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| IF YOU READ FROM WIKIPEDIA THEN YOUR A SUCKER, OBVIOUSLY PEOPLE JUST MAKE UP STUFF, I MEAN, LOOK WHAT I WROTE!!!!!!!!, YEAH TELL YA FRIENDS ABOUT WHAT I WROTE, BIG WOOP!! | |||
| :''For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see ].'' | |||
| {{Infobox_President | |||
| |name=Nelson Mandela | |||
| |smallimage=Nelson Mandela 1998 cropped.JPG | |||
| |order=11th ] | |||
| |term_start=] ] | |||
| |term_end=] ] | |||
| |vicepresident=]<br>] | |||
| |predecessor=] (]) | |||
| |successor=] | |||
| |birth_date={{Birth date and age|1918|07|18|df=yes}} | |||
| |birth_place= ], near ], ], ] | |||
| |party=]}} | |||
| {{Apartheid}} | |||
| '''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' {{IPA3|roli'ɬaɬa}} (born ] ]) is the former ] of ], and the first to be elected in ] democratic elections. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-] activist and leader of the ]. He spent nearly three decades in prison for his struggle against apartheid. | |||
| Through his 27 years in prison, much of it spent in a cell on ], Mandela became the most widely known figure in the struggle against apartheid. Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a cultural icon as a proponent of freedom and equality while the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the ] as ]s and ]s. | |||
| Following his release from prison in 1990, his switch to a policy of reconciliation and negotiation helped lead the transition to multi-racial democracy in South Africa. Since the end of apartheid, he has been widely praised, even among white South Africans and former opponents. | |||
| Mandela has received ] over four decades, most notably the ] in 1993. He is currently a celebrated elder ] who continues to voice his opinion on topical issues. In South Africa he is often known as '''Madiba''', an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela. Mandela, on his 89th birthday launched an initiative called ], a group of 12 wise men and women, who would address global problems by offering expertise and guidance.<ref>{{cite news | |||
| | url=http://www.andhranews.net/Intl/2007/July/19/Mandela-launches-Global-8530.asp | |||
| | title=Mandela launches Global Elders initiative on 89th birthday | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| ===Birth and lineage=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Mandela belongs to a ] of the ] dynasty which (nominally) ]s in the ] of ]'s ]. He was born in the small village of ] in the district of ], the Transkei capital. His great-grandfather was ] (died 1832), the ''Inkosi Enkhulu'' or ] of the Thembu people, who were eventually subjected to ] rule. One of the king's sons, named ''Mandela'', became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his ]. However, being only the ''Inkosi's'' child by a ] wife of the Ixhiba ] (the so-called "Left-Hand House"), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to ] to the Thembu throne.<ref name = port>{{cite web|url = http://www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title = Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate = 2007-08-31|authorlink = Nelson Mandela|date = 2006|isbn = 0-7407-5572-2}}</ref> His father, ] (1880 – 1928), was nonetheless designated ] of the town of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=port/> Gadla remained, however, a member of the ''Inkosi's'' ], and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of ], who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), ], daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the ] Right Hand House, in whose ''umzi'' or ] Mandela spent much of his childhood.<ref name=port/> His ] ''Rolihlahla'' means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".<ref name=longwalk/> | |||
| ===Education=== | |||
| At seven years of age, Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where he was given the name "Nelson," after the British admiral ], by a ] teacher who found it difficult to pronounce Mandela's native name. | |||
| His father died of tuberculosis when Rolihlahla was nine, and the ], Jongintaba, became his ]. Mandela attended a ] mission school next door to the palace of the Regent. Following Thembu custom, he was ] at age sixteen, and attended ]. He completed his ] in two years, instead of the usual three. Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to ], the Wesleyan college in ] which most Thembu ] attended. Aged nineteen, he took an interest in ] and ].<ref name=port/> | |||
| After ], he started to study for a ] at the ], where he met ], and the two became lifelong friends and colleagues. He also became close friends with his ], ] who, however, as royal ] of the Thembu Right Hand House, was destined for the throne of Transkei, a role that later led him to embrace ] policies which made he and Mandela political enemies.<ref name=port/> At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a ] by the ] against the university policies, and was asked to leave ]. | |||
| Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a ] from the ] (see below). | |||
| ===Move to Johannesburg=== | |||
| Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the Regent's own son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. Both young men were displeased by this and rather than marry, they elected to flee the comforts of the Regent's estate to go to ]. Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine. However, this was quickly terminated after the employer learned that Mandela was the Regent's runaway adopted son. He later started work as an articled ] at a law firm thanks to connections with his friend and fellow lawyer ]. While working there, he completed his B.A. degree at the ] via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the ]. During this time Mandela lived in ] township, north of Johannesburg. | |||
| ==Political activity== | |||
| After the 1948 election victory of the ]-dominated ] with its ] policy of ], Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 ] and the 1955 ], whose adoption of the ] provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer ] operated the law firm of ], providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would otherwise have been without legal representation. | |||
| Mandela's approach was influenced by ], who inspired him and succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists.<ref>{{cite web | author= Nelson Mandela | title=The Sacred Warrior | work=TIME 100: Person of the Century | date=] | url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893-1914, p. 149|author=Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed|date=2005|page=149}}</ref> Indeed, Mandela took part in the ] - ] ] conference in ] which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of ] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news | author=Nita Bhalla | title=Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach | work=Reuters | date=29 January 2007 | url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/01/29/mandela_calls_for_gandhis_non_violence_approach | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> | |||
| Initially committed to ], Mandela was arrested with 150 others on ] ] and charged with treason. The marathon ] of 1956-61 followed, and all were acquitted.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} From 1952-59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime. The ANC leadership of ], ] and ] felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged. They consequently bolstered their position by alliances with small White, Coloured and Indian political parties in an attempt to appear to have a wider appeal than the Africanists. The 1955 ] Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted ] (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
| In 1959 the ANC lost its most militant support when most of the Africanists, with financial support from ] and significant political support from the ]-based ], broke away to form the ] (PAC) under ] and ].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
| ===Guerrilla activities=== | |||
| In 1961, Mandela became the leader of the ANC's armed wing, ] (translated as ''Spear of the Nation'', also abbreviated as ''MK''), which he co-founded. He coordinated a sabotage campaign against ] and ] targets, and made plans for a possible ] if sabotage failed to end apartheid. A few decades later, MK did wage a guerrilla war against the regime, especially during the 1980s, in which many ]s were killed. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad, and arranged for ] training, visiting various African governments. | |||
| Mandela explains the move to embark on armed struggle as a last resort, when increasing repression and violence from the state convinced him that many years of ] protest against apartheid had achieved nothing and could not succeed.<ref name="rivonia">{{cite web | author=Nelson Mandela | title="I am Prepared to Die" - Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial | work=African National Congress | |date=April 20, 1964 | url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">{{cite book|first=Nelson|last=Mandela|title=]|year=1994|publisher=Little Brown and Company}}</ref> | |||
| Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, and has sharply criticised attempts by parts of his party to remove statements supporting this fact from the reports of the ].<ref>'''' (from findarticles.com, originally published in the '']'', ] ])</ref> | |||
| ===Arrest and Rivonia trial=== | |||
| {{main|Rivonia Trial}} | |||
| On ] ] Mandela was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. The arrest was allegedly made possible because the ] tipped off the police as to Mandela's whereabouts and disguise.<ref name=blum>{{cite web | url=http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html | title=How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years | first=William | last=Blum | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name=salon>{{cite web | url=http://www.salon.com/news/news961114.html | publisher=Salon | first=Jeff | last=Stein | title=Our Man in South Africa | date=] | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On ] ], Mandela was sentenced to five years in ]. Two years later on ] ], a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the ] (ANC). | |||
| While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on ] ], at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the ], Mandela, ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (who escaped during trial), ] (who escaped from prison before trial), ] and ] were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. ], the deputy ] of the ], with the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to ], but easier for the government to prove. The second charge accused the defendants of plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied. | |||
| In his statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the trial on ] ] at ] Supreme Court, Mandela laid out the clarity of reasoning in the ANC's choice to use violence as a tactic. His statement revealed how the ANC had used peaceful means to resist apartheid for years until the ]. That event coupled with the referendum establishing the Republic of South Africa and the declaration of a state of emergency along with the banning of the ANC made it clear that their only choice was to resist through acts of sabotage. Doing otherwise would have been tantamount to unconditional surrender. Mandela went on to explain how they developed the Manifesto of ] on ] ] intent on exposing the failure of the National Party's policies after the economy would be threatened by foreigners' unwillingness to risk investing in the country.<ref name=mk>{{cite web | url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html | title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe | publisher=African National Congress | date=] | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> He closed his statement with these words: | |||
| {{cquote|During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.<ref name="rivonia"/>}} | |||
| ], ], ], ], ] and ] were part of the defence team that represented the accused. ] was brought in at the end of the case to plead mitigation. All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty, but they escaped the gallows and were sentenced to life imprisonment on ] ]. Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of ], which Mandela admitted to, and a ] to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied. | |||
| ==Imprisonment== | |||
| Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on ] where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months. Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.<ref name=longwalk/> | |||
| Whilst in prison Mandela undertook study with the ] by correspondence through its ] and received the degree of ]. He was subsequently nominated for the position of ] of the University of London in the ], but lost to ]. | |||
| In his 1981 memoir ''Inside BOSS''<ref>Winter, Gordon, ''Inside BOSS'', Penguin 1981</ref> secret agent Gordon Winter describes his involvement in a plot to rescue Mandela from prison in 1969: this plot was infiltrated by Winter on behalf of South African intelligence, who wanted Mandela to escape so as to be able to shoot him during recapture. The plot was foiled by British Intelligence<ref>] 18</ref>. | |||
| In March 1982 Mandela was moved from Robben Island to ], along with other senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba. It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University". However, ] minister ] says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
| In February 1985 President ] offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle. Coetzee and other ministers had advised Botha against this, saying that Mandela would never commit his organisation to giving up the armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom. Mandela indeed spurned the offer, releasing a statement via his daughter Zindzi saying "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."<ref name=sparks>{{cite book | title=Tomorrow is Another Country | first=Allister | last=Sparks | authorlink=Allister Sparks | year=1994 | publisher=Struik}}</ref> | |||
| The first meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came in November 1985 when Kobie Coetzee met Mandela in Volks Hospital in Cape Town where Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made.<ref name=sparks/> | |||
| Throughout Mandela's imprisonment, local and international pressure mounted on the South African government to release him, under the resounding slogan ''Free Nelson Mandela!'' In 1989, South Africa reached a crossroads when Botha suffered a stroke and was replaced as president by ]. De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990. | |||
| ==Release== | |||
| On ] ], ] F.W. de Klerk unbanned the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison. Mandela was released from ] in ] on ] ]. The event was broadcast live all over the world. | |||
| On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation. He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over: | |||
| {{cquote|Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC (]) was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid. The factors which necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no option but to continue. We express the hope that a climate conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created soon, so that there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle.}} | |||
| He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections. | |||
| ==Negotiations== | |||
| {{main|Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa}} | |||
| Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the ] that led to the country's first multi-racial elections. | |||
| In 1991, the ANC held its first national conference in South Africa after its unbanning, electing Mandela as President of the organisation. His old friend and colleague Oliver Tambo, who had led the organisation in exile during Mandela's imprisonment, became National Chairperson.<ref name=ancprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html|publisher=ANC|title=Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref> | |||
| Mandela's leadership through the negotiations, as well as his relationship with President F.W. de Klerk, was recognised when they were jointly awarded the ] in 1993. However, the relationship was sometimes strained, particularly so in a sharp exchange in 1991 when he furiously referred to De Klerk as the head of "an illegitimate, discredited, minority regime". The talks broke down following the ] in June 1992 when Mandela took the ANC out of the negotiations, accusing De Klerk's government of complicity in the killings.<ref name=boipatong>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0618.html|title=Boipatong Massacre|date=18 June 1992|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=ANC}}</ref> However, talks resumed following the ] in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.<ref name=longwalk/> | |||
| Following the assassination of senior ANC leader ]] in April 1993, there were renewed fears that the country would erupt in violence. Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as 'presidential' even though he was not yet president of the country at that time: {{cquote|Tonight I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. …Now is the time for all South Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for – the freedom of all of us.}} While some riots did follow the assassination, the negotiators were galvanised into action, and soon agreed that democratic elections should take place on ] ], just over a year after Hani's assassination.<ref name=sparks/> | |||
| ==Autobiography== | |||
| Mandela's autobiography, '']'', was published in 1994. Mandela had begun work on it secretly while in prison. In that book Mandela did not reveal anything about the alleged complicity of ] in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife ] in that bloodshed. However, he later co-operated with his friend the journalist ] who discussed those issues in '']''. Another detail that Mandela omitted was the allegedly fraudulent book, '']''. Its author, Robben Island warder ], claimed to have been Mandela's confidante in prison and published details of the prisoner's family affairs. Sampson maintained that Mandela had not known Gregory well, but that Gregory censored the letters sent to the future president and thus discovered the details of Mandela's personal life. Sampson also averred that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government and that Mandela considered suing Gregory.<ref name=sampson>{{cite book | title=] | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | pages=217 | year=1999 | publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref> | |||
| ==Presidency of South Africa== | |||
| South Africa's ] in which full enfranchisement was granted were held on ] ]. The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on ] ] as the country's first black ], with the National Party's de Klerk as his first ] and ] as the second in the ].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mandela becomes SA's first black president | work=BBC On This Day | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> | |||
| ===Policy of reconciliation=== | |||
| As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation. | |||
| Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated ] (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the ]. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela, wearing a Springbok shirt, presented the trophy to captain ], an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
| After assuming the presidency, one of Mandela's trademarks was his use of ] shirts, known as "]s", even on formal occasions. | |||
| ===Invasion of Lesotho=== | |||
| In ], Mandela ordered troops into ] in September 1998 to protect the government of ] ]. This came after a disputed election prompted fierce opposition threatening the unstable government.<ref name=Lesotho>{{cite web | url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html | title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months | publisher=Lesotho News Online | author=Bethuel Thai | date=] | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> | |||
| ===Criticism of AIDS response=== | |||
| Commentators and critics including ] activists such as ] have criticised Mandela for his government's ineffectiveness in stemming the ] crisis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html | title=Mandela at 85 | publisher=The Observer | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/040419/mandela.html | title=The Lion In Winter | first=Simon | last=Robinson | publisher=TIMEeurope Magazine | date=]}}</ref> After his ], Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the ] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web | title=Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame? | publisher=Peninsula Peace and Justice Center | date=] | url=http://peaceandjustice.org/article.php?story=20050109125126110&mode=print}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85 | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200307190001.html | publisher=allAfrica.com | first=Ofeibea | last=Quist-Arcton | date=]}}</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy. | |||
| ===Lockerbie trial=== | |||
| President Mandela took a particular interest in helping to resolve the long-running dispute between ]'s Libya, on the one hand, and the United States and Britain on the other, over bringing to trial the two Libyans who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging ], which crashed at the Scottish town of ] on ] ], with the loss of 270 lives. As early as 1992, Mandela informally approached President George Bush with a proposal to have the two indicted Libyans tried in a third country. Bush reacted favourably to the proposal, as did President ] of France and King ] of Spain. In November 1994 – six months after his election as president – Mandela formally proposed that South Africa should be the venue for the ]. However, British Prime Minister, ], flatly rejected the idea saying the British government did not have confidence in foreign courts<ref>''The Guardian'' ] ] page 13 "Mandela's parting shot at Major over Lockerbie"</ref>. A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor, ], when the president visited London in July 1997. Later the same year, at the ] (CHOGM) at ] in October 1997, Mandela warned: "No one nation should be ], ] and ]." A compromise solution was then agreed for a trial to be held at ] in the ], governed by ], and President Mandela began negotiations with Colonel ] for the handover of the two accused (] and ]) in April 1999.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm | title=Analysis: Lockerbie's long road | publisher=BBC | date=]}}</ref> | |||
| At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on ] ]. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on ] ]. "Megrahi is all alone", Mandela told a packed press conference in the prison's visitors room. "He has nobody he can talk to. It is psychological persecution that a man must stay for the length of his long sentence all alone." Mandela added: "It would be fair if he were transferred to a Muslim country — and there are Muslim countries which are trusted by the West. It will make it easier for his family to visit him if he is in a place like the kingdom of Morocco, Tunisia or Egypt."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html | title=Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber | date=] | publisher=Guardian Unlimited}}</ref> Megrahi was subsequently moved to Greenock jail and is no longer in solitary confinement. | |||
| ==Marriage and family== | |||
| Mandela has been married three times, has fathered six children, has twenty grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren. His grandson is ] ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html | title=Genealogical Gleanings | accessdate=2006-12-12 | author=Henry Soszynski | work=abaThembu (Tribe) | publisher=University of Queensland}}</ref> | |||
| ===First marriage=== | |||
| Mandela's first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase who, like Mandela, was also from what later became the ] area of South Africa, although they actually met in Johannesburg. The couple had two sons, Madiba Thembekile (Thembi) (born 1946) and Makgatho (born 1950), and two daughters, both named ] (known as Maki; born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died aged nine months, and they named their second daughter in her honour. The couple broke up in 1957 after 13 years, divorcing under the multiple strains of his constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact she was a ], a religion which requires political neutrality. Thembi was killed in a car crash in 1969 at the age of 25, while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. All their children were educated at the ]. Evelyn Mase died in 2004. | |||
| ===Second marriage=== | |||
| Mandela's second wife, ], also came from the Transkei area, although they, too, met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born ] ], and Zindziswa (Zindzi), born 1960. Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei. The marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), fuelled by political estrangement. | |||
| Mandela still languished in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of King ] of ]. As a member by marriage of a reigning foreign dynasty, she was able to visit her father during his South African imprisonment while other family members were denied access. The Dlamini couple live and run a business in ]. One of their sons, Prince ] (born 1976), educated in the ], has followed in his grandfather's footsteps as an international advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid. Thumbumuzi and Mswati's sister, Princess Mantfombi Dlamini, is the chief ] to King ] of ], who "reigns but does not rule" over South Africa's largest ethnic group under the auspices of South Africa's government. One of Queen Mantfombi's sons is expected to eventually succeed Goodwill as monarch of the ]s, whose ] Party leader, ], was the rival of Mandela during much of his presidency. | |||
| ===Third marriage=== | |||
| Mandela himself was re-married in 1998, on his 80th birthday, to ] ''née'' Simbine, widow of ], the former ] president and ANC ally killed in an air crash 12 years earlier. The wedding followed months of international negotiations to set the unprecedented bride-price remitted to her clan, which were conducted on Mandela's behalf by his traditional sovereign, King ], born 1964. Ironically, it was this ]'s grandfather, the Regent Jongintaba, whose selection of a bride for him prompted Mandela to flee to Johannesburg as a young man. | |||
| Mandela still maintains a home at Qunu in the realm of his royal nephew (second cousin thrice-removed in ] reckoning), whose university expenses he defrayed and whose privy councillor he remains.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm | title=Zuidelijk Afrika | accessdate=2006-12-12 | last=de Bruyne | first=Marnix | work=Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile | publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref> | |||
| ==Retirement== | |||
| Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 77 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term as President, and instead retired in 1999, to be succeeded by ]. | |||
| ===Health=== | |||
| In July 2001 Mandela was diagnosed and treated for ]. He was treated with a seven week course of radiation.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=BBC News | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm | title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' | date=]}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you"<ref>{{cite web | title="I'll call you" | work=SouthAfrica.info | date=] | url=http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela-retirement.htm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>. Since 2003, he has appeared in public less often and has been less vocal on topical issues.<ref name=retirement/> In his late 80s, he is white haired and walks slowly with the support of a stick. | |||
| In 2003 Mandela's death was ] by ] when his pre-written obituary (along with those of several other famous figures) was inadvertently published on CNN's web site due to a fault in password protection.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/cnnobit1.html | title=The Smoking Gun: Archive | year=2003 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax emails and SMSs claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.<ref name=hoaxdeath>{{cite news | url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=300707&area=/insight/insight__national | title=Not yet uhuru | author=Yolandi Groenewald and Pearlie Joubert | publisher=Mail & Guardian | date=]}}</ref> | |||
| ===Public activities=== | |||
| After his retirement as President, Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organisations. He has expressed his support for the international ] movement of which the ] is a part.<ref name=povertyhistory>{{cite web | url=http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/theyearof | title=2005: The year of Make Poverty History | publisher=Make Poverty History | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> | |||
| Mandela appeared in a televised advertisement for the ], and was quoted for the ]'s ''Celebrate Humanity'' campaign:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web | url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_902.pdf | publisher=International Olympic Committee | format=PDF | title=Celebrate Humanity 2004 | year=2004 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> | |||
| :''For seventeen days, they are bunkmates. | |||
| :''For seventeen days, they are soulmates. | |||
| :''And for twenty-two seconds, they are competitors. | |||
| :''Seventeen days as equals. Twenty-two seconds as adversaries. | |||
| :''What a wonderful world that would be. | |||
| :''That's the hope I see in the Olympic Games. | |||
| The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by ], has raised over ] 20 million for children's charities since its inception in 2000. | |||
| This annual special event has become South Africa's most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Childrens Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various childrens causes around the world. | |||
| ===The Elders=== | |||
| On ] ], Nelson Mandela, ], and ] convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, ], in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050 | title=Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89 | work=MSNBC | date=]}}</ref> | |||
| Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group also include ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| “This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken,” Mandela commented. “Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair.”<ref> July 18, 2007</ref> | |||
| ===AIDS engagement=== | |||
| Since his retirement, one of Mandela's primary commitments has been to the fight against ]. In 2003, he had already lent his support to the ] ] fundraising campaign, named after his prison number. In July 2004, he flew to ] to speak at the ]. His son, ], died of AIDS on ] ]. | |||
| ===Iraq invasion views=== | |||
| In 2003 Mandela criticised the foreign policy of the ] ] in a number of speeches. Criticising the lack of ] involvement in the decision to begin the ], he said, "It is a tragedy, what is happening, what Bush is doing. But Bush is now undermining the ]". Mandela stated he would support action against ] only if it is ordered by the ]. Mandela also insinuated that Bush may have been motivated by ] in not following the ] and its secretary-general ] on the issue of the war. "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man? They never did that when secretary-generals were white".<ref name="CBS30012003">{{cite web | author=Tom Fenton | work=CBS News | title=Mandela Slams Bush On Iraq | date=] | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml | accessdate=207-08-27}}</ref> | |||
| He urged the people of the ] to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the ], to oppose him. "What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust." He attacked the United States for its record on ] and for dropping ] during ]. "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care."<ref name="CBS30012003"/> | |||
| As a member of the ] in 1986, ] had voted against a congressional resolution calling for Mandela's release from prison. In 2002, Mandela called Cheney a "dinosaur".<ref name=cheney>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm | title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela | publisher=BBC | date=] | accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref> | |||
| ===Ismail Ayob controversy=== | |||
| {{see|Ismail Ayob}} | |||
| Ismail Ayob was a trusted friend and personal attorney of Mandela for over 30 years. In May 2005, Ayob was asked by Mandela to stop selling ] signed by Mandela and to account for the proceeds of their sale. This bitter dispute led to an extensive application to the ] by Mandela that year.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=Mail & Guardian | title=Mandela sues over forged sketches | author=Abhik Kumar Chanda | date=] | url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=237663}}</ref> Ayob denied any wrongdoing,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A67853 | publisher=Business Day | date=] | title=Ayob denies gain from Mandela art | first=Ernest | last=Mabuza}}</ref> and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer ].<ref name=poorismail>{{cite news|title=Poor Ismail Ayob|first=Fikile-Notsikelelo|last=Moya|date=5 August 2005|publisher=Mail & Guardian|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=247331&area=/insight/insight__comment_and_analysis/}}</ref> | |||
| In 2005, and 2006 Ayobi, his wife, and son were subject to an attack by Mandela’s advisors. The dispute was widely reported in the media, with Ayob being portrayed in a negative light, culminating in the action by Mandela to the High Court. There were public meetings at which Mandela associates attacked Ayob and there were calls for Ayob and his family to be ostracised by society.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A71659|date=21 July 2005|title= | |||
| Courts ’have final word on Mandela-Ayob clash’|first=Jacques|last=Keet|publisher=Business Day}}</ref> The defence of Ismail and Zamila Ayob (his wife, and a fellow ]) included documents signed by Mandela and witnessed by his secretaries, that, they claimed, refuted many of the allegations made by Nelson Mandela and his advisors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A70054|date=18 July 2005|title=Bizos behind vicious campaign to discredit, defame me — Ayob|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza|publisher=Business Day}}</ref> | |||
| The dispute again made headlines in February 2007 when, during a hearing in the ], Ayob promised to pay R700 000 to Mandela, which Ayob had transferred into trusts for Mandela's children, and apologised,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9294,2-7-1442_2075833,00.html|title=Ayob to pay back Mandela money|date=27 February 2007|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref name=whatcaused>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070304081421601C920210|title=What caused the Ayob, Mandela spat? |first=Jeremy|last=Gordin |date=4 March 2007|publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "]", by Mandela.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070303084618645C367333|title=Mandela waging a vendetta - Ayob |date=3 March 2007|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|publisher=Pretoria News}}</ref> Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Sunday Times|url=http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=395267|title=Fawning over St Nelson is no way to do justice to Mandela |first=Bongani|last=Madondo|date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref name=poorismail/> | |||
| ====Allegations==== | |||
| Ayob, George Bizos and ] were trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust, which was set up to hold millions of rands donated to Nelson Mandela by prominent business figures, including the ] family, for the benefit of his children and grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=395414|title=Dirty war over Mandela millions |author=Wisani wa ka Ngobeni, Dumisane Lubisi and Dominic Mahlangu|date=25 February 2007|publisher=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,7515,186-187_2078129,00.html|date=3 March 2007|title=Madiba set me up, says Ayob|author=Makhudu Sefara and Jackie Mapiloko|publisher=City Press}}</ref> Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the ], to Mandela's children and grandchildren to Mandela himself and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.<ref name=whatcaused/> | |||
| Bizos and Trengrove refused to ratify the payments to the children and grandchildren of Nelson Mandela and the payments to the accounting firm. A court settlement was reached in which this money, totalling over R700,000 was paid by Ismail Ayob to the trust on the grounds that Ayob had not sought the express consent of the other two trustees before disbursing the money.<ref name=ismailnocash>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200703100051.html|title=Ayob Runs Out of Cash But Accuses Mandela Again|publisher=Business Day|date=10 March 2007|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza}}</ref> It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise. It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.<ref name=ismailnocash/> | |||
| ===Blood Diamond controversy=== | |||
| In a '']'' article in December 2006, Nelson Mandela was criticised for a number of positive comments he had made about the diamond industry, specifically regarding ]s. In a letter to ], the director of the motion picture '']'', Mandela had noted that: | |||
| :''"...it would be deeply regrettable if the making of the film inadvertently obscured the truth, and, as a result, led the world to believe that an appropriate response might be to cease buying mined diamonds from Africa. ... We hope that the desire to tell a gripping and important real life historical story will not result in the destabilization of African diamond producing countries, and ultimately their peoples."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=],|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref> | |||
| The ''New Republic'' article claims that this comment, as well as various pro-diamond-industry initiatives and statements during his life and during his time as a president of South Africa, were influenced by both his friendship with ], former chairman of ], as well as an outlook for 'narrow national interests' of South Africa (which is a major diamond producer). | |||
| === Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe === | |||
| ], the president of ] who has led the country since independence in 1980, has been widely criticised internationally for the 1980s ] as well as corruption, incompetent administration, political oppression and cronyism that has ultimately led to the economic collapse of the country. | |||
| Mandela criticised Mugabe's government in 2000,<ref name=mugabe>{{cite news|title=Mandela expresses anger at Mugabe | |||
| |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html|date=8 May 2000|publisher=The Namibian}}</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/09/29/safrica.mandela.reut/index.html|title=Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance|publisher=CNN|date=29 September, 2000}}</ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/southafrica/story/0,,1823060,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|title=Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=18 July 2006}}</ref> | |||
| This has sometimes led to Mandela being criticised for not using his influence to more effect to persuade Mugabe to moderate his policies.<ref name=zim>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0322,hentoff,44393,6.html|publisher=Village Voice|title=Where is Nelson Mandela?|last=Hentoff|first=Matt|date=23 May 2003}}</ref> | |||
| ==Acclaim== | |||
| ===Orders and decorations=== | |||
| {{main|List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela}} | |||
| Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the ] in 1993 (which was shared with ]), the ] and the ] from ] and the ] from ]. In July 2004, the city of ] bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the ] at a ceremony in ], ]. | |||
| As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of ] in 1998, 45,000 school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the ] in the city of ]. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an ] (the only previous recipient, ], was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously). While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the ], one of the few foreigners to receive Canada's highest honour. | |||
| In 1990 he received the ] Award from the government of India. | |||
| In 1992 he was awarded the ] by ]. He refused the award citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999.<ref name=ataturk>{{cite web | url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html | title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela | date=] | publisher=ANC | acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref> | |||
| <!-- | |||
| NOTE: | |||
| Rather than expanding this section, please add information about awards to ]. | |||
| --> | |||
| ===Musical tributes=== | |||
| Many artists have dedicated songs to Mandela. One of the most popular was from the ] who recorded the song '']'' in 1983. ] dedicated his 1985 ] for the song '']'' to Mandela, resulting in his music being banned by the ].<ref name=wonder>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260 | title=Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa | date=] | publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In 1985, ]'s album ''Nelson Mandela'' was the ]ese artist's first United States release. | |||
| In 1988, the ] concert at London's ] was a focal point of the anti-apartheid movement, with many musicians voicing their support for Mandela. ], the author of ''Nelson Mandela'', was one of the organisers. | |||
| ] recorded the song ''Mandela Day'' for the concert, ] recorded the instrumental ''Mandela'', and ] performed ''Freedom Now'', dedicated to Mandela and released on her album '']''. ] from ], who played at the concert, later visited South Africa and in 1995 recorded the song ''Mandela'' on his album '']''. | |||
| In South Africa, ''Asimbonanga (Mandela)'' (we have not seen him) became one of ]'s most famous songs, appearing on his '']'' album in 1987. ], in exile in the UK, sang ''Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)'' in 1987. ]'s 1989 song ''Black President'', a tribute to Mandela, was hugely popular even though it was banned in South Africa.<ref name=fassie>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17724.shtml | title=Brenda Fassie dies | publisher=BBC | year=2004}}</ref> | |||
| In 1990, ] ] band ] released a popular Cantonese song, "Days of Glory". The anti-apartheid song featured lyrics referring to Mandela's heroic struggle for racial equality.<ref name="beyond">{{cite web | last=Lee | first=Carmen | work=TIME.com | title=20 Years Ago Today | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html | accessdate=2007-05-12 | date=]}}</ref> | |||
| In 2003, Mandela lent his weight to the ] campaign against ], named after his prison number. Many prominent musicians performed in concerts as part of this the campaign. | |||
| A summary of Mandela's life story is featured in the 2006 music video '']'' by ]. | |||
| ===Cinema=== | |||
| In 1997, the film '']'' told the story of Mandela's release from prison. Mandela was played by ]. '']'', a feature film that focuses on Mandela's life, had its world premiere at the Berlin film festival on ] ]. The film starred ] as Mandela and chronicled Mandela's relationship with prison guard ]. | |||
| In the final scene of the 1992 movie '']'', Mandela – recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment – appears as a schoolteacher in a ] classroom. He recites a portion of one of ]'s most famous speeches, including the following sentence: ''"We declare our right on this earth to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence..."'' The final phrase of that sentence is "''by any means necessary''." Mandela informed director ] that he could not utter this phrase on camera, stating that the apartheid government would somehow use it against him if he did. Lee understandingly obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of the real Malcolm X speaking the words "by any means necessary".{{Fact|date=May 2007}} | |||
| ===Marianne Williamson quotation=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The following famous text by ] is often claimed to have been spoken by Mandela at his inauguration as President of South Africa. This is an urban myth; there is no record of Mandela ever having spoken these words in public: | |||
| {{cquote|Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small doesn't serve the world. There's nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won't feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We are born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. It's not just in some of us, it's in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/667/story/436158.html|title=Light from an unexpected source|date=5 May 2006|publisher=The News & Observer|first=Matt|last=Ehlers|accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref>}} | |||
| ===Statues=== | |||
| On ], ], Sandton Square was renamed ], after a 6-metre statue of Nelson Mandela was installed on the square to honour the famous South African statesman. | |||
| On ], ], a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at ] in ] by ], ], Wendy Woods, and ]. The campaign to erect the statue was started in 2000 by the late ], a South African journalist driven into exile because of his anti-apartheid activities. Mandela stated that it represented not just him, but all those who have resisted opression, especially those in South Africa. He also said, "''The history of the struggle in South Africa is rich with the stories of heroes and heroines, some of them leaders, some of them followers. All of them deserve to be remembered.''"<ref name=News24>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2173453,00.html|publisher=News24|title=Mandela salutes apartheid heroes|date=29 August 2007}}</ref> | |||
| {{Nelson Mandela}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * ]; <cite>]</cite>; ISBN 0-679-78178-1 (1999) | |||
| * Nelson Mandela; <cite>]: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela</cite>; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995) | |||
| * Mary Benson; ''Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement'' | |||
| * Martin Meredith; ''Nelson Mandela: A Biography'' | |||
| * Barry Denenberg; ''Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom'' | |||
| * Charlene Smith; ''Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life'' | |||
| * Juckes, Tim. ''Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko.'' Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1995. | |||
| * Villa-Vicencio, Charles. ''The Spirit of Freedom.'' Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1996. | |||
| * Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler; ''Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph'' | |||
| * ''A Prisoner in the Garder'' Penguin Books ISBN 0-143-02495-7 | |||
| * Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob. ''The Nelson Mandela Story'' Samoja Books ISBN 0-620-36570-6 | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{wikiquote}} | |||
| {{commons|Nelson Mandela}} | |||
| {{wikisource author|Nelson Mandela}} | |||
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| |NAME=Mandela, Nelson | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=]n ] and anti-] fighter, ] of ] (1994-1999) | |||
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Revision as of 09:02, 12 September 2007
IF YOU READ FROM WIKIPEDIA THEN YOUR A SUCKER, OBVIOUSLY PEOPLE JUST MAKE UP STUFF, I MEAN, LOOK WHAT I WROTE!!!!!!!!, YEAH TELL YA FRIENDS ABOUT WHAT I WROTE, BIG WOOP!!