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{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Bovinae}}
The '''mitigation of global warming''' covers all actions aimed at reducing the extent or likelihood of ], as well as actions aimed at reducing the ]. The world's primary international agreement on combating climate change is the ], which came into force on ] 2005.
{{Taxobox_image | image = ] | caption = ]}}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = ]ia}}
{{Taxobox_subregnum_entry | taxon = ]}}
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = ]}}
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = ]ia}}
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = ]}}
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = ]}}
{{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = '''Bovinae'''}}
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Tribes}}
'']''<br />
'']''<br />
'']''
{{Taxobox_end}}


The biological ] '''Bovinae''' includes a diverse group of about 24 medium-sized to large ]s, including domestic ], ], the ], the ], and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal sub-groups reflects this uncertainty.
In addition to government action and the personal choices individuals can make, the threat posed by global warming provides business opportunities to be exploited and risks to be mitigated. An industry very directly affected by the risks is the ] industry. For example, a by the Association of British Insurers said that weather risks for households and property were already increasing by 2-4 % per year due to changing weather, and that claims for storm and flood damages in the UK had doubled to over £6 billion over the period 1998 - 2003, compared to the previous five years.


The '''Boselaphini''' or four-horned antelope tribe are the last survivors of a form very similar to that of the ancestors of the entire subfamily. Both species have relatively primitive anatomical and behavioural characteristics and the females have no horns. They are native to the rapidly diminishing forests of India, and tend to avoid open plains. The ] has been introduced into southern ] where a population of a little under 10,000 animals provides some long-term insurance for its survival.
==Mitigating global warming==
''See also: ]''


The '''Bovini''' tribe is made up of large to very large grazers, including large animals of great economic significance to humans in ], ], and the ], as well as smaller Asian relatives, and large free-roaming bovids in the ] and the ].
===Renewable energy===
]
''Main articles: ] and ]''


Where the Boselaphini and Bovini are mostly Asian, members of the '''Strepsicerotini''' tribe, the '''spiral-horned antelopes''', are found only in ]. This group tends to large size, a lighter build, longer necks and considerable ]. Seven of the 9 species are of conservation concern, being classified as lower-risk, conservation dependent, the remaining two, the ] and the ] are secure.
One means of reducing carbon emissions is the ], such as ], ]s (and ]), and ]s. Currently governments subsidise ]s by an estimated $235bn a year. However, in some countries, government action has boosted the development of renewable energy technologies - for example, a programme to put ]s on the roofs of a million homes has made ] a world leader in that technology, and ]'s support for ] has ensured its leadership of that sector. Although commercial ] was born in California in the 1980s, in 2004 nine of the ten leading wind turbine manufacturers were based in Denmark, Germany and Spain. In 2005, Governor ] promised an initiative to install a million solar roofs in ].


* '''FAMILY ]'''
In June 2005, the ] of ] became the first head of a British company to admit that climate change was already taking place, and affecting its business, and announced to source much of its substantial energy use from renewable sources. He noted that, ''"Since the beginning of the year, the media has been showing us images of Greenland glaciers crashing into the sea, Mount Kilimanjaro devoid of its ice cap and Scotland reeling from floods and gales. All down to natural weather cycles? I think not"''.
** '''Subfamily Bovinae'''
*** '''Tribe ]'''
**** Genus Tetracerus
*****], ''Tetracerus quadricornis''
**** Genus Boselaphus
*****] or Bluebuck, ''Boselaphus tragocamelus''
*** '''Tribe ]'''
**** Genus ]
***** ], ''Bubalus arnee''
***** ], ''Bubalus depressicornis''
***** ], ''Bubalus quarlesi''
***** ], ''Bubalus mindorensis''
**** Genus ]
***** ], ''Bos primigenius'', extinct
***** ], ''Bos javanicus''
***** ], ''Bos frontalis''
***** ], ''Bos mutus''
***** ], '']'', '']''
***** ], ''Bos sauveli''
**** Genus Psudoryx
***** ], ''Psudoryx nghetinhensis''
**** Genus Syncerus
***** ], ''Syncerus caffer''
**** Genus Bison
***** ], ''Bison bison''
***** ], ''Bison bonasus''
***** ], ''Bison priscus'', extinct
*** '''Tribe ]'''
**** Genus ]
***** ], ''Tragelaphus spekeii''
***** ], ''Tragelaphus angasii''
***** ], ''Tragelaphus scriptus''
***** ] ''Tragelaphus buxtoni''
***** ], ''Tragelaphus imberbis''
***** ], ''Tragelaphus strepsiceros''
***** ], ''Tragelaphus eurycerus''
**** Genus Taurotragus
***** ], ''Taurotragus oryx''
***** ], ''Taurotragus derbianus''
** Subfamily ]: duikers, 19 species in 2 genera
** Subfamily ]: grazing antelopes. 23 species in 11 genera
** Subfamily ]: gazelles, dwarf antelopes and the Sagia, 38 species in 14 genera
** Subfamily ]: sheep, goats, Musk Ox and allies
** Subfamily ]: Chiru


The term "bovine," in some cultures, is considered extremely vulgar when used as an insult (i.e., "''You bovine!''").
===Carbon emissions trading===
''Main article: ]''


''See also:'' ]
107 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO<sub>2</sub>e) have been exchanged through projects in 2004, a 38% increase relative to 2003 (78 mtCO<sub>2</sub>e).


]
The ] (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world. It commenced operation in January 2005 and all 25-member states of the ] participate in the scheme. The ] was the first (voluntary) emissions market, and is soon to be followed by Asia's first market (]).
]


]
With the creation of a ] for ] within the Kyoto Protocol, it is likely that London financial markets will be the centre for this potentially highly lucrative business; the ] and ] stock markets would like a share (which is unlikely as long as the US rejects ]). The ]'s began operations on ] 2005.
]

]
23 ]s have come together in the ], a business group formed at the January 2005 ]. The group includes ], ], ] and ]. On ] 2005 the Group published a stating that there was a need to act on climate change and stressing the importance of market-based solutions. It called on governments to establish "clear, transparent, and consistent price signals" through "creation of a long-term policy framework" that would include all major producers of greenhouse gases.
]
<!-- What about the criticisms of the trading scheme? -->
]]

The ] is a proposed carbon trading scheme being created by nine by North-eastern and Mid-Atlantic American states; ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The scheme was due to be developed by April 2005 but has not yet been completed.

===Energy efficiency===
''See also: ]''

] use their energy less efficiently than developed countries, getting less ] for the same amount of energy. One important cause is old technology. Notable is the very low energy efficiency in the former ]. Source: EIA.]]
On ] 2005 ], the ] of ] (GE), announced plans to reduce GE's own emissions tied to global warming by one percent by ]. GE said that given its projected growth, those emissions would have risen by 40 percent without such action.

On ] 2005 a group of leading ]s, ]s and ] ]s pledged to work together to reduce the negative ] of the ], including limiting the impact of air travel on climate change by improving ] and reducing carbon dioxide emissions of new aircraft by fifty percent per seat kilometre by ] from 2000 levels. The group aims to develop a common reporting system for carbon dioxide emissions per aircraft by the end of 2005, and pressed for the early inclusion of aviation in the ]'s carbon emission trading scheme.

===Personal Choices===
Individual actions can include
* avoiding airplane flights (aircraft contribute 3.5% of the world's greenhouse gases)
* choosing a more fuel-efficient car, and using alternatives as often as possible
* switching off appliances instead of leaving them on stand by
* buying electricity generated from renewable sources
* buying offset carbon credits, which are used to plant forests or support ] etc
See also .

===Other===
''See also: ], ]''

In 2005, ] became the first nation to introduce a carbon tax, setting an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO<sup>2</sup>-equivalent. The tax applies across most economic sectors but allows a standing exemption for ] emissions from farming and provisions for special exemptions from carbon intensive businesses if they agree to adopt world's-best-practice standards of emissions. The UK has had a ] on fossil-fuel-based ] since 2001.

As of April 2005, ] is considering a trial of large-scale sequestration of carbon dioxide stripped from power plant emissions in the Miller ] oilfield as its reserves are depleted.

In some countries (such as the ]) there are also discussions about the future role of ]. Although not necessarily "zero emission" (uranium mining is quite energy-intensive), carbon dioxide emissions are relatively low.

===Developing countries===
In order to reconcile ] with mitigating carbon emissions, ] need particular support, both financial and technical. One of the means of achieving this is the Kyoto Protocol's ] (CDM). The ]'s is a ] that operates within the CDM.

==Mitigating the effects of global warming==
Mitigation of the ] (often referred to as "adaptation" in climate change circles) focusses on defending against ] through better flood defences and by changing patterns of land use (avoiding more vulnerable areas for housing). It also involves adapting urban areas to increasingly severe storms by increasing ] (domestic ]s, unpaved gardens etc) and increasing the capacity of ] systems (and also separating stormwater from ], so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers).

Increased use of ] will develop as hot summers - like the 2003 heatwave which killed 20,000 people in Europe - become more common.

There are also a variety of measures that can be taken to ensure ] in the face of less reliable agricultural yields, particularly in the tropics, where ] is expected to become more common.

Russian and American scientists have in the past tried to control the weather, for example by ] with chemicals to try to produce rain when and where it is needed. A new method being developed involves replicating the ] effect, where cities are slightly hotter than the countryside because they are darker and absorb more heat. This creates 28% more rain 20-40 miles downwind from cities compared to upwind.

==Resistance to action==
===US government===
====Federal====
The ], although a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, has neither ratified nor withdrawn from the protocol. The protocol is non-binding over the United States unless ratified. The current President, ], has indicated that he does not intend to submit the treaty for ratification, not because he does not support the general idea, but because of the strain he believes the treaty would put on the economy; he emphasises the uncertainties he asserts are present in the climate change issue . The US government continues to stress the alleged uncertainty of global warming, despite the increasing ], and maintains the need for further research before any action is justified.

In June 2005, ] papers showed the administration thanking ] executives for the company's "active involvement" in helping to determine climate change policy, including the US stance on Kyoto. Input from the business lobby group ] was also a factor.

====State/local====
However, 150 local governments in the US - covering 50m people - have committed to reducing carbon emissions to 7% below 1990 levels.

As of ], ], nine Northeastern US states are involved in the , which is a state level emissions capping and trading program. It is believed that the state-level program will apply pressure on the federal government to support Kyoto Protocol.
* '''Participating states''': ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].
* '''Observer states and regions''': ], ], ], ].

===Other governments===
* ]'s current position is that it will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, in particular because of concerns over a loss of competitiveness with the US, which rejects the treaty.
* ] signed the Kyoto Protocol in November 2004, after a deal with the ] over ] membership.

===Business===
One of the biggest opponents of action on global warming has been the energy industry, and particularly the oil industry, such as ], which regularly publishes papers mitigating the threat of gobal warming. In 2005, it opposed a shareholders' resolution to explain the science behind its denial of global warming. In recent years, other companies have increasingly come to accept the existence and consequences of global warmin; for example, the Chairman of ], ], declared a need for action in 2002. Lord Oxburgh, non-executive chairman of ], said in a speech at the 2005 ]: ''"We have 45 years, and if we start now, not in 10 or 15 years' time, we have a chance of hitting those targets. But we've got to start now. We have no time to lose."''

==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]

==External links==
===Official===
* ]'s
*
* ]'s

===NGO/academic/business===
*
* Working Group on Climate Change and Development (2004),
* of ], ], and ]
* of 1000 European cities

===Comment===
* ], '']'', ], 2005,


]

Revision as of 17:17, 6 July 2005

Template:Taxobox begin Template:Taxobox image Template:Taxobox begin placement Template:Taxobox regnum entry Template:Taxobox subregnum entry Template:Taxobox phylum entry Template:Taxobox classis entry Template:Taxobox ordo entry Template:Taxobox familia entry Template:Taxobox subfamilia entry Template:Taxobox end placement Template:Taxobox section subdivision Bovini
Boselaphini
Strepsicerotini Template:Taxobox end

The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of about 24 medium-sized to large ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, the Water Buffalo, the Yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal sub-groups reflects this uncertainty.

The Boselaphini or four-horned antelope tribe are the last survivors of a form very similar to that of the ancestors of the entire subfamily. Both species have relatively primitive anatomical and behavioural characteristics and the females have no horns. They are native to the rapidly diminishing forests of India, and tend to avoid open plains. The Nilgai has been introduced into southern Texas where a population of a little under 10,000 animals provides some long-term insurance for its survival.

The Bovini tribe is made up of large to very large grazers, including large animals of great economic significance to humans in Domestic Cattle, Water Buffalo, and the Yak, as well as smaller Asian relatives, and large free-roaming bovids in the African Buffalo and the American Bison.

Where the Boselaphini and Bovini are mostly Asian, members of the Strepsicerotini tribe, the spiral-horned antelopes, are found only in Africa. This group tends to large size, a lighter build, longer necks and considerable sexual dimorphism. Seven of the 9 species are of conservation concern, being classified as lower-risk, conservation dependent, the remaining two, the Common Eland and the Giant Eland are secure.

The term "bovine," in some cultures, is considered extremely vulgar when used as an insult (i.e., "You bovine!").

See also: Boanthropy

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