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| {{SignSymptom infobox | | |||
| Name = Flatulence | | |||
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|14||r|10}} | | |||
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|787.3}} | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Flatulence''' is the presence of a mixture of gases known as '''flatus''' in the ] of ] expelled from the ]. It is more commonly known as ']ing', 'passing gas', or 'passing wind' (]). | |||
| == Explanation == | |||
| Flatus is expelled under pressure through the ], whereby, as a result of the voluntary or involuntary tensing of the ], the rapid evacuation of ] from the lower ] occurs. Depending upon the relative state of the ] (relaxed/tense) and the positions of the ]s, this often results in an audible crackling or trumpeting ], but gas can also be passed quietly. The olfactory components of flatulence include ], ], and ]ous compounds.<ref>{{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000086/ | |||
| |title=Flatulence, wind and bloating | |||
| |publisher=Patient UK | |||
| |accessdate=2006-12-11 | |||
| }}</ref> The non-odorous gases are mainly ] (ingested), ] (produced by ] or ingested), and ] (produced by some microbes and consumed by others), as well as lesser amounts of ] (ingested) and ] (produced by ]s).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Suarez F| coauthors=Furne J, Springfield J, Levitt M| title=Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition| journal=Am J Physiol| year=1997| volume=272 (5 Pt 1)| pages=G1028–33}}</ref> Odors result from trace amounts of other components (often containing ] compounds, see below). | |||
| == Composition of flatus gases == | |||
| ] is the primary ] released. ] is often present, especially in persons who drink carbonated beverages in quantity. ] and ], lesser components, are ], and so flatus is susceptible to catching ]. Not all humans produce flatus that contains methane. For example, in one study of the ] of nine adults, only five of the samples contained ] capable of producing methane.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Miller TL| coauthors=Wolin MJ, de Macario EC, Macario AJ| title=Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human feces| journal=Appl Environ Microbiol| year=1982| volume=43(1)| pages=227–232}}</ref> Similar results are found in samples of gas obtained from within the ]. | |||
| The gas released during a flatus event frequently has a foul odor which mainly results from low ] ] such as ] (] ] smell) and ] ] compounds such as ] (rotten egg smell) and ] that are the result of ] breakdown. The incidence of odoriferous compounds in flatus increases from ], such as ], through ] to ] ], such as ]s or ]. Flatulence odor can also be caused by the presence of large numbers of microflora ] and/or the presence of feces in the ]. | |||
| The major components of the flatus by percentage are:<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | title =Human Digestive System | |||
| | work =Encyclopedia Britannica | |||
| | url =http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45361/human-digestive-system#294193.hook | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| * ] - 20% - 90% | |||
| * ] - 0% - 50% | |||
| * ] - 10% - 30% | |||
| * ] - 0% - 10% | |||
| * ] - 0% - 10% | |||
| ==Mechanism of action== | |||
| The ]s commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the ] of the ] ], and not by the ]. The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter ] and ] of the ] being propelled, as well as other factors such as water and body fat. The auditory pitch (sound) of the flatulence outburst can also be affected by the anal ]. Among humans, farting sometimes happens accidentally, such as incidentally to ]ing or ]; on other occasions, farting can be voluntarily elicited by tensing the ] or "bearing down" and subsequently releasing the anal sphincter. Humans are also known to flatulate during sleep, largely due to the relaxed state of body muscles, which results in the average person flatulating about 10-20 times through any given night.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | |||
| Flatus is brought to the ] via ], which also causes ] to descend from the large intestine, and may cause a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. ] endings in the rectum usually enable individuals to distinguish between flatus and feces, although loose stool can confuse the individual, occasionally resulting in accidental ]. | |||
| ==Causes == | |||
| Intestinal gas is composed of varying quantities of exogenous sources (air that is ingested through the nose and mouth) and endogenous sources (gas produced within the digestive tract). The exogenous gases are swallowed (]) when eating or drinking or increased swallowing during times of excessive salivation (as might occur when nauseated or as the result of ] disease). The ] gases are produced either as a by-product of digesting certain types of ], or of incomplete ]. Anything that causes food to be incompletely digested by the ] and/or ] may cause flatulence when the material arrives in the large intestine due to ] by ] or ] normally or abnormally present in the ]. | |||
| Flatulence-producing foods are typically high in certain ]s (especially ] such as ]) and include ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ]es, ]es, ]s, ]s, ]s, ], ] in ]s, and other ]s. ], ], ] and other ] that belong to the ] family are commonly reputed to not only increase flatulence, but to increase the pungency of the flatus. In beans, endogenous gases seem to arise from complex ] (]s) that are particularly resistant to digestion by mammals, but which are readily digestible by ] that inhabit the ]. These ]s pass through the upper ] largely unchanged, and when they reach the lower ], ] feed on them, producing copious amounts of flatus.<ref name="McGee">{{cite book| last=McGee| first=Harold| title=]| publisher=Scribner| year=1984| id=ISBN 0-684-84328-5| pages=257–8}}</ref> In the case of those with ], intestinal ] feeding on ] can give rise to excessive gas production when ] or lactose-containing substances have been consumed. | |||
| Interest in the causes of flatulence was spurred by high-altitude ] and the ]; the low ], confined conditions, and stresses peculiar to those endeavours were cause for concern.<ref name="McGee"/> | |||
| ==Remedies== | |||
| {{refimprove||date=June 2006}} | |||
| ===Dietary=== | |||
| Certain ]s have been reported to counteract the production of intestinal gas, most notably ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, ]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, ] and the closely related ], ], ] (hing), ], and ] ] (a Japanese ]).{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles, and wheat, produce gas as they are broken down in the large intestine. Rice is the only starch that does not cause gas.<ref>'''' a publication of National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, part of the US National Institute of Health</ref> The amount of water-soluble ] in beans that may contribute to production of intestinal gas is reputed to be reduced by a long period of soaking followed by boiling,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} but at a cost of also leaching out other water-soluble nutrients.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Also, intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, and/or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. '']'' and '']'' have recently been hypothesized<!-- Never, never, NEVER EVER use the word "PROVEN" in a scientific article. Science hypothesizes, tests hypotheses, and accepts hypotheses that have not yet been DISproven. Science never proves anything! --> as being responsible for this effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows secret to gas-free beans|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060502110835/http://reuters.myway.com/article/20060426/2006-04-26T170153Z_01_N25328545_RTRIDST_0_ODD-BEANS-DC-DC.html|date=2006-04-26|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> Some ]s also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. ] also breaks down oligosaccharides, which is why fermented bean products such as ] and ] are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas{{Fact|date=March 2007}}). | |||
| ]s (], ], etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora.<ref>Rubin J. and J. Brasco, ''Restoring Your Digestive Health'' (2003).</ref> Yogurt contains '']'' which may be useful in reducing flatulence{{Fact|date=March 2007}}). '']'' may make the intestines more acidic, thus maintaining the natural balance of fermentation processes.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} '']'' is available in supplements (non-dairy is reputedly best{{Fact|date=March 2007}}). ], which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as ], generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | |||
| Medicinal ] tablets have also been reported as effective in reducing both odor and quantity of flatus when taken immediately before food that is likely to cause flatulence later.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | |||
| ===Pharmacological=== | |||
| ] supplements may significantly reduce the amount of flatulence caused by some components of foods not being digested by the body and thereby promoting the action of microbes in the small and large ]. It has been suggested that ] ], which can digest certain complex sugars, are effective in reducing the volume and frequency of flatus.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Ganiats TG| coauthors=Norcross WA, Halverson AL, Burford PA, Palinkas LA| title=Does Beano prevent gas? A double-blind crossover study of oral alpha-galactosidase to treat dietary oligosaccharide intolerance| journal=J Fam Pract| year=1994| volume=39| pages=441–445}}</ref> The ] ] (brands ], Bean-zyme), ] (brand Lactaid), ], ], ], ], ], ], malt ], ], and ] are available, either individually or in combination blends, in commercial products. | |||
| The ] ], often used to treat ] caused by the ] '']'', may reduce both the production of intestinal gas and the frequency of flatus events.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Di Stefano M| coauthors=Strocchi A, Malservisi S, Veneto G, Ferrieri A, Corazza GR| title=Non-absorbable antibiotics for managing intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms| journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther| year=2000| volume=14| pages=1001–1008}}</ref> | |||
| While not affecting the production of the gases themselves, ] (agents which lower ]) can reduce the disagreeable sensations associated with flatulence, by aiding the dissolution of the gases into liquid and solid fecal matter.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Preparations containing ] reportedly operate by promoting the coalescence of smaller bubbles into larger ones more easily passed from the body, either by ]ing or flatulence. Such preparations do not decrease the total amount of gas generated in or passed from the colon, but make the bubbles larger and thereby allowing them to be passed more easily.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | |||
| Often it may be helpful to ingest small quantities of ]ic liquids with meals, such as ] or ], to stimulate the production of ] ]. In turn, acid ingestion may increase normal ] and acid production, facilitating normal ] and perhaps limiting intestinal gas production. Ingestion of ]- or ]-containing supplements (such as ] or ], respectively, may be helpful.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | |||
| ] from flatulence, caused by the intestinal bacteria called microflora in the bowel, can be treated by taking ] (brand Devrom). ] is commonly used by individuals who have had ] surgery, ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Turnbull G| title=The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy| journal=Ostomy/Wound Management|year=2005| volume=51| pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Colostomy.asp|title=Colostomy Guide|date=2006-01-04|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> | |||
| ===Post-Release=== | |||
| In ], ] of ], ] received a patent for the first ] that contained a replaceable ]. The undergarments are ] and provide a pocketed ] in which a charcoal filter can be inserted.<ref name="weimer">{{cite web |last=Weimer |first=Chester |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=5593398&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&r=0&l=50&f=S&d=PALL|title= Protective underwear with malodorous flatus filter|date=1997-01-14|accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> | |||
| A similar product was released in ], but rather than an entire undergarment, consumers are able to purchase an insert similar to a ] that contains activated charcoal.<ref>{{cite web |last= Conant |first= Brian J. |coauthors= Myra M. Conant |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?TERM1=6313371&u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm&Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&r=0&l=50&f=S&d=PALL|title= Flatulence deodorizer |date=2001-11-06|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> The inventors, ] and ] of ], USA still claim on their website to have discovered the undergarment product in 2002 (8 years after Chester Weimer filed for a patent for his product), but states that their tests "concluded" that they should release an insert instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flat-d.com/american-inventor.html|title=www.flat-d.com/american-inventor.html|title=Flat-D Innovations Inc.: About the American Inventor|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> | |||
| ==Health effects== | |||
| {{refimprove||date=June 2006}} | |||
| As a normal body function, the action of flatulence is an important signal of normal ] activity and hence is often documented by nursing staff following surgical or other treatment of patients. However, symptoms of excessive flatulence ''can'' indicate the presence of ] or some other organic ]. In particular, the sudden occurrence of excessive flatulence together with the onset of new symptoms provide reason for seeking further medical examination. | |||
| Flatulence is not ]; it is a natural component of various intestinal contents. However, discomfort may develop from the build-up of gas pressure. In theory, pathological distension of the bowel, leading to ], could result if a person holds in flatus. | |||
| Not all flatus is released from the body via the anus. When the ] of any gas component of the intestinal ] is higher than its partial pressure in the ], that component enters into the bloodstream of the intestinal wall by the process of ]. As the blood passes through the ] this gas can diffuse back out of the blood and be exhaled. If a person holds in flatus during daytime, it will often be released during sleep when the body is relaxed. Some flatus can become trapped within the feces during its compaction and will exit the body, still contained within the fecal matter, during the process of ]. | |||
| ==Environmental impact== | |||
| Flatulence is often blamed as a significant source of ]es owing to the erroneous belief that the methane released by ] is in the flatus.<ref> Friday, 3 February 2006. Example of error. Although the article doesn't specify whether the methane is released by flatulence or eructation, it appears the headline-writer assumes it's through flatulence.</ref> While livestock account for around 20% of global ] emissions,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6431| title=Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas| first=Rachel| last=Nowak| date=], ]| work=New Scientist}}</ref> 90 to 95% of that is released by ] or ].<ref> By Gary Polakovic. ''Los Angles Times'', Sunday, July 13, 2003.</ref> This means only 1–2% of global methane emissions come from livestock flatus. | |||
| ==Social context== | |||
| In many ]s, | |||
| human flatulence in public is regarded as embarrassing and repulsive, | |||
| even to the point of being a ] subject. | |||
| People will often strain to hold in the passing of gas when in polite company, or position themselves to conceal the noise and smell. | |||
| In other cultures it may be no more embarrassing than ]ing. | |||
| Flatulence is a potential source of humor, either due to the foul smell or the sounds produced. Some find humour in ], which is possible due to the presence of flammable gases such as hydrogen and methane, though the process can result in burn injuries to the rectum, anus and surrounding ]. | |||
| While the act of farting is generally considered to be an unfortunate occurrence in public settings, a flatus may, in casual circumstances, be used as either a humorous supplement to a joke, or as a comic activity in and of itself. | |||
| ''The History of Farting'', by Benjamin Bart, is a collection of assorted ], facts, and blurbs on farting,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} while ''Who Cut the Cheese: A Cultural History of the Fart'', by Jim Dawson,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} gives a more complete cultural discussion of the historical and social significance of farting. | |||
| == Literature and the arts== | |||
| {{Trivia|date=October 2007}} | |||
| {{Refimprovesect|date=August 2007}} | |||
| {{seealso|Flatulence humor}} | |||
| * In ]'s '']'', the giant teaches Sophie about the joys of "whizzpopping" (farting). In the book, whizpopping is caused by taking the drink Frobscottle. | |||
| *In ] ''],'' Augustine, not otherwise noted for his levity, makes mention of men who "have such command of their bowels, that they can break wind continuously at will, so as to produce the effect of singing." That mankind in general has lost this ability he attributes to the first sin of Adam and Eve and it consequences with respect to body control. (''The City of God Against the Pagans'', ed and trans Philip Levine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), XIV.24. St Augustine observation would be emulated in the nineteenth century by the performer ] who could fart the French national anthem, '']''. | |||
| * ] carries on Le Pétomane's tradition today. | |||
| * In the second verse of the traditional English ] "]" comes the line "Bulluc sterteþ, bucke uerteþ" often translated as "The bullock jumps, the billy-goat farts". This would make it the eariest recorded use of the word fart, although ''uerteþ'' could equally mean gambol or cavort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soton.ac.uk/~wpwt/harl978/sumernn.htm|title=Sumer is icumen in: notes|accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> | |||
| *In ]'s ''],'' the last line of Inferno Chapter XXI reads: ''ed elli avea del cul fatto trombetta'' ("and he made a trumpet of his buttocks"), in the last example the use of this natural body function underlined a demoniac condition. | |||
| *]'s ] work, ''] et Grobiana'', appeared in ] in ] as ''The Schoole of Slovenrie: Or, Cato turnd wrong side outward'', published by one "R.F.". The "Schoole" taught its students that holding back the desire to ], ], and ] was bad for one's health; thus, one has to indulge freely in all three activities. | |||
| *], in his essay ''Of the Force of Imagination'', includes a discussion of flatulence. Of 'the vessels that serve to discharge the belly', he writes "I myself knew one so rude and ungoverned, as for forty years together made his master vent with one continued and unintermitted outbursting, and 'tis like will do so till he die of it".<ref>{{cite book| url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/5/8/3583/3583.txt| title=The Essays of Montaigne, Volume 3| author=Michel de Montaigne| origyear=1877| editor=William Carew Hazilitt (ed.)| chapter=Of the Force of Imagination| date=2004-11-01| publisher=Project Gutenberg| others=trans. Charles Cotton}}</ref> | |||
| *In the '']'' television, theatrical, and comic series, the youngest of the turtles, ], often farts in an attempt to annoy his older brothers and as an act of ]. | |||
| *In ]'s ''La Terre'' (''The Earth'', the 15th volume of the series '']''), the eldest Fouan son can fart at will and keeps winning free drinks by betting on his skill. | |||
| *In ]'s '']'', the main character (]) breaks wind in the "Sirens" chapter of the book.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/ulysses/sirens.html#1252|title=www.robotwisdom.com/jaj/ulysses/sirens.html#1252|title=The Internet Ulysses by James Joyce: Sirens (Ulysses ch11)|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> | |||
| *'']'' is a popular children's book in the United States about flatulence. | |||
| *The film '']'' features a boy lighting a fart as an act in a talent show. Additionally, the film's DVD features an optional "fart track" that adds flatulent noises to the film's audio. | |||
| *An episode of '']'' featured myths about flatulence and determined the chemical composition of a typical flatus. | |||
| * ]'s character in the movie '']'' suffered from uncontrolled flatulence any time he broke into a fit of evil laughter. | |||
| * The lighting of flatulence is used as a device of social acceptance in a dream sequence of the film '']''. | |||
| * In the movie '']'', "The Spleen" (played by ]) is a "superhero" who, due to a gypsy curse, can aim his highly noxious flatulence with deadly precision. | |||
| * The animated series '']'' features two comedians, named Terrance and Philip, who star in a television program the main characters frequently watch. Their act features a lot of flatulence which causes a great deal of offence to the more conservative residents of South Park. | |||
| * A scene in the comedy film '']'' in which a posse of cowboys sitting around a camp fire eat baked beans, causing extreme flatulence. Curiously, the farting sounds were removed from TV showings of this film, making it somewhat incomprehensible. | |||
| * The film '']'' has a theater scene in which the main actor plays a role of a fart-man. He is requested by the audience to produce many farts. | |||
| * In the movie '']'' one of the drifters in the desert remarks "Do you wanna see something really cool" and then proceeds to fart into a campfire igniting a nuclear bomb like mushroom cloud. | |||
| * "I fart in your general direction!" was a taunt delivered from the top of a castle wall to King Arthur and his company in '']''. | |||
| * In an episode of '']'', ] and ] use flatulence to engage in a sort of dueling banjoes style musical piece. In another episode, Peter tries to hide his flatulence by coughing and talking over it during a PTA meeting, humorously trying to cover one particularly long fart with a drawn out word. (Teacher: Do you have something to share with us, Mr. Griffin?" Peter: (Farts) Nooooooooooooooo. (Farts again) No." | |||
| ==Curiosities== | |||
| {{Trivia|date=October 2007}} | |||
| *] "the Fartiste" a famous French performer in the nineteenth century as well as many ]s before him did flatulence impressions and held shows. ] named his fictional governor (played by himself) William J. LePetomaine in the Western spoof film ]. | |||
| *] passed a law legalizing farting at banquets out of concern for people's health.<ref>'''' by ]</ref> There was a widespread misconception that a person could be poisoned by retaining flatus. | |||
| *] reports in '']'' that a Roman soldier raised his clothes and farted at the ]. This profane act so enraged the Jews that it caused a riot, during which many thousands were killed.<ref>'''' by ], 2.223, translator William Whiston</ref> | |||
| *An apocryphal story about ] is that he farted while swearing loyalty to ] and consequently went into self-imposed ] for seven years. After his return, the Queen was reported to have reassured de Vere: "My Lord, I had quite forgotten the fart." (], '']'') | |||
| *In August ], '']'' magazine reported that inventors Michael Zanakis and Philip Fermano had been awarded a US patent ({{US patent|6055910}}) for a "toy gas-fired missile and launcher assembly". The abstract of the patent makes it clear that this is, in fact, a fart-powered ]: | |||
| *:"A ... missile is composed of a soft head and a tail extending therefrom formed by a piston. The piston is telescoped into the barrel of a launcher having a closed end on which is mounted an electrically activated igniter, the air space between the end of the piston and the closed end of the barrel defining a combustion chamber. Joined to the barrel, and communicating with the chamber therein, is a gas intake tube having a normally closed inlet valve. To operate the assembly, the operator places the inlet tube with its valve open adjacent ] his anal region, from which a colonic gas is discharged. The piston is then withdrawn to a degree producing a negative pressure to inhale the gas into the combustion chamber to intermix with the air therein to create a combustible mixture. The igniter is then activated to explode the mixture in the chamber and fire the missile into space." | |||
| *British inventors have also patented fart-related ideas, such as "A fart collecting device," which includes a drawing of the invention deployed and ready for action, with helpful numbers to identify the various components. "It comprises a gas-tight collecting tube 10 for insertion into the rectum of the subject. The tube 10 is connected to a gas-tight collecting bag (not shown). The end of the tube inserted into the subject is apertured and covered with a gauze filter and a gas permeable bladder 28." | |||
| *], an Australian surfwear label, features the iconic "Farting Dog" design in its lineup. Here the flatulence is depicted as a musical note emanating from the dog's backside. | |||
| * Former ] ] ] was (and still is by those who remember him) referred to in ] as "petit pét", or "little fart" because of his initials ('''PET'''). This could be considered a mildly affectionate or highly derogatory nickname, depending on the tone. Those who enjoy a bilingual pun also note that this usage gives new meaning to having a ] for someone. | |||
| * ], scientist and originator of the ] by ], was severely troubled by flatulence in his later years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Irving |title=The Origin: A Biographical Novel of Charles Darwin |origyear=1980 |publisher=DoubleDay |isbn=0385120648}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{wikisourcepar|Harper%27s_New_Monthly_Magazine/Vol. XLIV/No._261/February_1872/Editor%27s_Scientific_Record/Cure_of_Flatulence|A cure for flatulence from 1872}} | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ===Nontechnical resources=== | |||
| * {{cite book | author = Franklin, Benjamin | editor = Japikse, Carl (Ed.) | title = Fart Proudly | publisher = Frog Ltd/Blue Snake | year = 2003 | edition = (Reprint) | id = ISBN 1-58394-079-0 }} | |||
| * {{cite book | author = Dawson, Jim | title = Who Cut the Cheese?: A Cultural History of the Fart | publisher = Ten Speed Press | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 1-58008-011-1 }} | |||
| * {{cite book | author = Dawson, Jim | title = Blame it on the Dog: A Modern History of the Fart | publisher = Ten Speed Press | year = 2006 | id = ISBN 1-58008-751-5 }} | |||
| * {{cite book | author = D. von Schmausen | title = Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship | publisher = LULU | year 2002 }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wiktionarypar2|flatus|flatulence}} | |||
| * - a comprehensive, worldwide survey about farts and farting. | |||
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| * | |||
| * - frequently updated flog (fart+blog) dealing with all aspects of flatulence. | |||
| <sub></sub> | |||
| {{Symptoms and signs}} | |||
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