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I like applesauce
{{featured article}}
{{redirect4|New York, New York|NYC}}
{{Infobox Settlement
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<!-- Basic info ---------------->
|official_name = The City of New York
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|nickname = The ], Gotham, The City that Never Sleeps
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'''New York'''; or '''New York City''' (officially '''The City of New York''') is an ] in the ] of ]. It is the ] in the ] and the center of the ], which, with a population of nearly 19 million, ranks among the ] in the world. For more than a century, it has been one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centers and its influence in ], ], ], ], ], ] and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities. As the home of the ], the city is a hub for international diplomacy. Residents of the city are known as New Yorkers.

New York City comprises five ]s, each of which is ] with a county: ], ], ], ] and ]. With over 8.2 million residents within an area of 322 square miles (830&nbsp;km²), New York City is the second most densely populated city in the United States, behind its ], ].<ref>For major cities, with population greater than 100,000. Source: {{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm |title=2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density |publisher=Demographia |accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref>

The city has many neighborhoods and landmarks known around the world. The ] greeted millions of ] as they came to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, at ]. ], in ], has been a dominant global financial center since ] and is home to the ]. The city has been home to several of the ], including the ] and the former twin towers of the ], which were destroyed in the ].

The city is the birthplace of many American cultural movements, including the ] in literature and visual art, ] (also known as the ]) in painting, and ]<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Toop|title=Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop|publisher=Serpents Tail|year=1992|isbn=1852422432}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/american.html
|accessdate=2007-10-06
|title=A timeline of the USA
|first=Piero
|last=Scaruffi}}</ref> and ] in music. In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36 percent of its population was born outside the United States.<ref name="languages in NYC">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=Queens: Economic Development and the State of the Borough Economy |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt3-2007queens.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref><ref name="NYC immigration">{{cite web |title=The Newest New Yorkers: 2000 |publisher=] |date=2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_briefing_booklet.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> New York is often called the "Big Apple," since it's the largest "bite of the apple" that performers as well as professionals in the United States seek to claim ("bite of the apple" is colloquial American English for "opportunity"). New York is also known as "The City that Never Sleeps," not least because its subway system operates around the clock and because many neighborhoods are busy at all hours. This nickname was popularized by ]'s song ], famously covered by ].

==History==
{{main|History of New York City}}
]. North is to the right.]]
], circa 1900.]]
], New York City, from ], 1932.]]
], ], ], and ], July 2001.]]

The region was inhabited by about 5,000 ] ] at the time of its European discovery in 1524{{fact|date=October 2007}} by ], an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, who called it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (]).<ref name="rodgers">{{cite book |title=New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |author=Rankin, Rebecca B., Cleveland Rodgers |publisher=Harper |year=1948}}</ref> European settlement began with the founding of a ] ] settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (]), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. ] colonial Director-General ] purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape in 1626 (legend, now disproved, says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller, Christopher L., George R. Hamell |date=September 1986 |title=A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28198609%2973%3A2%3C311%3AANPOIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A |accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> In 1664, the English conquered the city and renamed it "New York" after the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History |author=Homberger, Eric |year=2005 |pages=p. 34 |publisher=Owl Books |isbn=0805078428}}</ref> At the end of the ] the Dutch gained control of ] (a much more valuable asset at the time) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. By 1700, the Lenape population was diminished to 200.<ref> Timeline 1700-1800</ref>

New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under ]. In 1754, ] was founded under charter by ] as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754-1876 |author=Moore, Nathaniel Fish |year=1876 |pages=p. 8 |publisher=Columbia College}}</ref> The city emerged as the theater for a series of major battles known as the ] during the ]. The ] met in New York City and in 1789 the first ], ], was inaugurated at ] on Wall Street.<ref>{{cite web | title = The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789) | publisher = U.S. News and World Report | url = http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm | accessdate = 2007-05-28 }}</ref> New York City was the capital of the United States until 1790.

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration and development. A visionary development proposal, the ], expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the 1819 opening of the ] connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.<ref>{{cite book
|author = Bridges, William | title = Map Of The City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References | date = 1811}}; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref> By 1835, New York City had surpassed ] as the largest city in the United States. Local politics fell under the domination of ], a ] supported by Irish immigrants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fernando Wood: A Political Biography |author=Mushkat, Jerome Mushkat |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=1990 |pages=p. 36 |isbn=087338413X}}</ref> Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of ], which became the first landscaped park in an American city in 1857. A significant free-black population also existed in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn. Slaves had been held in New York through 1827, but during the 1830s New York became the center of interracial abolitionist activism in the North.

Anger at military conscription during the ] (1861–1865) led to the ], one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 |author=Cook, Adrian |year=1974 |pages=pp. 193-195}}</ref> In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and municipalities in the other boroughs.<ref>, New York City. Accessed ], ].</ref> The opening of the ] in 1904 helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. However, this development did not come without a price. In 1904, the steamship ] caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the ], the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the ] and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ |title=Cornell University Library: Triangle Factory Fire |publisher=Cornell University |accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref>

In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for ]s during the ] from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The ] flourished during the era of ], coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing ]s. New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1948, overtaking ], which had reigned for over a century. The difficult years of the ] saw the election of reformer ] as mayor and the fall of ] after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tiger – The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall |author=Allen, Oliver E. |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |accessdate=2007-05-25 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Decline |date=1993}}</ref>

Returning ] veterans and ] from Europe created a postwar economic boom and the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed and the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendance as the world's dominant economic power, the United Nations headquarters (built in 1952) emphasizing New York's political influence, and the rise of ] in the city precipitating New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Center of the World - New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript) |author=Burns, Ric |publisher=PBS |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/filmmore/pt.html| accessdate=2006-07-20 |date=2003-08-22}}</ref> In the 1960s, New York suffered from economic problems, rising crime rates and racial tension, which reached a peak in the 1970s.

In the 1980s, a resurgence in the financial industry improved the city's fiscal health. By the 1990s, racial tensions had calmed, crime rates dropped dramatically, and waves of new immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as ], emerged in the city's economy and New York's population reached an all-time high in the ].

The city was one of the sites of the ], when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the ]. The ] will be built on the site and is scheduled for completion in 2012.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rebuilding the WTC | url= http://www.wtc.com/about/rebuilding-the-wtc | publisher = Silverstein Properties | accessdate = 2007-10-11 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of New York City|Geography of New York Harbor}}
]

New York City is located in the ], in southeastern ] State, approximately halfway between ] and ].<ref>Washington, D.C. is {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} driving distance from New York City, and Boston is {{convert|217|mi|km|0}} driving distance from New York. - </ref> The location at the mouth of the ], which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the ], has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

] from ] in ] is ].]]

The Hudson River flows through the ] into ]. Between New York City and ], the river is an ].<ref></ref> The Hudson separates the city from ]. The ], actually a tidal strait, flows from ] and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The ], another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan from the Bronx.

The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with substantial ] along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in ], with developments such as ] in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 71}}</ref> Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, particularly in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lopate , Phillip |title=Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan |publisher=Anchor Press |year=2004 |isbn=0385497148}}</ref>

The city's land area is 322&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi (831.4&nbsp;km²).<ref name="NYC land area">{{cite web| title=Land Use Facts |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/landusefacts/landusefactshome.shtml|publisher=]| accessdate=2007-03-13}} New York City's total area is {{convert|468.9|sqmi|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}. {{convert|159.88|sqmi|sqkm|2|abbr=on}} of this is water and {{convert|321|sqmi|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} is land.</ref> The highest point in the city is ] on Staten Island, which at 409.8&nbsp;ft (124.9&nbsp;m) above sea level is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Staten Island: Isle of the Bay, NY |author=Lundrigan, Margaret |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2004 |ID=ISBN 0738524433 |pages=p. 10}}</ref> The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part of the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City |author=Howard, David |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2002 |isbn= 0393322122 |pages=p. 35}}</ref>

===Climate===
].]]

Although located at about the same latitude as the much warmer European cities of ] and ], New York has a ] (]) resulting from prevailing wind patterns that bring cool air from the interior of the North American continent.<ref name="NYC climate">{{cite web|title=The Climate of New York|publisher=New York State Climate Office|url=http://nysc.eas.cornell.edu/climate_of_ny.html|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> New York City has cold winters but the city's coastal position keeps temperatures slightly warmer than inland regions, helping to moderate the amount of snow which averages 25 to 35&nbsp;inches (63.5 to 88.9&nbsp;cm) each year.<ref name="NYC climate"/> New York City has a frost-free period lasting an average of 199 days between seasonal freezes.<ref name="NYC climate" /> Spring and Autumn in New York City are erratic, and can range from cold and snowy to hot and humid, although they can also be cold or cool and rainy. Summer in New York City is warm and humid, with temperatures of 90&nbsp;°F (32&nbsp;°C) or higher recorded on average 18 to 25 days each summer.<ref name="NYC climate" /> Though not usually associated with ], New York City is susceptible to them, notably the ] which flooded southern Manhattan, and ], which affected New York and killed more than 700 people, most of them in New England. The city's long-term climate patterns have been affected by the ], a 70-year long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of hurricanes and coastal storms in the region.<ref>{{cite web|author=Riley, Mary Elizabeth|title=Assessing the Impact of Interannual Climate Variability on New York City's Reservoir System|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Graduate School for Atmospheric Science |url=http://dspace.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2623/1/MER+Thesis-new.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Scientists believe, however, that ] will change this pattern.<ref>Romm, Joseph J., '']: Global Warming — the Solution and the Politics'', pp. 44, 47 (2006) William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-06117-212-X citing MIT's and ]'s research as showing that the AMO has now been supplanted by global warming as the "dominant force" in the Atlantic climate. The record low temperature for New York City is -18 F, and the record high temperature is 106 F.</ref>
{{New York City weatherbox}}

===Environment===
] South]]
{{main|Environmental issues in New York City}}
], with the ] in background.]]

Environmental concerns in the city involve managing the city's extraordinary population density. Mass transit use is the highest in the nation and gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">{{cite book|first=Ben|last=Jervey|title=The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City|isbn=0762738359|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|year=2006}}</ref> New York City's dense population and low automobile dependence help make New York among the most energy efficient in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owen, David |title=Green Manhattan |publisher=The New Yorker |date=] ]}}</ref> The city's greenhouse gas emission levels are relatively low when measured per capita, at 7.1 metric tons per person, below ], at 11.2 metric tons, and the national average, at 24.5.<ref name="NYC emissions"/> New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one percent of the nation's total ] emissions,<ref name="NYC emissions">{{cite web |title=Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions |publisher=New York City Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability |date=April 2007 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/ccp_report041007.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> though comprise 2.7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/challenge/faq.shtml |title=Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases |publisher=] / The City of New York |date=] |accessdate=2006-12-13}}</ref>

In recent years the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York City lead to high incidence of ] and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Urban Asthma and the Neighbourhood Environment in New York City |author=Coburn, Jason, Jeffrey Osleeb, Michael Porter |journal=Health & Place |date= June 2006 |volume=12(2) |pages=pp. 167–179 |pmid=16338632}}</ref> The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.<ref>{{cite news |author=DePalma, Anthony |title=It Never Sleeps, but It's Learned to Douse the Lights |publisher=The New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/nyregion/11efficiency.html |accessdate=2006-07-19|}}</ref> New York has the largest clean air diesel-] and ] bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/bus/centennial/page2.htm |title=A Century of Buses in New York City |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |accessdate=2006-11-17}} See also {{cite press release |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/pressroom/releases/pr2005-07-01a.asp |title=New York City's Yellow Cabs Go Green |publisher=Sierra Club |date=], ] |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient ], including the ] among others.<ref name="greenbuilding">{{cite news |title=7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers |publisher=The New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html |accessdate=2006-07-19 |author=Pogrebin, Robin}}</ref>

New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/maplevels.html |title=Current Reservoir Levels |publisher=New York City Department of Environmental Protection |accessdate=2007-06-04}}</ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New York is one of only five major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by ] plants.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Miele|first=Joel A., Sr|title=Maintaining Water Quality that Satisfies Customers: New York City Watershed Agricultural Program|booktitle=International Water Supply Symposium Tokyo 1998|publisher=New York City Department of Environmental Protection| date=], ]| url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/news/tokyo2.html| accessdate=2006-11-17}}; {{cite web |title=New York City 2005 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report |publisher=New York City Department of Environmental Protection |date=2005 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/wsstat05.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-07-17}}</ref> A new environmental friendly building called ] will be built to clean up the air in New York City.

==Cityscape==
] has one of the world's most recognizable skylines. (Shown: midtown area from around 65th St., on left, to about 23rd St., on right, from the west.)]]
].]]

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture in New York City}}
] is the architectural style most associated with New York City.]]
].]]

The building form most closely associated with New York City is the ] that saw New York buildings shift from the low-scale European tradition to the vertical rise of business districts. Surrounded mostly by water, the city's residential density and high real estate values in commercial districts saw the city amass the largest collection of individual, free-standing office and ] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Emporis|title=About New York City|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=newyorkcity-ny-usa|accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>

New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles. These include the ] (1913), an early ] skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing able to be read from street level several hundred feet below. The ] required ] in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance |author=Fischler, Raphael |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=64(2) |year=1998}}</ref> The ] design of the ] (1930), with its tapered top and steel spire, reflected the zoning requirements. The building is considered by many historians and architects to be New York's finest building, with its distinctive ornamentation such as replicas at the corners of the 61st floor of the 1928 Chrysler eagle hood ornaments and V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown.<ref>{{cite web |title=Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers |publisher=The Skyscraper Museum |date=], ] |url=http://www.skyscraper.org/EXHIBITIONS/FAVORITES/fav_exhibits.htm# |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> A highly influential example of the ] in the United States is the ] (1957), distinctive for its facade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The ] (2000) is an important example of ] in American skyscrapers.<ref name="greenbuilding" />

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant ] ]s, ]s, and shabby ]s that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis |author=Plunz, Richar A. |chapter=Chapters 3 & 4 |year=1990 |publisher=Columbia University Press |id=ISBN 0231062974}}</ref> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the ].<ref name="lankevich-p82">Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; {{cite book |title=New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks |author=Wilson, Rufus Rockwell |year=1902 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |pages=p. 354}}</ref> Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. Diamonstein–Spielvoegel, Barbaralee|title=The Landmarks of New York |publisher=Monacelli Press |year=2005 |id=ISBN 1580931545}} See also {{cite book |author=Whyte, William H. |title=The WPA Guide to New York City |year=1939 |publisher=New Press |id=ISBN 1565843215}}</ref> A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted ]s. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wondering About Water Towers|author=Elliot, Debbie |publisher=National Public Radio |date=] |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6567297 |accessdate=2007-04-11}}</ref> ]s became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including ] in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway.<ref>{{cite book |title=722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and how They Transformed New York |author=Hood, Clifton |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2004 ||pages=pp. 175–177}}</ref>

===Boroughs===
{{main|Borough (New York City)|Neighborhoods of New York City}}

New York City is comprised of five ], an unusual form of government used to administer the five constituent counties that make up the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Regionalism and realism: A Study of Government in the New York Metropolitan Area |author=Benjamin, Gerald, Richard P. Nathan |year=1990 |publisher=] |pages=p. 59}}</ref> Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct ], many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.

]
] in Manhattan.]]
* ''']''' (pop. 1,364,566)<ref name="census" /> is New York City's northernmost borough. The site of ], home of the ], and home to the largest ] complex in the United States, ].<ref>{{cite news |author=Frazier, Ian |title=Utopia, the Bronx |publisher=The New Yorker |date=], ] |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> Except for a small piece of Manhattan known as ], the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. It is home to the ], the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265&nbsp;acres (107.2&nbsp;hectares) and is home to over 6,000 animals.<ref>{{cite book |title=New York City Museum Guide |author=Ward, Candace |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2000 |id=ISBN 0486410005 |pages=p. 72}}</ref> The Bronx is the birthplace of ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Toop|title=Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop|publisher=Serpents Tail|year=1992|isbn=1852422432}}</ref>
* ''']''' (pop. 2,511,408)<ref name="census">{{cite web |publisher=] |title=The Current Population of NYC (2005) |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/detailed_narrative_2005.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-03-13}} These figures were adopted by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2006.</ref> is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, ] and a unique architectural heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown area. The borough features a long beachfront and ], established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |author=Immerso, Michael |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |pages=p. 3 |id=ISBN 0813531381}}</ref>
* ''']''' (pop. 1,593,200)<ref name="census" /> is the most densely populated borough and home to most of the city's ]s, as well as ]. The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the ], as well as a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions, including numerous museums, the ] district, ], and ]. Manhattan is loosely divided into ], ], and ] regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the ] and the ], and above the park is ].
* ''']''' (pop. 2,256,576)<ref name="census" /> is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States<ref name="queensdiverse">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html |author=O'Donnell, Michelle |title=In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th...|publisher=New York Times|date=], ] |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>, and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is largely residential and middle class. It is the only large county in the United States where the median income among blacks, approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of whites.<ref>{{cite news |title=Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens |author=Roberts, Sam |publisher=The New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/nyregion/01census.html?ref=nyregion |accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> Queens is the site of ], the home of the ], and annually hosts the ] tennis tournament. It is also the home to New York City's two major airports, ] and ].
* ''']''' (pop. 475,014)<ref name="census" /> is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by the ] and to Manhattan via the free ]. Until 2001, the borough was home to the ], formerly the largest landfill in the world, which is now being reconstructed as a large urban park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/fkl/dmp.pdf|format=PDF|title=Fresh Kills Park: Lifescape - Draft Master Plan |date=March 2006 |publisher=] |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref> Staten Island has almost half of New York City's protected land, one third of the borough is parkland or under protected wetland status, comprising 13,000 acres+ and growing.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}

==Culture==
<!-- PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING TO "CULTURE OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Culture of New York City|Music of New York City}}
] is one of the largest museums in the world.]]
].]]

"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather," the writer ] has said of New York City.<ref>{{cite press release | title =Speeches: Tom Christopher Exhibit Opening | publisher = Consulate General of the United States: Frankfurt, Germany | date =], ] | url =http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007.html | accessdate =2007-05-25 }}</ref> Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the ], which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was the epicenter of ] in the 1940s, ] in the 1950s, and the birthplace of ] in the 1970s. The city's ] and ] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for ]. Prominent ] bands coming out of New York in recent years include ], ], ], ], and ]. The city is also important in the American film industry. '']'' (1920), the nation's first ] film, was filmed in the city.<ref>{{cite video | people = Bruce Posner | title = Picturing a Metropolis: New York City Unveiled | medium = DVD | publisher = Unseen Cinema | date = 2005}}</ref> Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States.
The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.<ref name="NYC arts">{{cite web |title=Creative New York |publisher=Center for an Urban Future |date=December 2005 |url=http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-06-19}}</ref> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the ].<ref name="NYC arts" /> Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed ] and ], that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on ] and along 42nd Street began showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the ].

Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of ], ] and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Today these productions are a mainstay of the New York theatre scene. The city's 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as "]", after the ] that crosses the ] theatre district.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html |title=2 plays + 9 nominations = good odds for locals |publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune |author=Welsh, Anne Marie |date=], ] | accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref>

The ], which includes ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], ] and ], is the largest performing arts center in the United States. ] presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park and 1,200 free concerts, dance, and theater events across all five boroughs in the summer months.<ref>{{cite web | title = Summerstage: Our Mission | url=http://www.summerstage.org/index.aspx?lobid=854 | publisher = Summerstage.org | accessdate = 2007-05-31 }}</ref>

===Tourism===
]]]
{{main|Tourism in New York City}}
] in ], ].]]

About 40 million foreign and American tourists visit New York City each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYC Statistics |publisher=NYC & Company |url=http://www.nycvisit.com/content/index.cfm?pagePkey=57 |accessdate=2006-08-03}}</ref> Major destinations include the ], ], Broadway theatre productions, museums such as the ], and other tourist attractions including ], ], ], ], the ], ], luxury shopping along ] and ]s, and events such as the ] in ], the ], and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. The ] is a major tourist attraction and one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/statue_of_liberty/ |title=Statue of Liberty |publisher=New York Magazine |accessdate=2006-06-20}}</ref> Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as ], ], and ] are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast.

]]]

New York City has over 28,000 acres (113&nbsp;km²) of parkland and 14 miles (22&nbsp;km) of public beaches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/99a/pr042-99.html |title=Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000 acres Mark |date=], ] |publisher=New York City Mayor's Office |accessdate=2007-06-06}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_things_to_do/facilities/af_beaches.html |title=Beaches |publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> Manhattan's ], designed by ] and ], is the most visited city park in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Park Facts |publisher=The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=20531&folder_id=3208|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> ] in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90 acre (36&nbsp;]) meadow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prospectpark.org/general/main.cfm?target=home |title=General Information |publisher=Prospect Park Alliance |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> ] in Queens, the city's third largest, was the setting for the ] and ].

New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. ] and ] immigrants made the city famous for ]s, ] and ]. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many ]-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as ]s and ]s standbys of contemporary New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kebabs on the Night Shift|first=Jennifer|last=Bleyer|publisher=The New York Times|date=], ] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The city is also home to many of the finest ] restaurants in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Michelin Takes on the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste|first=Glenn|last=Collins|publisher=The New York Times|date=], ] |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30911F83D5A0C708CDDA80994DD404482|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

===Media===
{{main|Media of New York City}}
] gives the city a large newspaper readership base.<ref>{{cite news|title=Since Riders had no Subways, Commuter Papers Struggled, Too |author=Ivry, Sara |publisher=The New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/business/media/26commute.html |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>]]

New York is a global center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by ], Chicago, and ]).<ref>{{cite press release | title = Tampa Bay 12th largest media market now | publisher = Tampa Bay Partnership | date = ], ] | url = http://tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991& | accessdate = 2007-05-31 }}</ref> Some of the city's media conglomerates include ], the ], the ], and ]. Seven of the world's top eight global ] networks are headquartered in New York.<ref>, '']'' Agency Report 2007 Index (], ]). Retrieved on ], ].</ref> Three of the "]" record labels are also based in the city, as well as in Los Angeles. One-third of all American ]s are produced in New York.<ref name="NYC Media">{{cite web |title=Request for Expressions of Interest |publisher=The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation |date=2005 |url=http://www.govisland.com/PDFs/RFEI/RFEI.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city<ref name="NYC Media" /> and book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Media and Entertainment |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |url=http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/IndustryOverviews/MediaEntertainment/MediaEntertainment.htm |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers, '']'' and '']''. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include '']'' and '']'', founded in 1801 by ]. The city also has a major ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ethnic Press Booms In New York City |publisher=Editor & Publisher |date=], ] |url=http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594 |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> '']'' is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=e4526a43cc213775795cc84762fce768 | title = el diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily| date = ] ] | publisher = New America Media | accessdate = 2007-06-09}}</ref> '']'', published in Harlem, is a prominent African-American newspaper. '']'' is the largest ].

The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ], ], ] and ], are all headquartered in New York. Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including ], ], ] and ]. In 2005, there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.<ref>{{cite press release |title=2005 is banner year for production in New York |publisher=The City of New York Mayor's Office of Film, Theater and Broadcasting |date=], ] |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/010106_2005_banner_year.shtml |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

New York is also a major center for non-commercial media. The oldest ] channel in the United States is the ], founded in 1971.<ref>, ] press release dated ], ]. Accessed ], ]. "Public access TV was created in the 1970s to allow ordinary members of the public to make and air their own TV shows—and thereby exercise their free speech. It was first launched in the U.S. in Manhattan July 1st 1971, on the Teleprompter and Sterling Cable systems, now Time Warner Cable."</ref> ] is the city's major public television station and a primary provider of national ] programming. ], a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Radio Research Consortium |title=Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers: Spring 2006 Arbitron |date=], ] |url=http://www.rrconline.org/reports/pdf/Sp06%20eRanks.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, ], that produces several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods, as well as city government.

===Accent===
{{main|New York dialect}}
The New York City area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the ], alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within ].<ref>Newman, Michael (2005) "New York Talk" in ''American Voices'' Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward (eds). p.82-87 Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-2109-2</ref> The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working class people of ] descent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect.<ref name=NYT19930214/>

One of the more notable features of this dialect is its "r-lessness". The traditional New York&ndash;area accent is ], so that the sound {{IPA|}} does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city as "New Yawk".<ref name=NYT19930214/> There is no {{IPA|}} in words like ''park'' {{IPA|}} (with vowel raised due to the low-back chain shift), ''butter'' {{IPA|}}, or ''here'' {{IPA|}}. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the {{IPA|}} vowel sound of words like ''talk'', ''law'', ''cross'', and ''coffee'' and the often homophonous {{IPA|}} in ''core'' and ''more'' are tensed and usually raised more than in ].

In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like ''girl'' and of words like ''oil'' both become a diphthong {{IPA|}}. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a "reversal" of the "er" and "oy" sounds, so that ''girl'' is pronounced "goil" and ''oil'' is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street' (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).<ref name=NYT19930214/> The character ] from the 1970s show '']'' was a good example of a speaker who had this feature. This particular speech pattern is no longer very prevalent.<ref name=NYT19930214>, '']'', ], ]. Accessed ], ].</ref>

===Sports===
{{main|Sports in New York City}}
],"The House that Ruth Built", and the home of the ], is located in the Bronx. It is soon to be replaced by the ], which is scheduled to be completed in 2009.]]

New York City has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues, each of which also has its headquarters in the city.

] is the city's most closely followed sport. There have been fourteen ] championship series between New York City teams, in matchups called ]. New York is one of only five metro areas (Chicago, Washington-Baltimore, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. The city's two current ] teams are the ] and the ], who enjoy a rivalry arguably as fierce as that between the Yankees and the ]. The Yankees have enjoyed 26 world titles, while the Mets have taken the Series twice. The city also was once home to the ] (now the ]) and the ] (now the ]). Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two ] teams in the city, the ] and ].

The city is represented in the ] by the ] and ] (officially the New York Football Giants), although both teams play their home games in ] in nearby ].

The ] represent the city in the ].

In ], New York is represented by the ] side, ]. The "Red Bulls" also play their home games at the ] in New Jersey.

] is the largest marathon in the world.]]

The city's ] team is the ] and the city's ] team is the ]. The first national college-level basketball championship, the ], was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |title=Postseason Overview |publisher=National Invitation Tournament |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> ] in ] is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league.

As a global city, New York supports many events outside these sports. Queens is host of the ], one of the four ] tournaments. The ] is the world's largest, and the 2004-2006 runnings hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.<ref>, ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> The ] is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the ]. Boxing is also a very prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.

Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. ], a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in working class Italian, German, and Irish neighborhoods in the 1930s. In recent years several amateur ] leagues have emerged with the arrival of immigrants from South Asia and the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite video |people=Sas, Adrian (Producer) |year=2006 |url=http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16&search=|title=It's my Park: Cricket |medium=TV-Series |location=New York City |publisher=]}}</ref>

==Economy==
<!-- PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING TO "ECONOMY OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Economy of New York City}}mmllll;lpl;lp
], and the ].]]
].]]
New York City is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the world economy (along with ] and ]).<ref>{{cite book|author=]|title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|edition=2nd edition|isbn=0691070636}}</ref> The city is a major center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. The New York ] had an estimated ] of $952.6 billion in 2005, the largest regional economy in the United States.<ref name="NYC economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.usmayors.org/74thWinterMeeting/metroeconreport_January2006.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=The United States Conference of Mayors|title=The role of metro areas in the U.S. economy |date=], ] |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The city's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity in the states of New York and New Jersey.<ref name="NYC economy" /> Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 44 ] companies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycedc.com/Web/NYCBusinessClimate/FactsFigures/FactsFigures.htm |title=NYC Business Climate - Facts & Figures |publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Keeping the Economy Growing |author=Wylde, Kathryn |publisher=Gotham Gazette |date=], ] |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/fea/20060123/202/1727 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

New York City is home to some of the nation's&mdash;and world's&mdash;most valuable real estate. 450 ] was sold on ] ] for $510 million, about $1,589&nbsp;per&nbsp;square&nbsp;foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476&nbsp;per&nbsp;square&nbsp;foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.<ref>Quirk, James. , '']'', ] ]. Accessed ] ]. "On Monday, a 26-year-old, 33-story office building at 450 Park Ave. sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot, or about $510 million. The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per-square-foot basis. That broke the previous record&mdash;set four weeks earlier&mdash;when 660 Madison Ave. sold for $1,476 a square foot."</ref>

The ], located on ], and the ] are the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.<ref>{{cite web |authors=Claessens, Stjin |title=Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the World |publisher=The World Bank |date=September 2000 |url=http://www.worldbank.org/research/interest/confs/upcoming/papersjuly11/E-finance.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Financial services account for more than 35 percent of the city's employment income.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci12-1.pdf|format=PDF |title=Challenges Facing the New York Metropolitan Area Economy |author=Orr, James and Giorgio Topa |work=Current Issues in Economics and Finance - Second District Highlights |publisher=New York Federal Reserve |date=Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006|accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate">{{cite web |title=Tentative Assessment Roll: Fiscal Year 2008 |publisher=New York City Department of Finance |date=], ] |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dof/html/pdf/07pdf/tent-ass-roll-07-08t.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref> The ] is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate" />

The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml |title=NYC Film Statistics |publisher=Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting |accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref> Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Currid, Elizabeth |title=New York as a Global Creative Hub: A Competitive Analysis of Four Theories on World Cities |journal=Economic Development Quarterly |year=2006 |volume=20(4) |pages=pp. 330–350}}</ref> High-tech industries like bioscience, software development, game design, and Internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action|publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |date=March 2005 |url=http://www.nycedc.com/about_us/TelecomPlanMarch2005.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.

Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/whitepaper.pdf |format=PDF |title=Protecting and Growing New York City's Industrial Job Base |publisher=The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business |date=January 2005 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.<ref name="food manufacturing">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/imb/downloads/pdf/more_than_link_food_chain.pdf |format=PDF |title=More Than a Link in the Food Chain |publisher=The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business |accessdate=2007-02-14 |date=February 2007}}</ref> Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents, many of them immigrants who speak little English. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.<ref name="food manufacturing" />

==Demographics==
<!-- CONSIDER ADDING TO "DEMOGRAPHICS OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Demographics of New York City}}

{| style="float: right; margin-left: 5em; width: 35%; font-size: 75%;" cellspacing="3" class="wikitable"
|+New York City Compared
|-
! ]
! abbr="City" | NY City
! abbr="State" | NY State
! abbr="Country" | U.S.
|-
!Total population
|8,213,839<ref name="census" />||18,976,457||281,421,906
|-
!Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000
| +9.4%||+5.5%||+13.1%
|-
!Population density
|26,403/sq&nbsp;mi||402/sq&nbsp;mi||80/sq&nbsp;mi
|-
!Median household income (1999)
|$38,293||$43,393||$41,994
|-
!Bachelor's degree or higher
|27%||27%||29%
|-
!Foreign born
|36%||20%||11%
|-
!White
|45%||68%||75%
|-
!White (non-Hispanic)
|37%||62%||67%
|-
!Black
|28%||16%||12%
|-
!Hispanic (any race)
|27%||15%||11%
|-
!Asian
|10%||6%||4%
|}
New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 2005 population of 8,213,839 (up from 7.3 million in 1990).<ref name="census" /> This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city's population has been increasing and demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030 |publisher=] |date=December 2006 |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/projections_report.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-27}} See also {{cite news|last=Roberts, Sam |title=By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City |publisher=New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/19/nyregion/19population.html?ex=1298005200&en=c586d38abbd16541&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

New York's two key demographic features are its ] and ]. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²), makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref>, ] ]. Accessed ], ].</ref> Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²), highest of any county in the United States.<ref>, Geographic Information Systems - GIS of Interest. Accessed ], ]. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre."</ref><ref name="census2000">{{cite web|title=Census 2000 Data for the State of New York|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/census2000/states/ny.html|accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for ]; the term "]" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the ]. 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.<ref name="NYC immigration" /> Among American cities, this proportion is higher only in ] and ].<ref name="census2000" /> While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest countries of origin for modern immigration are the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix Table 5-4: Ten Largest Sources of the Foreign-Born by County New York Metropolitan Region, 2000 |publisher=] |date=2005 |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny_table_5_4.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> About 170 languages are spoken in the city.<ref name="languages in NYC" />
{{USCensusPop
| 1790= 33131
| 1850= 696490
| 1900= 3437202
| 1920= 5620048
| 1950= 7891957
| 1960= 7781984
| 1970= 7894862
| 1980= 7071639
| 1990= 7322564
| 2000= 8008288
| estimate=8143197
| estyear=2005
| estref=<ref name=CensusEst>, ]. Accessed ], ].</ref>
| footnote=Population 1790 - 1990<ref>Gibson, Campbell. , ], June 1998. Accessed ], ].</ref>
}}
The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest ] outside ]; ] proper (non-metro/within municipal limits) has a smaller population than the Jewish population of New York City proper, making New York the largest Jewish community in the world. About 12% of New Yorkers are Jewish or of Jewish descent and roots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Community Study of New York |publisher=United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York |date=2002 |url=http://www.ujafedny.org/atf/cf/%7BAD848866-09C4-482C-9277-51A5D9CD6246%7D/JCommStudyIntro.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population |publisher=Asian American Federation of New York |date=2004 |url=http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/indianamer.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> and the largest ] community of any city in the country.

The five largest ethnic groups as of the 2005 census estimates are: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="acs_socio_05">{{cite web|title=NYC2005 &mdash; Results from the 2005 American Community Survey : Socioeconomic Characteristics by Race/Hispanic Origin and Ancestry Group|publisher=]|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/acs_socio_05_nyc.pdf|format=PDF|date=2005|accessdate=2007-08-14}}; , ]</ref> The Puerto Rican population of New York City is the ].<ref>Archive of the Mayor's Press Office, , Tuesday, June 9, 1998.</ref> Italians emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century. The ], the sixth largest ethnic group, also have a ]; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from ], an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG| title=A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=78|issue=2|pages=334–338|date=February 2006|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v78n2/43032/43032.web.pdf|format=PDF|pmid=16358217 | accessdate = 2007-06-07}} See also {{cite news|title=If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve|publisher=The New York Times|date=]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/science/18irish.html?ex=1149652800&en=2336ca46c937614b&ei=5070|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref>

New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.<ref>{{cite news|author=Roberts, Sam |title=In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich |publisher=The New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/SamRoberts4Sep05.htm |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest and fastest growing among the largest counties in the United States.<ref name=ManhattanLabor>{{cite web |title=Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1,453 in Second Quarter 2006 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor|date=], ] |url=http://www.bls.gov/ro2/fax/qcew9310.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref> The borough is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way |author=Roberts, Sam |publisher=The New York Times |date=] |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/nyregion/23kid.html|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref>

Home ownership in New York City is about 33%, much lower than the national average of 69%.<ref></ref> Rental vacancy is usually between 3% and 4.5%, definitely below the 5% threshold defined to be a housing emergency and used to justify the continuation of rent control and rent stabilization. About 33% of rental units are rent-stabilized. Finding housing, particularly affordable housing, in New York City can be more than challenging. <ref>; </ref>

==Government==
<!-- PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING TO "GOV'T OF NYC" DAUGHTER ARTICLE INSTEAD OF ADDING LENGTH HERE. -->
{{main|Government of New York City}}
], home to many city agencies, is one of the largest government office buildings in the world.]]

Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a ] with a "strong" ]. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The ] and ]s are elected to four-year terms. The ] is a ] body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyccouncil.info/tools/about_council.cfm |title=About the Council |publisher=New York City Council |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> The mayor and councilors are limited to two four-year terms.

The mayor is ], a former Democrat and current independent elected as a ] in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement and Return Report for Certification: General Election 2005 |publisher=New York City Board of Elections |date=], ] |url=http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/pdf/results/2005/general/Manhattan/New%20York%20Mayor%20NY%20Recap.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.<ref>{{cite web | title = About Mike Bloomberg | url=http://www.mikebloomberg.com/en/about_mike_bloomberg | publisher = The Official Site of Mike Bloomberg| accessdate = 2007-05-31 }}</ref> Together with ] mayor ], in 2006 he founded the ], an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal ] off the streets."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml| title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members}} Retrieved on ], ]</ref> The ] holds the majority of public offices. 66% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.<ref>{{cite web |title=County Enrollment Totals |publisher=New York State Board of Elections |date=], ] |url=http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/enrollment/county/county_apr06.htm |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> New York City has not been won by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. ]s center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.

New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ] in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the ], generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes |publisher=Opensecrets.org |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/overview/topzips.asp?cycle=2004 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in ] (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?|publisher=New York City Finance Division |date=], ] |url=http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/65379.htm?CFID=232457&CFTOKEN=33008944 |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

Located near City Hall are the courthouse for the ] and ], and the ]. Manhattan also hosts the ]. Brooklyn hosts the ], and ]. As with any county, each Borough has a branch of the ] and other New York State courts. As the host of the ], New York City is home to the world's largest international ], comprising 122 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulate offices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Consular Offices in the United States |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=], ] |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/71117.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>

===Crime===
{{main|Crime in New York City}}
] vehicle stationed in ].]]

Out of 216 U.S. cities with populations of more than 100,000 in 2002, the city ranked 197th in overall crime (with about the same crime rate as ]).<ref>{{cite news|''Law Enforcement News''|title=Don't tell New York, but crime is going up |url=http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html}}</ref> Violent crime in New York city has decreased 75% in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963.<ref>{{cite paper |title=The Remarkable Drop In Crime In New York City |author=Langan, Patrick A. |date=], ] |url=http://samoa.istat.it/Eventi/sicurezza/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Italy) |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-22}}</ref> Crime rates spiked in the 1980s and early 1990s as the ] hit the city. During the 1990s the ] (NYPD) adopted ], ] policing and other strategies in a major effort to reduce crime. The city's dramatic drop in crime has been attributed by criminologists to these policing tactics, the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Crime Drop in America |chapter=The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York |author=Johnson, Bruce D., Andrew Golub, Eloise Dunlap |editor=Blumstein, Alfred, Joel Wallman |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |id=ISBN 0521862795}}; {{cite book |title=New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s |author=Karmen, Andrew |year=2000 |publisher=NYU Press |id=0814747175}}</ref>

] has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the ] and the ] in the ] in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the ] dominated by the ]. ]s including the ] also grew in the late 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=NYPD: A City and Its Police |author=Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto |publisher=Owl Books |year=2000 |pages=pp. 18–21}}</ref> Numerous major riots have occurred in New York City since the mid 19th century, including the ] in 1863, multiple riots at ], and in ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Street Justice: A History of Political Violence in New York City |author=Johnson, Marilynn S. |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2003}}</ref> The serial killings by the "]", which began on ], ], terrorized the city for the next year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/notorious/berkowitz/12.html |title=Son of Sam, David Berkowitz, famous serial killer |publisher=Crime Library / Court TV |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>

==Education==
{{main|Education in New York City}}
]'s Keating Hall in the ].]]
] is home to the ].]]

The city's public school system, managed by the ], is the largest in the United States. About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/html/dcp/download/census/sf3edp302.xls |title=School Enrollment by Level of School and Type of School for Population 3 Years and Over |publisher=] |date=2000 |format=MS Excel |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city, including some of the most prestigious private schools in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/ |title=Private School Universe Survey |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref>

Though it is not often thought of as a "]", there are about 594,000 university students in New York City, the highest number of any city in the United States.<ref>{{cite paper |publisher=Brookings Institution |title=New York in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000 |date=November 2003 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/livingcities/newyork2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-11-17}}</ref> In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates |author=McGeehan, Patrick |publisher=The New York Times |date=], ] |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E16FF3F5A0C758DDDA10894DE404482 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Public postsecondary education is provided by the ], the nation's third-largest public university system, and the ], part of the ]. New York City is also home to such notable private universities as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The city has dozens of other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as ] and ].

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.<ref name="NYC science institutions">{{cite press release |title=Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan|publisher=New York City Economic Development Corporation |url=http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |date=], ] |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref> The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the ] among all U.S. cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grants.nih.gov/grants/award/trends/top100fy03.htm |title=NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City, Fiscal Year 2003 |publisher=National Institutes of Health |date=2003 |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> Major biomedical research institutions include ], ], ], ], ] and ].

The ], which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island.<ref name="libraryspot">{{cite web |url= http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm |title=Nation's Largest Libraries |publisher=LibrarySpot |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> Queens is served by the ], which is the nation's second largest public library system, and ] serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot"/> The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the ].

New York City also features some of the most elite and exclusive private schools in the country, many of which are located on the ] or in ]. These schools include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Renowned public secondary schools include ], ], ], ], ], and ].

==Transportation==
{{main|Transportation in New York City}}
] seen here.]]
].]]
] Terminal 1]]

Public transit is overwhelmingly the dominant form of travel for New Yorkers.<ref name=2001summary>{{cite web |title=NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |date=2001 |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/pdf/entire.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-05-21}}</ref> About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.<ref name="MTAinfo">{{cite web|title=The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region| publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |url=http://www.mta.info/mta/network.htm |accessdate=2006-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts |author=Pisarski, Alan |publisher=Transportation Research Board |date=], ] |url=http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/CIAIIIfacts.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.<ref name=2001summary /> New York is the only city in the United States where more than half of all ] (in Manhattan, more than 75% of residents do not own a car; nationally, the percentage is 8%).<ref name=2001summary />

The ] is the largest ] system in the world when measured ] with 660&nbsp;miles (1,062&nbsp;km ) of mainline track, and by number of stations in operation, with 468. It is also the fourth-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.4 billion passenger trips in 2005).<ref name=MTAinfo /> New York's subway is also remarkable because nearly all of the system remains open 24 hours per day (though in some cases with significant differences in routings from the daytime network), in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including ], ], ], and ]. The transportation system in New York City is extensive and complex. It includes the longest ] in North America,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/verrazano-narrows/ |title=Verrazano-Narrows Bridge |publisher=Nycroads.com |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/writeups/93001619.nl.pdf |title=Holland Tunnel |publisher=National Park Service |date=], ] |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> more than 12,000 yellow cabs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/tlc/downloads/pdf/state_of_taxi.pdf |title=The State of the NYC Taxi |publisher=New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission |date=] |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-08-02}}</ref> and an ] that transports commuters between ] and Manhattan.

New York City's public ] and commuter rail network are the largest in North America.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The rail network, which connects the suburbs in the ] to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<ref name="MTAinfo" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |title=About the MTA Long Island Rail Road |url=http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/lirr/pubs/aboutlirr.htm |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facts at a Glance |publisher=NJ Transit |date=2005 |url=http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/an_factsataGlance_FY.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> The commuter rail system converges at the two busiest rail stations in the United States, ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandcentralterminal.com/pages/getpage.aspx?id=B6E37786-897D-4174-83C5-2A7404A9E026 |title=Grand Central Demographics |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |accessdate=2007-03-26}}; {{cite web|title=Amtrak Facts |url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/transportation/a_amtrak.html |publisher=National Atlas |accessdate=2006-07-19}}</ref>

New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.<ref name=IntlTravel>{{cite web |url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/us_international_travel_and_transportation_trends/2002/index.html |title=U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics |date=2002 |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> The area is served by three major airports, ], ] and ], with plans for a fourth airport, ] near Newburgh, NY, to be taken over and enlarged by the ] (which administers the other three airports), as a "reliever" airport to help cope with increasing passenger volume. 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005 and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/CommutingTravel/airports/pdfs/traffic/Air_Traffic_2005.pdf |title=2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=], ] |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=724 |title=Port Authority Leads Nation in Record-Setting Year for Travel Abroad |publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=], ] |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref>

New York's high rate of ], 120,000 daily cyclists<ref>{{cite news |title=Biking It|author=Schaller, Bruce |publisher=Gotham Gazette |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20060718/16/1910/|accessdate=2006-07-20}}</ref> and many ] makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption" /> It is well positioned to endure an oil crisis with an extended gasoline price shock in the range of US$3 to US$8 per gallon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sustainlane.com/us-city-rankings/newyork.jsp|title=U.S. Cities' Preparedness for an Oil Crisis |publisher= |date=March 2006 |accessdate=2006-07-20}}</ref> Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |date=December 2004 |url=http://nhts.ornl.gov/2001/pub/STT.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref>

], and ] in background.]]

To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of ] and ]s, that link New York City to its suburbs in northern ], ], ], and southwest ]. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who ] into New York, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in ]s that are a daily occurrence, particularly during ].

==Sister cities==
<!-- ONLY OFFICIAL SISTER CITIES ARE LISTED HERE. SEE http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml -->
New York City has ten ],<ref>{{cite web|title=NYC's Sister Cities|publisher=Sister City Program of the City of New York | date= 2006 |url= http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|accessdate=2006-11-14}}</ref> nine of which are through the city's membership in ] (SCI).<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities International: Online Directory: New York, USA|date=2007|publisher=Sister Cities International|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/NY}}</ref> The year each relationship was formed is shown in parentheses below.

{|
| valign="top" |
*{{flagicon|Japan}} ], ] (1960)
*{{flagicon|China}} ], ] (1980)
*{{flagicon|Spain}} ], ] (1982)
*{{flagicon|Egypt}} ], ] (1982)
*{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} ], ] (1983)
| valign="top" |
*{{flagicon|Italy}} ], ] (1992)
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} ], ] (1992) (not through SCI)
*{{flagicon|Israel}} ], ] (1993)
*{{flagicon|UK}} ], ] (2001)
*{{flagicon|South Africa}} ], ] (2003)
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book |title=American Metropolis: A History of New York City |author=Lankevich, George L. |publisher=NYU Press |year=1998 |isbn= 0814751865}}

==Further reading==
* ] and ] (1998), '']'', Oxford University Press.
* ] (1976). '']'', Little, Brown & Co.
* ] (1939). ''The WPA Guide to New York City'', The New Press (1995 reissue).
* ] (ed.) (1995). '']'', Yale University Press.
* Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (eds.) (2005), ''Empire City: New York Through the Centuries'', Columbia University Press.
* ] (1949). ''Here is New York'', Little Bookroom (2000 reissue).
* ] (2003). ''The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts'', Doubleday.
* E. Porter Belden (1849). , New York, G.P. Putnam. from ].

==External links==
{{portal}}
{{commons|New York City}}
{{wiktionary|New York City}}

* - official website of the city
* - Official tourism website of New York City
*{{wikitravel}}
*
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City|New York City}}
{{Geolinks-cityscale|40.71|-74.00|region:US-NY_type:city(8,143,000)_scale:300000}}
** - Interactive Map of New York City - includes subway stations and entrances

{{New York City}}
{{New York}}
{{USLargestCities}}
{{Location of US capital}}

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Revision as of 22:43, 24 October 2007

I like applesauce