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Idiot is a word derived from the Greek Template:Polytonic, idiōtēs ("person lacking professional skill," "a private citizen," "individual"), from Template:Polytonic, idios ("private," "one's own"). In Latin the word idiota ("ordinary person, layman") preceded the Late Latin meaning "uneducated or ignorant person." Its modern meaning and form dates back to Middle English around the year 1300, from the Old French idiote ("uneducated or ignorant person"). The related word idiocy dates to 1487 and may have been analogously modeled on the words prophet and prophecy. The word has cognates in many other languages.

History

"Idiot" was originally created to refer to "layman, person lacking professional skill", "person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of ordinary reasoning". Declining to take part in public life, such as democratic government of the polis (city state), such as the Athenian democracy, was considered dishonorable. "Idiots" were seen as having bad judgment in public and political matters. Over time, the term "idiot" shifted away from its original connotation of selfishness and came to refer to individuals with overall bad judgment–individuals who are "stupid". In modern English usage, the terms "idiot" and "idiocy" describe an extreme folly or stupidity, its symptoms (foolish or stupid utterance or deed). In psychology, it is a historical term for the state or condition now called profound mental retardation.

Disability

In 19th and early 20th century medicine and psychology, an "idiot" was a person with a very severe mental retardation or a very low IQ level, as a sufferer of cretinism, defining idiots as people whose IQ were below 20 (with a standard deviation of 16);

In current medical classification, these people are now said to have profound mental retardation, and the word "idiot" is no longer used as a scientific term.

United States law

The California Penal Code Section 26 states that "Idiots" are one of six types of people who are not capable of committing crimes.

In several states, idiots do not have the right to vote:

• Arkansas Article III, Section 5
• Iowa Article II, section 5
• Kentucky Section 145
• Mississippi Article 12, Section 241
• New Jersey (Article II, Section 1, Paragraph 6)

January 2007 to remove "idiot or insane" and add the qualifying phrase "who has been adjudicated by a court of competent jurisdiction to lack the capacity to understand the act of voting." This proposed amendment to the Constitution shall be submitted to the people at the next general election occurring more than three months after the final agreement. This constitutional amendment shall become part of the New Jersey Constitution upon approval by the voters. )

• New Mexico Article VII, section 1
• Ohio (Article V, Section 6)

In literature

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A few authors have used "idiot" characters in novels, plays and poetry. Often these characters are used to highlight or indicate something else (allegory). Examples of such usage are William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and William Wordsworth's The Idiot Boy. Idiot characters in literature are often confused with or subsumed within mad or lunatic characters. The most common imbrication between these two categories of mental impairment occurs in the polemic surrounding Edmund from William Shakespeare's King Lear. In Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot, the idiocy of the main character, Prince Lev Nikolaievich Myshkin, is attributed more to his honesty, trustfulness, kindness, and humility, than to a lack of intellectual ability. Nietzsche claimed, in his The Antichrist, that Jesus was an idiot. This resulted from his description of Jesus as having an aversion toward the material world.

In the novel Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier, the character of Ben, a man who inhabits Rebecca de Winter's former beach cottage, is referred to as an idiot, because of his childlike behavior, confusion and anti-social behavior.

Quotes

• "It is true of idiots, that the more absurd and foolish they are, and the more their opinions diverge from those universally held, the more likely are they to utter no word which they will wish to recall" - St. Augustine in Letter 143 to Marcellinus (A.D. 412)
• "Reader, suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself." (Mark Twain, c.1882)

See also

• Traditional terms for mental retardation
• Ignorance

Sources and external links

• Dictionary.Reference.Com "Middle English, ignorant person, from Old French idiote (modern French idiot), from Latin idiota, from Greek idiotès, private person, layman, from idios, own, private."
• ProphetProphecy Etymonline "c.1300, "person so mentally deficient as to be incapable of ordinary reasoning," from Old French idiote "uneducated or ignorant person," from Latin idiota "ordinary person, layman," in Late Latin "uneducated or ignorant person," from Greek idiotes "layman, person lacking professional skill," literally "private person," used patronizingly for "ignorant person," from idios "one's own".
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) on cretinism
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

References

1. Liddell-Scott-Jones A Greek-English Lexicon, entries for Template:Polytonic and Template:Polytonic.
2. Words, entry idiota.
3. Etymonline.com, entry prophet
4. Etymonline.com, entry prophecy
5. ^ Etymonline.com, entry idiot
6. "idiot". yourdictionary.com. {{cite web}}: Text "accessdate-2007-09-26" ignored (help)
7. "10 results for: idiot". dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
8. "idiocy". Merriam-Webster online. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
9. "Penal Code section 25-29". State of California. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
10. Arkansas Article III, Section 5
11. Iowa Article II, section 5
12. Kentucky Section 145
13. Mississippi Constitution of the State of Mississippi See Article 12, Section 241
14. New Jersey Constitution See Article II, Section 1, Paragraph 6
15. Senate of New jersey Concurrent Resolution No. 134
16. http://vlex.com/vid/309687 New Mexico Constitution, Article VII, section 1]
17. Ohio Constitution, Article V, Section 6
18. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1895). The Antichrist. To make a hero of Jesus! And even more, what a misunderstanding is the word "genius"! Our whole concept, our cultural concept, of "spirit" has no meaning whatever in the world in which Jesus lives. Spoken with the precision of a physiologist, even an entirely different word would be yet more fitting here—the word idiot.
    {§ 29, partially quoted here, contains three words that were suppressed by Nietzsche's sister when she published The Antichrist in 1895. The words are: "das Wort Idiot", translated here as "the word idiot". They were not made public until 1931, by Josef Hofmiller. H.L. Mencken's 1920 translation does not contain these words.)

• Disability
• Pejorative terms for people
• Greek loanwords