| Despite being a public institution, the University of Michigan is known for its high student fees; tuition for out-of-state students is currently the most expensive in the country.<ref>{{cite web | author=Sahadi, Jeanne | date=October 28, 2005 | url=http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/27/pf/college/priciest_colleges/index.htm | title=The 10 most expensive colleges | publisher=CNN/Money | date=October 28, 2005 | accessdate=2005-02-21}}</ref> The university has also been at the center of a national controversy involving the use of ] in admissions. Though the university successfully affirmed before the ] that consideration of ] as a factor in admissions to universities was ] in 2003,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/affirm.html | title=University of Michigan Affirmative Action Lawsuit | date=February 12, 2003 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2006-12-29}}</ref> Michigan voters ] on affirmative action in public universities and governmental hiring in November 2006. This meant that Michigan had to cease using race and gender as criteria for admissions.<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html | title=University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref> | |||
| <div style="font-size: 100%"> | |||
| __TOC__ | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{main|History of the University of Michigan}} | |||
| The University of Michigan was established in 1817 by the ] legislature in ], on 1,920 acres (7.76 km²) ceded through the ] by the ], ], and ] peoples. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it offered this land to the university when ] was chosen as the state capital. The land in Detroit was sold, and the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. The original 40 acres became part of the current Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were ] veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870, making UM the first major university to do so (and the third college overall, after ] in 1833 and ] in 1847). James B. Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded UM's curriculum to include professional studies in ], ], ], ], and ]. UM also became the first American university to use the ] method of study.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brubacher, John Seiler |title=Higher Education in Transition | year=July 1, 1997 | publisher=Transaction Publishers | pages=187|id=ISBN 1-56000-917-9}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| From 1900 to 1920 many new facilities were constructed on campus, including facilities for the dental and pharmacy programs, a chemistry building, a building for the natural sciences, ], large hospital and library complexes, and two residential halls. The university fortified its reputation for research in 1920 by reorganizing the College of Engineering and forming an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. During ], UM's research grew to include ] projects such as ]s, ]s, and ]. By 1950, enrollment had reached 21,000, of whom 7,700 were veterans supported by the ]. As the ] and the ] took hold, UM became a major recipient of government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for ]. At present, much of that work, as well as research into alternative energy sources, is pursued via the Memorial Phoenix Project.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mmpei.umich.edu/about/ | title=MMPEI | year=2007 | publisher=Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| On ], ], ] candidate ] proposed the concept of what became the ] on the steps of Michigan Union.<ref name="history">{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/refhome/umtimeline/general.html | title=University of Michigan Timelines - General University Timeline | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=April 2005 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> ]'s speech outlining his ] program also occurred at UM.<ref name="history" /> Also during the 1960s, UM saw many protests by student groups. On ], ], a group of UM faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~newsinfo/MT/95/Oct95/mt11o95.html | title=Vietnam teach-in 30 years ago | author=Newman, Matthew | publisher=Michigan Today | date=October 1995 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/exhibits/sixties/web_teachins.html | title=A Decade of Dissent:Teach-Ins | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=September 29, 2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> In response to a series of ]s in 1966 by ''Voice''–the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society–UM's administration banned sit-ins. This stimulated 1,500 students to conduct a further one-hour sit-in in the administration building. | |||
| ] | |||
| During the 1970s, severe budget constraints challenged the university's physical development; however, the 1980s saw a surge in funds devoted to research in the social and physical sciences. Meanwhile, the university's involvement in the anti-missile ] and investments in ] caused controversy on campus. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus. | |||
| In the early 2000s, UM also faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping ] costs affordable. There were also disputes between UM's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2005/03/25/News/Gsis-Walk.Out-1429731.shtml | title=GSIs walk out | author=Saini, kjyot | date=March 25, 2005 | publisher=The Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| In 2003, two lawsuits involving UM's ] admissions policy reached the ] ('']'' and '']''). President ] took the unusual step of publicly opposing the policy before the court issued a ruling. The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding. However, a point system was ruled as being unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the ] admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy. The debate still continues, however, because in November of 2006 Michigan voters passed ], banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref> UM and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the passed proposal soon after that election, and this has allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the election results. The university has stated it plans to continue to challenge the ruling; in the meantime, the admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.<ref name="NoAffirAct">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/10/AR2007011002095.html University of Michigan Drops Affirmative Action for Now | date=January 11, 2007 | author=] | publisher=The Washington Post | accessdate=2007-01-12}}</ref> | |||
| The ], ], publication of ''] College Guide for LGBT Students'' highlighted the University of Michigan as one of the 20 best campuses for ] students.<ref>{{cite web | author=Bruce C. Steele and Neal Broverman | url=http://www.advocate.com/currentstory1_w.asp?id=35308 | title=College Made Easy | publisher=The Advocate | year=August 29, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The guide acknowledged colleges and universities across the United States for making strides toward the advancement and integration of the LGBT community via a wide variety of student support groups, resources, events, policies, and other efforts to create an overall exceptional educational climate for these individuals. | |||
| ==Academic profile== | |||
| ] | |||
| The university has 25,555 ] and 14,470 ]s in 600 academic programs, and each year about 5,400 new students are enrolled. Students come from all 50 ]s and more than 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://admissions.umich.edu/prospective/index.html | title=Undergraduate Admissions - Prospective Students | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Admissions | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> 98% of the university's incoming class of 2006 earned a high school GPA of 3.0 and higher, while the middle 50% of the incoming class earned a high school GPA of 3.60 to 3.90.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_freshprof.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Freshman Class Profile | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=January 17, 2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_cds2005.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Common Data Set 2004–2005 (Page 11) | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=August 16, 2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The middle 50% of applicants reported an ] score of about 1900–2160 and an ] score of 27–31, with ] credit granted to over 3000 freshmen students.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://admissions.umich.edu/fastfacts.html | title=Undergraduate Admissions - Fast Facts | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Admissions | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> About 22% of newly-enrolled undergraduates and 25% of all undergraduates are members of ethnic ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/files/umaa_cds2005.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Common Data Set 2004–2005 (Page 11) | publisher=University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning | date=August 16, 2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| About 65% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the ] (LS&A), while the ] has about 20%. Fewer than 3% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the ]. The rest of the undergraduate students are enrolled in the smaller schools, including the ], the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/EnrollmentFA00toFA04.pdf | title=Enrollment by Degree Type and School/College | year=2004 | publisher=UM News Service | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> Most graduate students are enrolled in the ], the College of Engineering, the Law School, the ], and the ]. The Medical School is partnered with the ], which comprises the University's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education. Other academic units include the ], ] and the Schools of ], ], ], ], Natural Resources and Environment, ], and ], of which Social Work has been ranked first by the ''U.S. News and World Report'' every year since 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/hea/brief/sow_brief.php | title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2007 - Health: Social Work (Master's) | year=2007 | publisher=US News and World Report | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| There are over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the ], and 400 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline.<ref>. ''The Center''. Accessed October 2, 2005.</ref> The university consistently leads the nation in the number of ] and has matriculated 25 ]. | |||
| In one recent rankings summary, more than 70% of UM's 200 major programs, departments, and schools were ranked in the top 10 nationally, and more than 90% of programs and departments were ranked in the top 20 nationally.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/%7Eoapainfo/TABLES/PDF/UMAA_Rankings.pdf | title=University of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Recent Rankings for Graduate & Professional Academic | date=April 7, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The 2008 '']'' ranks UM 25th among all American universities and 3rd (tied with ]) among ].<ref name="USNews">{{cite news|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php|title=America's Best Colleges 2008|accessdate=2007-08-17|date=]|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''}}</ref> In its 2007 annual college rankings, '']'' ranks UM sixth nationally with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0709.natlrankings.pdf|title=National Universities|accessdate=2007-08-21|date=August 2007|publisher=''The Washington Monthly''}}</ref> '']'' rates UM 11th globally based on "openness and diversity" as well as "distinction in research".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/ | title=The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities | publisher=Newsweek International | date=August 13, 2006 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> The 2006 THES and SJTU academically rank the university as 29th and 21st in the world, respectively. Similarly, the 2007 edition of the ''Fiske Rankings'' rates UM with "5 Stars"—reserved for only those universities of the highest academic quality. Furthermore, UM's academic reputation has led to its inclusion on Richard Moll's list of ].<ref>{{cite book | author=Moll, Richard. | title=The Public Ivys: America's Flagship Undergraduate Colleges | location=New York | publisher=Vikiing Adult | year=1985 | id=ISBN 0-670-58205-0}}</ref> | |||
| A concern about academics at UM is the high level of educational expenses for a public institution, especially for out-of-state undergraduate students, who pay about ]30,000 annually for tuition alone. Currently, out-of-state tuition at UM is the most expensive in the United States for a public college or university.<ref>Sahadi, Jeanne (October 28, 2005). . ''CNN/Money''. Accessed February 21, 2005.</ref> Conversely, in-state undergraduate students pay about US $10,000 annually.<ref>. ''University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning''. Accessed October 7, 2006.</ref> Notwithstanding the quoted tuition levels, the university is attempting to lower the cost of attendance. To that end, the university is building a US $400 million endowment in order to replace loans with out-right grants to students.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.giving.umich.edu/campaign/goals/index.html | title=Campaign Goals of UM School, Colleges, and Units | year=2006 | publisher=The University of Michigan Office of Development | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Serwach, Joe | date=August 14, 2006 | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0506/Aug14_06/00.shtml | title=M-PACT expansion replaces some loans with grants | publisher=The University Record Online | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> | |||
| ==Research and endowment== | |||
| ] | |||
| The university is one of the founding members (1900) of the ], the nation's most significant consortium of research universities. | |||
| The university has one of the largest annual research expenditures of any university in the United States, totaling about US $775 million per annum from 2004 to 2005, and US $797 million in 2006.<ref name= "FY06 Expendtures">{{cite web | url=http://www.research.umich.edu/research_guide/annual_reports/FY06/FY06ResearchExpenditures.pdf | title=Annual Report on Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity at the University of Michigan FY2006 | year= January 18, 2007 | publisher=UM Research}}</ref> The Medical School spent the most at over US $333 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $131 million.<ref name= "FY06 Expendtures" /> UM also has a ] office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests. | |||
| UM helped develop one of the first university computer networks (the Merit Network) and has made major contributions to the mathematics of ]. Other major contributions included the precursor to the ] ]ing backbone,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merit.edu/about/history/ | title=Merit Network: History | publisher=Merit Network | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> the virtual memory model, and computer ]s. The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the ], ], the announcement of ]'s polio vaccine, and the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system or ]. The university's 13,000-acre (53 km²) ] in the ] is one of only 47 ]s in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/contact.asp?code=USA | title=United States of America - Focal point for biosphere reserves | publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization | date=November 1, 2000 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> | |||
| UM is home to the ] and the ]. Political scientists and policy analysts use UM's ] project as a gauge of nations' relative ] and a barometer for the outbreak of war. The university is also home to major research centers in ], reconfigurable manufacturing systems, ], and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute is located at the university, and support was recently given to the ]s with the establishment of the Life Sciences Institute and the construction of associated facilities. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the ] (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Gregerman, Sandra | year=2005 | title= | journal=LSA Magazine | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> | |||
| UM's ] (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $5.65 billion in NACUBO's 2006 ranking.<ref name="endowment" /> It is the ] endowment in the U.S. and the third-largest among U.S. public universities.<ref>{{cite web | author=Keenan, Matthew | url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=afIqiSrR2HUY | title=Yale Posts Highest Endowment Returns, Topping Stanford, Harvard | date=November 22, 2005 | publisher=Bloomberg | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, UM embarked on a massive fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million dollars designated for the permanent endowment.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.giving.umich.edu/campaign/goals/index.html | title=Campaign Goals - The Michigan Difference | year=2005 | publisher=The University of Michigan Office of Development | accessdate=2005-12-30}}</ref> Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mlive.com/news/aanews/index.ssf?/base/news-22/117949939798070.xml&coll=2 | title=U-M's Michigan Difference campaign hits goal | author=Gershman, Dave | date=] ] | publisher=Ann Arbor News | accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> | |||
| ==Libraries and museums== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{see also|University of Michigan Library|Museums at the University of Michigan}} | |||
| The ] comprises 19 individual libraries with 24 separate collections—roughly 8.13 million volumes, growing at the rate of 177,000 volumes a year.<ref>. ''U of M News Service''. Accessed September 19, 2005.</ref> In the most recent academic year for which such figures are released (2005), the ] — using a variety of metrics — ranked UM's library system as one of the top academic library systems in the U.S.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Martha Kyrillidou and Mark Young | title= | journal=Association of Research Libraries | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-02-19}}</ref> | |||
| UM was the original home of the ] database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of ] and ]. The University recently initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with ]. As of ], ], UM has rolled out the first phase of the Google archive retrieval.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mdp.lib.umich.edu/m/mdp/mdp-faq.htm | title=Frequently Asked Questions about MBooks at the University of Michigan | date=August 10, 2006 | publisher=University of Michigan - University Library | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| Two prominent libraries, the ] and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (also called the UGLi, which is officially an acronym but was used by students as a reference to the building's uninspired appearance prior to its recent renovation), are on Central Campus and are connected by a ]. The Duderstadt Center on North Campus houses books on ], ], and ]. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple ]s, ] studios, and a ] ] room. North Campus is also home to the ] and the ]. | |||
| ] | |||
| The University of Michigan is home to a number of museums, whose focuses include ], ], ], ], ], and art. The natural history public collections are housed at the University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History, which displays items from the collections of the paleontology, zoology, and anthropology museums. The Exhibit Museum also holds the largest display of dinosaur specimens in Michigan, as well a specimen of the ], the ] (the only such display in the world containing adult male and female specimens: the Buesching and Owosso mastodons).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Apr05/r040405 | title=Scientists use manufacturing methods to reconstruct mastodon | date=April 4, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan News Service | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Another major university museum is the University of Michigan Museum of Art, with a permanent collection of European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African items, and temporary exhibits on a wide variety of subjects. | |||
| ==Campus== | |||
| ] | |||
| The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings, with a combined area of more than 29 million square feet (664 acres or 2.69 km²).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oseh.umich.edu/OSEH%20Presentations/OSEH%20Lecture%20Series%206.pdf | title=Environmental Stewardship at the University of Michigan | year=2006 | publisher=University of Michigan Occupational Safety and Environmental Health | accessdate=2007-04-29}}</ref> The campus also consists of leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus has recently been developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery. | |||
| In addition to the UM Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course called "Radrick Farms Golf Course" on Geddes Road. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff, and alumni.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~radrick/ | title=Welcome to Radrick Farms Golf Course | publisher=University of Michigan | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000 square foot (930 m²) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the board of regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/publications/inglis/ | title=The Inglis House Estate at the University of Michigan | author=Duderstadt, Anne | year=2007 | publisher=University of Michigan | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the ], which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor. | |||
| All four campus areas are connected by ] services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pts.umich.edu/transit/bus_routes/index.html | title=Bus Routes & Medical Center Parking Express Shuttles | publisher=University of Michigan Parking & Transportation Services | year=2005 | accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref> The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the ]. | |||
| ===Central Campus=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Central Campus was the original location of UM when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/pres/history/markers/diag.html | title=The Central Forty and The Diag (1837) | year=2006 | publisher=University of Michigan History and Traditions Committee | accessdate=2007-04-29}}</ref> Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings. Central Campus is the location of the ], and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the ] and the ], are on Central Campus. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect ] between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the ] and nearby ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/uarphome/archt.htm | title=A Chronology of University of Michigan Buildings, 1840-1999 | date=June 2002 | publisher=University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library | accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref> | |||
| ===North Campus=== | |||
| ] | |||
| North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of land — approximately 800 acres (3.25 km²) — that the university bought in 1952.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/facilities/tour/ | title=North Campus Tour | publisher=Michigan Engineering | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-05-27}}</ref> It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more ], whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect ], based in ], created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Carter, Brian | year=2000 | title= | journal=Dimensions Volume Fourteen | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand ]. North Campus houses the ], the Schools of ], and Art and Design, the ], and an annex of the School of Information. | |||
| ===South Campus=== | |||
| South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities, such as ], ], and ]. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility (the collections of which are undergoing digitization by Google), the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups. The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus. | |||
| UM's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by ], the designer of ] in ] (home of ]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6084 | title=UM Golf Course | year=2006 | publisher=MGoBlue.com | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what '']'' calls “golf’s greatest course architect.” The UM Golf Course’s signature No. 6 hole — a 310-yard par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers — is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion ] and golf course architect ]. The listing of “the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie” is featured in SI’s Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters in ], ]. | |||
| ==Athletics== | |||
| {{main|Michigan Wolverines}} | |||
| The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the ]s. They participate in the ]'s ] and in the ] in all sports except men's ], which competes in the ]. In seven of the past ten years, UM has finished in the top five of the ], a ranking compiled by the ] to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. UM has finished in the top eleven of the Directors' Cup standings in each of the award's twelve seasons and has placed in the top six in each of the last eight seasons.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nacda.collegesports.com/directorscup/nacda-directorscup-previous-scoring.html | title=Sports Academy Directors' Cup | publisher=National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The ] program ranks first in NCAA history in both total wins (860) and winning percentage (.745).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncaa.org/library/records/football/football_records_book/2006/2006_d1_football_records_book.pdf | title=Official 2006 NCAA Divisions I-A and I-AA Football Records Book | publisher=National Collegiate Athletics Association | year=2006 | accessdate=2007-08-10}}</ref> The team won the first ] game in 1902, and has the longest current streak of consecutive ] appearances. The last year in which UM did not appear in a bowl was 1974, which was also the last season in which Big Ten teams other than the champion were not eligible for bowls; UM's last losing season was in 1967. The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships, including five in the past decade. The program has eleven ], most recently in 1997,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/athdept/football/misc/natchamp.htm | title=University of Michigan Football - National Championships | publisher=University of Michigan Athletics History | year=2002 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> and has produced three ] winners: ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=13326 | title=Michigan in the Heisman Trophy Voting | publisher=MGoBlue.com | year=2005 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| ] is the largest college football-only stadium in the world, with an official capacity of more than 107,501 (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for ]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mgoblue.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=3052 | title=Michigan Stadium | publisher=MGoBlue.com | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-06}}</ref>) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—regularly exceeds the official capacity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/stadium/stadtext/stad1998.htm | title=''The Michigan Stadium Story'' - Once Again the Biggest House, 1998 | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach ]. UM has fierce rivalries with many teams, including ], ], and ], the latter of which has been referred to by ] as the greatest ] in American sports.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://espn.go.com/endofcentury/s/other/bestrivalries.html | title=The 10 greatest rivalries | date=January 3, 2005 | publisher=ESPN.com | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> UM has all-time winning records against Ohio State University (57-40-6), University of Notre Dame (19-14-1), and Michigan State University (66-28-5). | |||
| The men's ] team, which plays at ], has won nine ], while the ] team, which plays at ], has appeared in four ]s and won a ] in 1989. However, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances. | |||
| Through the ], 178 UM students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in every ] except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. UM students have won a total of ]: 54 gold, 27 silver, and 35 bronze.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/olymp2/oltitle.htm | title=Michigan in the Olympics | date=September 28, 2005 | publisher=Bentley Historical Library | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> | |||
| ==Student life== | |||
| ===Residential life=== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{seealso|University of Michigan Housing}} | |||
| The University of Michigan has the sixth-largest campus housing system in the U.S. and the third-largest family housing operation, accommodating up to 12,562 people.<ref name="housing">{{cite web | url=http://www.housing.umich.edu/general/factsheet.html | title=Housing Fact Sheet | publisher=University of Michigan Housing | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The residence halls are organized into three distinct groups: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,277 students, while the smallest accommodates 31 residents.<ref name="housing" /> A majority of upper-class and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and ]s, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas. The higher cost of living in Ann Arbor has prompted some students to live in nearby communities such as ] or ]. | |||
| The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the ], medical sciences, ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.housing.umich.edu/info/learncomm.html | title=Michigan Learning Communities | publisher=UM Undergraduate Housing | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The ], usually housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall, is currently located in East Quadrangle (East Quad) due to renovations in its former building. The ] (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. In 2006, the university approved plans for a new residence complex for 550 students on the northern corner of Central Campus. When completed, this residence complex will comprise a second living-learning community.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Jan05/r012605c | title=North Quad to feature study of media, information technology | date=January 26, 2005 | publisher=University of Michigan News Service | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> | |||
| ===Groups and activities=== | |||
| ] | |||
| There are more than 1150 student clubs and organizations at the university.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://uuis.umich.edu/maizepgs/ | title=University of Michigan Student Organizations - Maize Pages | publisher=University of Michigan Student Assembly | date=2007 | accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref> With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as ] and ]. Two of the most notable of these groups were ], which recently reformed with a new chapter on campus as of February of 2007, and the ]. Though the student body generally leans toward ], there are also conservative groups, such as ] and religious groups like "JAAM" (Jewish Awareness America). ], many of which are located east of Central Campus, play a role in the university's social life. ] are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recsports.umich.edu/facilities/descriptions.html | title=About Our Facilities | publisher=UM Department of Recreational Sports | date=January 22, 2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> There are also several engineering projects teams, including the ], which placed first in the ] four times and third in the ] three times.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.engin.umich.edu/solarcar/aboutus.html | title=UMSolar - About Us | publisher=UM Solar Car Team | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> ], an investing and finance organization, is also affiliated with the university. The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including SERVE, Circle K, ], ]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umhabitat.org | title=UM Habitat for Humanity | publisher=UM Habitat for Humanity | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref>, and ]. | |||
| The ] and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~info/totrotter.html | title=William Monroe Trotter Multicultural Center | publisher=UM Campus Information Centers | date=May 9, 2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 15 committees.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~uac/about.html | title=About UAC | year=2007 | publisher=University Activities Center | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus. | |||
| The ], composed of over 350 students from almost all of UM's schools,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mmb.music.umich.edu/sections/ | title=Sections | publisher=The Michigan Marching Band | date=2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> is the university's ]. Being over 100 years old,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mmb.music.umich.edu/history/ | title=History | publisher=The Michigan Marching Band | date=2006 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> the band perform at every home game and travel to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led ] is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the ]. The ], founded in 1859, is a men's chorus comprised of over 100 members. Its eight member subset ] group, the ], which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~ummgc/friars/history.html | title=Our History | publisher=The University of Michigan Friars | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> | |||
| ''The ]'' is the student-run daily newspaper. Founded in 1890, ''The Daily'' is published five days a week during the normal academic year, and weekly during the spring and summer terms. Other student publications at the university include the conservative '']'', the progressive ''Michigan Independent'', the '']'', and the humor publications ''The Michigan Every Three Weekly'' and the '']''. ] (88.3 FM) is a freeform radio station; ] is a student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. | |||
| ===Student government=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Housed in the Michigan Union, the ] (MSA) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, the MSA represents students and manages student funds on the campus. The Michigan Student Assembly is a member of the statewide ]. In recent years MSA has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the ], and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msa.umich.edu/mgovote2006/about.html | title=About Voice Your Vote | year=2007 | publisher=University of Michigan MSA | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> | |||
| There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the College of Engineering. Students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG). The University of Michigan Engineering Council (UMEC) manages student government affairs for the College of Engineering. In addition, the students that live in the residence halls are represented by the ] | |||
| A longstanding goal of some members of the student government is to create a student designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body. Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the state-wide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0203/Oct21_02/14.shtml | title=Regent candidates discuss tuition, health care issues at forum | date=October 21, 2002 | publisher=The University Record Online | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Although none of these campaigns has so far been successful, a recent poll shows that most students consider student activity fees to be taxation without representation on the board. Another poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them. A change to the board's makeup would require amending the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1998/sep/09-08-98/news/news20.html | title=Board of regents says no to MSA student regent campaign fee | author=Holmes, Erin | date=September 8, 1998 | publisher=The Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> | |||
| ===Fight song=== | |||
| The University of Michigan's ], '']'', was written by student ] in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the ] that clinched a league championship. The song was declared by ] as "the greatest college fight song ever written."<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Hondorp, Fabrikant Alexis|title=University of Michigan College Prowler Off the Record |year=January 1, 2005 |publisher=College Prowler, Inc|id=ISBN 1-59658-163-8 |pages=118}}</ref> The song refers to the university as being the "Champions of the West". At the time, UM was part of the "Western Conference", which would later become the ]. Although mainly used at sporting events, the fight song can be heard at other events that UM competes in. President ] had it played as his entrance anthem in preference over the more traditional ''Hail to the Chief'' during his term from 1974 to 1977.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Press and the Ford Presidency | author=Rozell, Mark J. | year=October 15, 1992 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | id=ISBN 0-472-10350-4 | pages=38}}.</ref> The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's ] song is ''The Yellow and Blue''. A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!", written by former students Joseph Carl, a tuba player, and Albert Ahronheim, a ]. | |||
| ==Notable people and alumni== | |||
| {{main|List of University of Michigan alumni}} | |||
| {{seealso|List of University of Michigan faculty and staff}} | |||
| UM has more than 420,000 living graduates.<ref name=alumni>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/index.php | title=About the Association | publisher=University of Michigan Alumni Association | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> Several astronauts are alumni, including the all-UM crews of ] and ]. UM's contribution to aeronautics also include aircraft designer ] of ] fame. In addition to the late ] ], the university has produced twenty-five ] and 116 ]s, seven ] winners, and ] winner ]. UM alumni have also founded or co-founded many companies and organizations (''see also: ]''). | |||
| Notable writers who attended UM include playwright ], novelist ], screenwriter ], Pulitzer Prize-winning poet ], authors ] and ], Japanese literature translator ] and composer/author/puppeteer ]. In ], famous alumni include actor ]; actresses ], ], and ]; and filmmaker ]. | |||
| Other UM graduates include TV journalist ], ] and ] of ], ] of the ], entrepreneur Eric Sadek, singer ], former House Minority Leader ], Super Bowl MVPs ] and ], 1997 ] winner ], Google co-founder ], conservative pundit ], assisted suicide advocate ], ] director ], ] radical activist ],<ref>Bill Ayers, Fugitive Days: A Memoir, (New York: Penguin Books, 2003)</ref> activist ], <!--REMOVAL OF THEODORE WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION WILL BE CONSIDERED VANDALISM-->Unabomber ], architect ], famous avant-garde painter ], ] founder ], the Swedish Holocaust hero ], and ], the Civil War general who captured ].<ref>James J. Green, ''The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard'' (Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society, 1979), p. 2.</ref> Pop singer ], professional baseball player ], and rock legend ] attended but did not graduate. ], one of the leading attorneys in the U.S., attended the Law School at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education. ], a neurosurgeon and CNN medical correspondent, attended the UM School of Medicine. | |||
| The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the ], established in 1971 when the all-UM crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new UM Alumni Association on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://alumni.umich.edu/info/um/famous_alumni_abc.php | title=About the Association - Famous U-M Alumni | year=2005 | publisher=UM Alumni Association | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> According to the Apollo 15 astronauts, several small UM flags were brought on the mission. However, no flag made it to the surface or was left there. The presence of a UM flag on the moon is a long-held campus myth.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2006/03/29/News/Debunking.The.Moon.Myth-1763410.shtml | author=Leah Graboski | title=Debunking the Moon Myth | date=March 28, 2006 | publisher=Michigan Daily | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *Various other universities commonly called "]" | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> | |||
| <references/></div> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| *{{cite book| author=Fiske, Edward B. | title=Fiske Guide to Colleges 2005 (Twenty-first Edition) | location=Naperville, IL | publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc | year=2004 | id=ISBN 1-4022-0229-6}} | |||
| *{{cite book | author=Fleming, Robben W. | title=Tempests into Rainbows: Managing Turbulence | location=Ann Arbor | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | year=1996 | id=ISBN 0-472-10674-0}} | |||
| *{{cite book | author=Holtzer (editor), Susan. | title=Special to the Daily: The 1st 100 Years of Editorial Freedom at the Michigan Daily | publisher=Caddo Gap Press | year=1990 | id=ISBN 0-9625945-2-0}} | |||
| *{{cite book | author=Peckham, Howard H. | title=The Making of The University of Michigan 1817–1992 | location=Ann Arbor | publisher=The University of Michigan Press | year=1994 | id=ISBN 0-472-06594-7}} | |||
| *. ''University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning'' at sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts___figures. | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
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Revision as of 13:22, 7 September 2007
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