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| '''Yamashita's gold''', also referred to as the '''Yamashita treasure''', is the name given to the ] allegedly stolen in ] by ] during ] and hidden in ]s, ]s and underground complexes in the ].<ref> Access date: January 10, 2007.</ref> A ] court has ruled that Yamashita's gold did exist{{ |
'''Yamashita's gold''', also referred to as the '''Yamashita treasure''', is the name given to the ] allegedly stolen in ] by ] during ] and hidden in ]s, ]s and underground complexes in the ].<ref> Access date: January 10, 2007.</ref> A ] court has ruled that Yamashita's gold did exist.{{fixpov}}<!-- The US Courts did not make a ruling in regards to the existence of Yamashita’s treasure. --><ref> . Access date: January 10, 2007. </ref> The number, size, value and fate of the alleged loot troves in the Philippines are unknown. | ||
| The stolen property reportedly included many different kinds of valuables looted from ]s, ], ]s, ]es, other commercial premises, ]s, ]s and private homes. It takes its name from General ], who assumed command of Japanese forces in the Philippines in ]. | The stolen property reportedly included many different kinds of valuables looted from ]s, ], ]s, ]es, other commercial premises, ]s, ]s and private homes. It takes its name from General ], who assumed command of Japanese forces in the Philippines in ]. | ||
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| The Seagraves and "other historians" {{Fact|date=November 2007}} have claimed that ] military intelligence operatives located much of the loot; colluded with Hirohito and other senior Japanese figures to conceal its existence, and; used it to finance US covert intelligence operations around the world during the ].<ref>See, for example, Johnson, ''Ibid''.</ref> | The Seagraves and "other historians" {{Fact|date=November 2007}} have claimed that ] military intelligence operatives located much of the loot; colluded with Hirohito and other senior Japanese figures to conceal its existence, and; used it to finance US covert intelligence operations around the world during the ].<ref>See, for example, Johnson, ''Ibid''.</ref> | ||
| It is also alleged that ] (who was President of the Philippines in 1965-86), recovered U.S.$8 billion from one concealed tunnel known as "Teresa 2", 61 km (38 mi) south of ], in ] province.<ref>Johnson, ''Ibid''.</ref> In 1996, a U.S. Federal Court made a ruling that Marcos had stolen a cache of recovered Japanese loot, from a man named ].<ref> </ref> According to his family, Roxas found a one-tonne solid-gold ] and thousands of gold bars in a tunnel near ] in 1971. Roxas died prematurely in suspicious circumstances, leading to suggestions that he was murdered. The court awarded U.S.$22 billion, against Marcos's estate, to the heirs of Roxas. This amount was greatly reduced on appeal.<ref> |
It is also alleged that ] (who was President of the Philippines in 1965-86), recovered U.S.$8 billion from one concealed tunnel known as "Teresa 2", 61 km (38 mi) south of ], in ] province.<ref>Johnson, ''Ibid''.</ref> In 1996, a U.S. Federal Court made a ruling that Marcos had stolen a cache of recovered Japanese loot, from a man named ].<ref> </ref> According to his family, Roxas found a one-tonne solid-gold ] and thousands of gold bars in a tunnel near ] in 1971. Roxas died prematurely in suspicious circumstances, leading to suggestions that he was murdered. The court awarded U.S.$22 billion, against Marcos's estate, to the heirs of Roxas. This amount was greatly reduced on appeal.<ref>''Roger Roxas and the Golden Budha Corporation v. Ferdinand E. Marcos and Imelda Marcos'', 1998.</ref> | ||
| Critics have questioned the extent to which the loot existed. University of the Philippines professor Rico Jose has questioned the theory that treasure from mainland South East Asia was transported to the Philippines: " the Japanese were no longer in control of the seas... It doesn't make sense to bring in something that valuable here when you know it's going to be lost to the Americans anyway. The more rational thing would have been to send it to ] or ]."<ref> Access date: January 10, 2007. </ref> | Critics have questioned the extent to which the loot existed. University of the Philippines professor Rico Jose has questioned the theory that treasure from mainland South East Asia was transported to the Philippines: " the Japanese were no longer in control of the seas... It doesn't make sense to bring in something that valuable here when you know it's going to be lost to the Americans anyway. The more rational thing would have been to send it to ] or ]."<ref> Access date: January 10, 2007. </ref> | ||
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Yamashita's gold, also referred to as the Yamashita treasure, is the name given to the loot allegedly stolen in Southeast Asia by Japanese forces during World War II and hidden in caves, tunnels and underground complexes in the Philippines. A United States court has ruled that Yamashita's gold did exist. The number, size, value and fate of the alleged loot troves in the Philippines are unknown.
The stolen property reportedly included many different kinds of valuables looted from banks, depositories, temples, churches, other commercial premises, mosques, museums and private homes. It takes its name from General Tomoyuki Yamashita, who assumed command of Japanese forces in the Philippines in 1944.
According to various accounts, the loot was initially concentrated in Singapore, from where it was later relayed to the Philippines. The Japanese hoped to ship the treasure from the Philippines to the Japanese home islands after the war ended. As the Pacific War progressed, Allied submarines and aircraft inflicted increasingly heavy losses on Japanese merchant shipping. Some ships carrying loot back to Japan were sunk.
Several historians have documented that Yamashita's gold was substantial. Sterling Seagrave & Peggy Seagrave have written two books which deal with Yamashita's Gold: The Yamato Dynasty: the Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family (2000) and Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold (2003). They have supported their claims with CD-ROMs containing 900 megabytes of documents, maps and photographs, available with the initial edition of Gold Warriors.
The Seagraves and "other historians" contend that looting was organized on a massive scale, by both yakuza gangsters such as Yoshio Kodama, and the highest levels of Japanese society, including Emperor Hirohito. The Japanese government intended that loot from Southeast Asia would finance Japan's war effort. The Seagraves allege that Hirohito appointed his brother, Prince Chichibu, to head a secret organization called Kin no yuri ("Golden Lily"), for this purpose.
Many of those who knew the locations of the loot were killed during the war, or later tried by the Allies for war crimes and executed or incarcerated. Yamashita himself was executed for war crimes on February 23, 1946.
The Seagraves and "other historians" have claimed that United States military intelligence operatives located much of the loot; colluded with Hirohito and other senior Japanese figures to conceal its existence, and; used it to finance US covert intelligence operations around the world during the Cold War.
It is also alleged that Ferdinand Marcos (who was President of the Philippines in 1965-86), recovered U.S.$8 billion from one concealed tunnel known as "Teresa 2", 61 km (38 mi) south of Manila, in Rizal province. In 1996, a U.S. Federal Court made a ruling that Marcos had stolen a cache of recovered Japanese loot, from a man named Rogelio Roxas. According to his family, Roxas found a one-tonne solid-gold Buddha and thousands of gold bars in a tunnel near Baguio in 1971. Roxas died prematurely in suspicious circumstances, leading to suggestions that he was murdered. The court awarded U.S.$22 billion, against Marcos's estate, to the heirs of Roxas. This amount was greatly reduced on appeal.
Critics have questioned the extent to which the loot existed. University of the Philippines professor Rico Jose has questioned the theory that treasure from mainland South East Asia was transported to the Philippines: " the Japanese were no longer in control of the seas... It doesn't make sense to bring in something that valuable here when you know it's going to be lost to the Americans anyway. The more rational thing would have been to send it to Taiwan or China."
Many individuals and consortia, both Filipino and foreign, continue to search for treasure sites. A number of accidental deaths, injuries and financial losses incurred by treasure hunters have been well-documented.
Yamashita's gold in popular culture
- Yamashita's gold serves as a major plot element of Cryptonomicon, a novel by Neal Stephenson.
- A film about the alleged treasure, Yamashita: The Tiger's Treasure, directed by Chito S. Roño was released in the Philippines in 2001.
- An episode of Unsolved Mysteries, first screened on January 27, 1993, discussed the loot accumulated by Yamashita.
- The latter part of the console game Medal of Honor: Rising Sun is about the gold.
- Yamashita's gold serves as a plot element of Dragon, a novel by Clive Cussler.
Notes
- Chalmers Johnson, "The Looting of Asia", London Review of Books v. 25, no. 22 (November 20, 2003) Access date: January 10, 2007.
- Roger Roxas and the Golden Budha Corporation, a Foreign Corporation, Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants, v. Ferdinand E. Marcos and Imelda Marcos, Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees, No. 20606, Appeal from the First Circuit Court (Civ. No. 88-0522-02), November 17, 1998. Moon, C.J., Levinson, Nakayama, JJ. Opinion of the Court by Levinson, J. . Access date: January 10, 2007.
- Johnson, Ibid.
- See, for example, Sterling & Peggy Seagrave, 2000, The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family (Corgi); Ikehata Setsuho & Ricardo Trota Jose (editors), 2000, The Philippines under Japan: Occupation Policy and Reaction (Ateneo de Manila University Press/University of Hawaii Press, 2000); Richard Hoyt, 2002, Old Soldiers Sometimes Lie: What Happened to Hirohito's Gold (St Martin's Press) and; the Seagraves' 2003 book, Gold Warriors: America's Secret Recovery of Yamashita's Gold (Verso)
- Johnson, Ibid.
- See, for example, Johnson, Ibid.
- Johnson, Ibid.
- Channel 4 (UK), (no date) "Yamashita's gold". (Access date: January 10, 2007)
- Roger Roxas and the Golden Budha Corporation v. Ferdinand E. Marcos and Imelda Marcos, 1998.
- Asian Pacific Post, "Searching for the lost treasure of Yamashita" (Wednesday, August 24, 2005) Access date: January 10, 2007.
- See, for example, Asian Pacific Post, 2005, Ibid and; BBC, "WWII Japanese bomb kills Philippines treasure hunters" (March 22, 1998). Access date: January 10, 2007.
- "Yamashita: The Tiger's Treasure (2001)". Retrieved 2007-07-16.