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| {{Infobox Senator | |||
| ] | |||
| | name = Hillary Rodham Clinton | |||
| | image name = Hillary Rodham Clinton.jpg | |||
| | image_size = | |||
| | jr/sr = Junior Senator | |||
| | state = ] | |||
| | alongside = Chuck Schumer | |||
| | term_start = ], ] | |||
| | preceded = ] | |||
| | succeeded = | |||
| | office2 = ] | |||
| | term_start2 = ], ] | |||
| | term_end2 = ], ] | |||
| | president2 = ] | |||
| | preceded2 = ] | |||
| | succeeded2 = ] | |||
| | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|10|26}} | |||
| | birth_place = ] | |||
| | death_date = | |||
| | death_place = | |||
| | nationality = ] | |||
| | party = ] | |||
| | spouse = ] | |||
| | relations = | |||
| | children = ] | |||
| | residence = | |||
| | alma_mater = ]<br />] | |||
| | occupation = | |||
| | profession = ] | |||
| | religion = ] (]) | |||
| | signature = HRClintonSignature.png | |||
| | website = | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton''' (born ], ]) is the ] ] from ], and a candidate for the ] nomination in the ]. She is married to ]—the 42nd ]—and was the ] from 1993 to 2001. | |||
| A native of ], Hillary Rodham attracted national attention in 1969 when she delivered a controversial address as the first student to speak at commencement exercises for ]. She began her career as a ] after graduating from ] in 1973, moving to ] and marrying Bill Clinton in 1975, following her career as a Congressional legal counsel; she was named the first female partner at ] in 1979 and was listed as one of the one hundred most influential lawyers in America in 1988 and 1991. She was the ] of ] from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, was active in a number of organizations concerned with the welfare of children, and was on the board of ] and several other corporate ]. | |||
| As First Lady of the United States, she took a prominent position in policy matters. Her major initiative, the ], failed to gain approval by the ] in 1994, but in 1997 she helped establish the ] and the ]. She became the only First Lady to be ]ed, testifying before a federal ] as a consequence of the ] in 1996. She was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during ]. The state of her marriage to Bill Clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the ] in 1998. | |||
| After moving to New York, Clinton was ]; this was the first time an American First Lady ran for public office and she is the first female senator from that state. In the Senate, she initially supported the ] on some foreign policy issues, which included voting for the ]. She has subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the ] and has opposed it on most domestic issues. She was ]. Clinton is the first woman in U.S. history with a realistic chance of being elected president, and as the ] take place, she is in a tight race with Senator ] for the nomination of the Democratic Party. | |||
| ==Early life and education== | |||
| ===Early life=== | |||
| Hillary<ref>In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir ], co-first-climber of ], and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Critics have used the discrepancy as evidence that she is prone to fabrications. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not in fact named after the mountain climber, rather "It was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See {{cite news | title=Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17hillary.html | author=Danny Hakim | publisher='']''| date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}, {{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/clintons/hillary.asp | title=Hillary vs. Hillary | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-23}}, and {{cite news |title=How to Beat Hillary in 2008 |url=http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2006/how-to-beat-hillary-in-2008/ | author=Rachel Alexander | publisher=''Intellectual Conservative'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Diane Rodham was born at Edgewater Hospital in ], ],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/articles/index.html?v14-3-4.html | title=Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001 | work=Edgewater Historical Society | date=Summer 2003 | accessdate=2007-06-10 }}</ref> and was raised in a ] family,<ref name="lh">{{cite book |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |title=] |year=2003 |publisher=] |isbn=0-7432-2224-5 }}, p. 7.</ref> first in Chicago, and then, from the age of three, in suburban ], which is also located in ].<ref name="living9">''Living History'', p. 9.</ref> Her father, ], was a son of ] and ] immigrants<ref>''Living History'', p. 4.</ref> and operated a small but successful business in the ].<ref>''Living History'', p. 8.</ref> Her mother, ], of English, ], ], Welsh, and possibly ] descent,<ref>''Living History'', p. 2.</ref> was a ].<ref name="living9"/> She has two younger brothers, ] and ]. | |||
| As a child, Hillary Rodham was involved in many activities at church and at her public school in Park Ridge. She participated in tennis and other sports and earned awards as a ] and ].<ref name = "Clinton.org education">{{cite web | url = http://www.hillary-rodham-clinton.org/education.html | title = Hillary Clinton's Education | work = Hillary-Rodham-Clinton.org | accessdate =2006-08-22 }}</ref> She attended ], where she participated in ], the debating team and the ]. For her senior year she was redistricted to ],<ref name="yearbook">{{cite web | author=Dr. Doug Kelly | url=http://www.hillaryclintonquarterly.com/hillaryyearbook.htm | title=Hillary Clinton's High School Yearbook | accessdate=2007-06-01 }}</ref> where she was a ] and graduated in 1965.<ref name="yearbook"/> Her parents encouraged her to pursue the career of her choice.<ref name="Whitehouse.gov">{{cite web | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton | url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html | work = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| Raised in a politically ] household,<ref name="brock-exc">{{cite web | url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=25&pid=407921&agid=2 | title=The Seduction of Hillary Rodham (excerpt from the book) |date=2006 | first=David |last=Brock | authorlink=David Brock |accessdate=2007-02-05 }} Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See ''Living History'', p. 11.</ref> at age thirteen she helped canvass ] following the very close ], finding evidence of ] against ] candidate ],<ref name="gerth-vannatta-book">{{cite book |last=Gerth |first=Jeff |authorlink=Jeff Gerth |coauthors=] |title=Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton |year=2007 |publisher=] |location=New York |isbn=0-316-01742-6 }}, p. 19.</ref> and volunteered for Republican candidate ] in the ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Middendorf | first=J. William | authorlink=J. William Middendorf | title=Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement | publisher=] | year=2006 | isbn=0-465-04573-1 }} p. 266.</ref> Her early political development was shaped most strongly by her energizing high school history teacher, who got her to read Goldwater's classic '']''<ref name="troy">{{cite book | author=] | last=Troy | first=Gil | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady | publisher=] | year=2006 | isbn=0-7006-1488-5}} p. 15.</ref> and who was, like her father, a fervent ], and by her Methodist ], like her mother concerned with issues of ]; with the minister she saw and met ] leader ] in Chicago in 1962.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 18–21. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict with each in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that "as an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the forty years." ''Living History'', p. 23.</ref><ref name="brock-exc"/> | |||
| ===College=== | |||
| In 1965, Rodham enrolled in ], where she majored in ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1992/speecheshrc.html | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992 | author=Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-06-01}}</ref> She served as president of the ]-oriented<ref>{{cite book | last=Milton | first=Joyce | title=The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | year=1999 | isbn=0-688-15501-4}} pp. 27–28.</ref> Wellesley ] organization during her freshman year<ref name="living31">''Living History'', p. 31.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html | title=Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose | date=] | accessdate=2007-06-02 }} Gives organization's prior name.</ref> and with them supported the elections of ] and ].<ref name="brock-sed">{{cite book | last=Brock | first=David | authorlink=David Brock | title=The Seduction of Hillary Rodham | publisher=] | location=New York | year=1996 | isbn=0-684-83451-0}} pp. 12–13.</ref> However, due to her evolving views regarding the ] and the ], she stepped down from that position;<ref name="living31" /> she characterized her own nature as that of "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.</ref> Active in campus affairs, she sought to work for change within the system, rather than take then-popular radical actions against it.<ref name="bg011293">{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8210491.html | title=Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69 | author=Charles Kenney | publisher='']'' | date=1993-01-12 | accessdate=2008-02-07 | format=fee required}}</ref> In her junior year, Rodham was affected by the death of ],<ref name = "Clinton.org education" /> and became a supporter of the anti-war ] of Democrat ].<ref>''Living History'', p. 32.</ref> Rodham organized a two-day ] and worked with Wellesley's black students for moderate changes, such as recruiting more black students and faculty.<ref name="nyt090507">{{cite news | last = Leibovich | first = Mark | title = In Turmoil of ’68, Clinton Found a New Voice | language = English | publisher = ] | date = ] | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html | accessdate = 2007-09-06}}</ref> In early 1968 she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;<ref name="bg011293"/><ref name="wcaddr"/> she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled by the student disruptions common to other colleges at the time.<ref name="bg011293"/> A number of her fellow students thought at the time she might someday become the first woman President of the United States.<ref name="bg011293"/> She attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program at the urging of Professor ], who assigned Rodham to ] at the ] so she could better understand her changing political views.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham was invited by Representative ], a moderate New York Republican, to help Governor ]’s late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham attended the ] in ], where she decided to leave the Republican Party for good; she was upset over how ]'s campaign had portrayed Rockefeller and what Rodham perceived as the "veiled" racist messages of the convention.<ref name="nyt090507"/> | |||
| Rodham returned to Wellesley, and wrote her ] about the tactics of radical ] ] under Professor Schechter (which, years later while she was First Lady, ]).<ref>{{cite web | title = Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17388372/ | first = Bill | last = Dedman | authorlink=Bill Dedman | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-02 }}</ref> In 1969, Rodham graduated with departmental honors in political science. Stemming from the demands of some students,<ref>''Living History'', pp. 38–39.</ref> she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver their ].<ref name="wcaddr">{{cite web | title = Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech | url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html | first=Hillary D. | last=Rodham | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Her speech received a ] lasting seven minutes.<ref name="bg011293"/><ref>{{cite news | title=Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate | publisher=] | date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Brooke Speech Draws Reply | publisher=] | date=]}}</ref> She was featured in an article published in '']'' magazine, due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator ], who had spoken before her at the commencement;<ref name ="Clinton.org education"/> she also appeared on ]'s nationally-syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.<ref name="bernstein-book">{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Bernstein |coauthors= |title=A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton |year=2007 |publisher=] |location=New York |isbn=0-3754-0766-9 }}, p. 70.</ref> That summer, she worked her way across ], washing dishes in ] and sliming ] in a ] ] in ] (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).<ref>''Living History'', pp. 42–43. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the '']'', that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington.</ref><ref name="morris">{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Roger |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America |year=1996 |publisher=] |isbn=0-8050-2804-8 }}, p. 139.</ref> | |||
| ===Law school=== | |||
| Rodham then entered ], where she served on the Board of Editors of the '']''.<ref name="arkhc">{{cite web | url = http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2744 | title = Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–) | work = The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | date = | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> During her second year, she worked at the ],<ref name="gerth-42">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 42–43.</ref> learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child'' (1973).<ref name="bernstein-75">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 75.</ref><ref>The authors of ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child'' were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and ].</ref> She also took on cases of ] at ],<ref name="bernstein-75"/> and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free advice for the poor.<ref name="gerth-42"/> In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at ]'s Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator ]'s ], researching ]' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education;<ref>Morris, ''Partners in Power'', pp. 142–143.</ref><ref name="bernstein-71">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 71–74.</ref> Edelman would become a significant mentor to her.<ref name="bernstein-71"/> | |||
| In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, who was also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned on child custody cases<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 46.</ref> at the ], law firm of ],<ref>''Living History'', pp. 54–55.</ref><ref name="bernstein-82">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 82–83.</ref> which was well-known for its support of ], ], and ];<ref name="bernstein-82"/> two of its four partners were current or former ].<ref name="bernstein-82"/><ref name="nys112607">{{cite news | url=http://www.nysun.com/article/66933 | title=Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer | author=Josh Gerstein | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-29}}</ref><ref>It is unclear exactly which cases Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm; see {{cite news | url=http://www.nysun.com/article/66933 | title=Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer | author=Josh Gerstein | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-29}}. Anti-Clinton writers such as ] would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist ]. See {{cite book | author=] | title=Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | year=1999 | isbn=0-89526-197-9}} pp. 56–57. Research by '']'' in 2007 revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case. See {{cite news | url=http://www.nysun.com/article/67002 | title=Hillary Clinton's Left Hook | author=Josh Gerstein | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-29}}</ref> Clinton canceled his original summer plans in order to live with her in an apartment in ],<ref name="nys112607b">{{cite news | url=http://www.nysun.com/article/66982 | title=The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love | author=Josh Gerstein | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-12-01}}</ref> later writing, "I told her I'd have the rest of my life for my work and my ambition, but I loved her and I wanted to see if it could work out for us."<ref name="nys112607b"/> The romance did develop, and the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.<ref name="nys112607"/> The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in ] for unsuccessful ] ].<ref>Gerth and Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 48–49.</ref><ref>''Living History'', pp. 58–60.</ref> She received a ] degree from Yale in 1973,<ref name="Clinton.org education"/> having spent an extra year there in order to be with Clinton.<ref name="bernstein-89">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 89.</ref> Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined at the time.<ref name="bernstein-89"/> She began a year of ] study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.<ref name="nfll"/> Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the '']'' in late 1973.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rodham |first=Hillary |title=Children Under the Law |journal=] |volume=43 |year=1973 |month= |pages=487–514}}</ref> Discussing the new ], it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"<ref>Troy, ''Polarizing First Lady'', p. 21.</ref> and argued that children should not be considered equally ] from birth to attaining legal age, but rather courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.<ref name="nyt082492">{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D71E3EF937A1575BC0A964958260 | title=Legal Scholars See Distortion In Attacks on Hillary Clinton | author=Tamar Lewin | work=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> The article became frequently cited in the field.<ref> produces several hundred hits. Many are citations of "Children Under the Law" in other scholarly articles or books. There are many general media references and Misplaced Pages echoes as well.</ref> | |||
| ==Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas== | |||
| ===A key decision=== | |||
| During her post-graduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded ] in ],<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 91–92.</ref> and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.<ref>{{cite news | title=Adults Urge Children's Rights | publisher=] | date=]}}</ref> During 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in ], advising the ] during the ].<ref>''Living History'', pp. 65–69.</ref><ref name="bernstein-94">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 94–96, 101–103.</ref> Under the guidance of Chief Counsel ] and senior member ],<ref name="bernstein-75"/> Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.<ref name="bernstein-94"/> The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.<ref name="bernstein-94"/> | |||
| By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant ] had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 62.</ref> Wright thought Rodham had the potential to one day become a senator or president.<ref name="maraniss>{{cite book | last=Maraniss | first=David | author=David Maraniss | title=First In His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton | publisher=] | year=1995 | isbn=0-671-87109-9}} p. 277.</ref> Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she had continued to demur.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 90, 120.</ref> However, helped by her having passed the Arkansas ] but having failed the ] ],<ref>''Living History'', p. 64. According to ]'s 2007 biography, two-thirds (551 of 817) of the takers of the D.C. exam had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography. See ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 92.</ref> Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head."<ref>''Living History'', p. 69. Excerpted at {{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,457362-2,00.html | title=Hillary Unbound | author=Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref> She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were best. Clinton was at the time teaching law and running for a seat in the ] in his home state. In August 1974, she moved to ], and became one of two female faculty members in the ] at the ],<ref>''Living History'', p. 70.</ref> where Bill Clinton also taught. She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's accomplishments.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 62, 90, 117.</ref> | |||
| ===Early Arkansas years=== | |||
| The couple bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and she finally agreed to marry him.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 120.</ref> Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton were married on ], ], in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.<ref>''Living History'', p. 75.</ref> She kept her name as Hillary Rodham, later writing that she had done so to keep their professional lives separate and avoid seeming conflicts of interest, although it upset both their mothers.<ref>''Living History'', pp. 91–92.</ref> Bill Clinton had lost the Congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected ]. This required the couple to move to the state capital of ].<ref>''Living History'', p. 78.</ref> Rodham joined the venerable ], a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence,<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 128. The firm was actually called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir at the time; it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.</ref> in February 1977,<ref name="bernstein-130">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 130.</ref> specializing in ] and ] law,<ref name="arkhc"/> while also working '']'' in child advocacy;<ref name="bernstein-133"/> she rarely performed litigation work in court.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 131–132.</ref> | |||
| Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rodham |first=Hillary |title=Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect |journal=] |volume=68 |issue=7 |year=1977 |month=June |pages=1522–1531 }}</ref> and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodham |first=Hillary |chapter=Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective |editor=Patricia A. Vardin, Ilene N. Brody (eds.) |title=Children's Rights: Contemporary Perspectives |publisher=] |location=New York |year=1979 |pages=21–36}}</ref> The latter continued her argument that legal competence of children depended upon their age and other circumstances, and that in cases of serious medical rights judicial intervention is sometimes warranted.<ref name="nyt082492"/> An ] chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."<ref name="nyt082492"/> Historian ] would later term her "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=2999 | title=H.R. Clinton's Case | author=] | work=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,<ref name="macbeth"/> allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,<ref name="nyt082492"/> and considered her work part of ] run amok.<ref>{{cite book | author=] | title=Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | year=1999 | isbn=0-89526-197-9}} p. 57.</ref> | |||
| Rodham co-founded the ], a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund, in 1977.<ref name="arkhc"/><ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 154.</ref> | |||
| In late 1977, President ] (for whom Rodham had done 1976 campaign coordination work in ])<ref>''Living History'', pp. 77–78.</ref> appointed her to the board of directors of the ],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7026 | title=Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16th, 1977 | work=American Presidency Project | accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref> and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42598 | title=Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation | date=] | work=American Presidency Project | accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref> For much of that time<ref>The dates are in dispute: from 1978 according to ], ''Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton'', ], 1999. ISBN 0-89526-197-9. p. 128; from 1979 according to : "First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton discussing her experiences as Chair of the Legal Services Corporation Board of Directors from 1979–80"; and through at least part of 1980, according to ''House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations'' for 1980, U.S. House of Representatives hearings. The Chair of the Legal Services Corporation from 1980–1981 was F. William McCalpin, according to . Bill Clinton she became Board Chair when she was twenty-nine years old (i.e. before 1978).</ref> she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.<ref>Morris, ''Partners in Power'', p. 225.</ref> During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million,<ref name="bernstein-133">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 133.</ref> and she successfully battled against President ]'s initial attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.<ref name="bernstein-133"/> | |||
| Following the November 1978 election of her husband as ], Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for a total of twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chooseourpresident2008.com/hrc.html | title=Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (NY) | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> where she successfully obtained federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas' poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 147.</ref> | |||
| In 1979,<ref name="nyt022694"/> she became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.edwardsly.com/clinton.htm | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton | work = Edwardsly.com | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband.<ref name="bernstein-130"/> During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham ];<ref name="gerth-66">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 66–67.</ref> her initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 73–76.</ref> The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the ] real estate venture with ] and ] at this time.<ref name="gerth-66"/> | |||
| On ], ], Rodham gave birth to a daughter, ], her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election. | |||
| ===Later Arkansas years=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Bill Clinton returned to the Governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", in order to have greater appeal to Arkansas voters;<ref name="lastname">Bill Clinton's advisors thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons behind his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, ] suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using Clinton as her name, and she began to do so publicly with Bill Clinton's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name." ''Living History'', pp. 91–93; see also Morris, ''Partners in Power'', p. 282.</ref> she also took a ] from Rose Law in order to campaign for him full-time.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 166.</ref> As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton chaired the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee from 1982 to 1992,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ourstory.com/thread.html?t=220403 | title=Hillary Chairs Arkansas Educational Standards Committee · 1982 - 1992 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref><!--could use a stronger cite on closing date--> where she sought to bring about reform in the state's court-sanctioned public education system.<ref name="bernstein-170">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 170–175. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform ... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas | url = http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=528&issue_id=29&page=1 | |||
| | date = Spring 1993 | publisher = The Arkansas News | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> In one of the most important initiatives of the entire Clinton governorship,<ref name="bernstein-170"/> she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the ]<ref name="bernstein-170"/> to put mandatory teacher testing as well as state standards for curriculum and classroom size in place.<ref name="bernstein-170"/> She introduced Arkansas' Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth in 1985, a program that helps parents work with their children in ] preparedness and ].<ref>{{cite book | last=Kearney | first=Janis F. | title=Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton, from Hope to Harlem | publisher=Writing Our World Press | year=2006 | isbn=0976205815}} p. 295.</ref> She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton | url = http://teacher.scholastic.com/researchtools/articlearchives/civics/presid/flgall/flclinto.htm | work = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than all the other partners, due to fewer hours being billed,<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 63.</ref> but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.<ref name="nyt022694">{{cite web | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E2DB163AF935A15751C0A962958260 | title = Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage | publisher = ] | author = Stephen Labaton | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-20 }}</ref> She continued to rarely do trial work,<ref name="nyt022694"/> but was considered a "rainmaker" at the firm for bringing in clients, partly due to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.<ref name="nyt022694"/> She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.<ref name="nyt022694"/> Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial re-election campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., pp. 80–81.</ref> From 1987 to 1991 she chaired the ]'s Commission on Women in the Profession,<ref name="gvn-82">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 82–84.</ref> which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.<ref name="gvn-82"/> She was twice named by the '']'' as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America, in 1988 and in 1991.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://search.eb.com/women/article-9095812 | title = Clinton, Hillary Rodham | work = 300 Women who Changed the World | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running herself, but private polls were unfavorable and in the end he ran and was re-elected for the final time.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 85.</ref><ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 187–189.</ref> | |||
| Clinton served on the boards of the ] Legal Services (1988–1992)<ref name="findlaw">{{cite web | url=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1 | title=Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton | work=] | accessdate=2007-05-31}}</ref> and the ] (as chair, 1986–1992).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus | title=Board of Directors Emeritus | work=] | accessdate=2007-05-31}}</ref><ref name = "Whitehouse.gov" /> In addition to her positions with non-profit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of ] (1985–1992),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ | title=Hillary Rodham Clinton | work=] | accessdate=2007-05-30}} Bio entry.</ref> ] (1986–1992)<ref name="vv052400">{{cite news | title = Wal-Mart’s First Lady | url = http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0021,harkavy,15052,5.html | first = Ward | last = Harkavy | date = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> and ] (1990–1992).<ref>{{cite news | title = Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us | url = http://www.vpirg.org/pubs/2005.05.04_7D_Davis.php | first = Ken | last = Picard | date = ] | publisher = '']'' | accessdate = 2007-05-30 }}</ref> TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.<ref name="nyt022694"/><ref name="nyt052007"/> Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added when chairman ] was pressured to name one;<ref name="nyt052007">{{cite news | title = As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html | author = Michael Barbaro | date = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref> once there, she pushed successfully for the chain to adopt more environmentally-friendly practices,<ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="abc013108"/> pushed largely unsuccessfully for more women to be added to the company's management,<ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="abc013108"/> and was silent about the company's famously anti-] practices.<ref name="abc013108">{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509 | title=Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions | author=], Maddy Sauer, Rhonda Schwartz | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref><ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="vv052400"/> | |||
| ==First Lady of the United States== | |||
| ===A different kind of First Lady=== | |||
| After her husband became a candidate for the ], Hillary Clinton received popular national attention for the first time. Before the ], ] publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with ], an Arkansas lounge singer.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5D61E31F936A15752C0A964958260 | title = Clintons to Rebut Rumors on "60 Minutes" | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-25 }}</ref> In response, the Clintons appeared together on '']'', during which Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged he had caused "pain" in their marriage.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/flowers012792.htm | title = In 1992, Clinton Conceded Marital 'Wrongdoing' | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-25 }}</ref> (Years later, he would admit that the Flowers affair had happened, but to lesser extent than she claimed.)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/06/29/jones.clinton/index.html | title=Paula Jones challenges Clinton to debate | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Hillary Clinton made culturally dismissive remarks about ]<ref>During the political damage control over the ] episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in a joint '']'' interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to ] provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "]" is not written in the ]. See {{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_4385000/4385582.stm | title=2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-01}} Wynette further said that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See {{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9804/07/wynette.update/ | title=Tammy Wynette, country music's first lady, dies at 55 | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-01}} A few days later, on '']'', Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had not been careful in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant — as it deserved to be — and brutal." See ''Living History'', p. 108. The two women patched things up, with Wynette appearing later at a Clinton fund raiser.</ref> and baking cookies and having teas<ref>Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her Governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life." See ''Living History'', p. 109. The "cookies and teas" part of this prompted even more culture-based criticism, objecting to Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen a homemaker role in life. See {{cite web | url=http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/Ampres/essays/clinton/firstlady | title=Hillary Clinton | work=] | publisher=] | accessdate=2007-10-01}} Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" ''Living History'', p. 109.</ref> during the campaign that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that electing him would get "two for the price of one" or "buy one, get one free", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.<ref>Brock, ''Seduction of Hillary Rodham'', p. 261.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/clinton/etc/03261992.html | title=ABC Nightline transcript: Making Hillary Clinton An Issue | publisher=PBS Frontline | date=1992-03-26 | accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> Beginning with ]'s August 1992 '']'' article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.<ref name="macbeth">{{cite news | title=The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock | author=] | work=] | date=August 1992}}</ref> | |||
| ] courtesy of ], 1993. <!-- later editor is not confident about date -->]] | |||
| When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.<ref>{{cite news | author=Anthony York | url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/07/08/hillary/print.html | title=On her own | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate = 2007-07-14}} Her announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof '']'', in which all the female characters were given the middle name "Rodham"; see .</ref> She was the first First Lady to hold a ]<ref>First post-graduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. Eleanor Roosevelt had been previously awarded a post-graduate ]. Clinton's successor ] became the second First Lady with a post-graduate degree.</ref> and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.<ref name = Encarta> , Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved on ], 2006.</ref> She was also the first to take up an office in the ] of the White House:<ref name="nfll"/> the First Lady usually stays in the ]. She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for ].<ref>{{cite journal | title = First Lady President? | first = Chidanand | last = Rajghatta |date=1st quarter 2004 | journal = Verve magazine | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's Presidency.<ref>{{cite news | title = The First Lady: Homemaker or Policy-Maker? | url = http://teacher.scholastic.com/researchtools/articlearchives/civics/presid/flgall/flhomema.htm | first = Karen N. | last = Peart | publisher = Scholastic Press | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/greenberg071599.asp | title = Israel's new friend: Hillary, born-again Zionist | date = ] | first = Paul | last = Greenberg | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> or sometimes "Billary".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html | title = A perilous portmanteau? | work = Language Log | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt;<ref> The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by '']'' writer ]; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See {{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9606/24/clinton.houston/ | title=Adviser downplays Hillary Clinton's conversations with Eleanor Roosevelt | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-02}} Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of ] expert ], who allegedly sometimes dabbled in ], ], ], and ]. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while none of these psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding ]s with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a ] exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See {{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html | author=] | title=Never mind the pollsters | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-02}} In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal ." See ''Living History'', pp. 258–259.</ref> from the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a ] of ] that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.<ref name="mj0907">{{cite news |title=Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics |url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/hillarys-prayer.html |publisher=] |date=September/October 2007 | accessdate=2007-10-10 |author=Kathryn Joyce and Jeff Sharlet}}</ref><ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 313–314.</ref> Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and '']'' editor ]'s "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."<ref>{{cite news | title=St. Hillary | author=] | publisher=] | date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978625,00.html | title=The Politics of What? | author=Priscilla Painton | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref> Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,<ref>''Living History'', pp. 110–111.</ref> to a popular site in the early days of the ] devoted to showing her many different, and much analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,<ref>{{cite book | last=Postrel | first=Virginia | author=] | title=The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness | publisher=] | year=2004 | isbn=0060933852}} pp. 72–73.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://s-t.com/daily/03-96/03-02-96/1hair.htm | title=Forget the Primaries: Vote for Hillary's Hair | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> to an appearance on the cover of '']'' magazine in 1998.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9811/24/hillary/ | title=Fashionable first lady — Hillary strikes a pose for Vogue | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> | |||
| ===Health care and other policy initiatives=== | |||
| ] favorable/unfavorable ratings, 1992–1996.<ref name="gallup-chart">Data for table is from {{cite web | url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/1618/Favorability-People-News.aspx | title=Favorability: People in the News: Hillary Clinton | publisher=] | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-01-26}} See also {{cite web | url=http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html | title=Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993-2007 | author=Charles H. Franklin | publisher=Political Arithmetik | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-26}} for confirmation of trend line and historical interpretation.</ref>]] | |||
| In 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head and be the ] of the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.<ref name="bernstein-170"/> The recommendation of the task force became known as the ], a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. The plan was quickly derided as "Hillarycare" by its opponents; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a ] at times.<ref name="bernstein-400">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 400–402.</ref><ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 139–140.</ref> The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although both chambers were controlled by Democrats, and proposal was abandoned in September of 1994.<ref name="bernstein-400"/> Clinton later acknowledged in her book, '']'', that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 240, 380, 530. The Whitewater investigations were also a factor in her decline.</ref> Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/may96/background/health_debate_page3.html | title=A Detailed Timeline of the Healthcare Debate portrayed in 'The System' |date=May 1996 | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats ] and seven ], winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among ] voters.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981987-2,00.html | title=The Once and Future Hillary | author=James Carney | publisher=] date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Opponents of ] would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.<ref>{{cite news | title = The Republican Who Thinks Big on Health Care | url = http://www.time.com/time/columnist/klein/article/0,9565,1137628,00.html | date = ] | author = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Along with Senator ], she was the major force behind the ] in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsmax.com/insidecover/hillary_health_care/2007/10/05/38601.html | title=Hillary Claims Credit for Child Program | publisher=] | author=Beth Fouhy | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> | |||
| She promoted nationwide ] against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a ] to detect ], with coverage provided by ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1995/5-1-95.html | title=Remarks by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at Medicare Mammography Awareness Campaign Kick-off | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> She successfully sought to increase research funding for ] and childhood ] at the ].<ref name="nfll">{{cite web | title = First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton | url = http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43 | publisher = National First Ladies' Library | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the ], which became known as the ].<ref name="nfll"/> | |||
| Together with ] ], Clinton helped create the ] at the ].<ref name="nfll"/> | |||
| In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the ], which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.<ref name="nfll"/> | |||
| As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House Conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-75994 | title=Clinton, Hillary Rodham: Address to the White House Conference on Child Care | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/04-1997/970417d.html | title=Remarks by the President and the First Lady at White House Conference on Early Child Development and Learning | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> and Children and Adolescents (2000),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/pfirstlady.html | title=White House Conference on Children and Adolescents | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> | |||
| and the first-ever White House Conferences on Teenagers (2000)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/05/02/teen.summit/index.html | title=White House convenes conference on teen-agers | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> and Philanthropy (1999).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/columns/hrc102799.html | title=Talking It Over | author=Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> | |||
| Hillary Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,<ref name="nyt122607">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/us/politics/26clinton.html | title=The Résumé Factor: Those 8 Years as First Lady | author=Patrick Healy | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref> breaking the mark for most-travelled First Lady held by ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38 | title=First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon | publisher=National First Ladies' Library | accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> In a September 1995 speech before the ] in ], Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in ] itself,<ref name="nyt090695">{{cite news | author=Patrick Tyler | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEFDF133DF935A3575AC0A963958260 | title=Hillary Clinton, In China, Details Abuse of Women | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights"<ref name="nyt090695"/> and resisting Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.<ref name="nyt122607"/> She was one of the most prominent international figures at the time to speak out against the treatment of ] women by the ] ] that had seized control of ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.feminist.org/research/report/94_toc.html | title=Feminist Majority Joins European Parliament's Call to End Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan | publisher=] | date=Spring 1998 | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/1999/12/991206-afghan1.htm | title=CLINTON - TALIBAN | author=Deborah Tate | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> She helped create ], an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vitalvoices.org/desktopdefault.aspx?page_id=8 | title=Vital Voices — Our History | date=2000 | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| ===Whitewater and other investigations=== | |||
| The ] was the focus of media attention from the publication of a '']'' report during the 1992 presidential campaign,<ref name="nyt030892">{{cite news | author=] | url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10614FC345C0C7B8CDDAA0894DA494D81 | title=Clintons Joined S.& L. Operator In an Ozark Real-Estate Venture | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the ];<ref name="gerth-72">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 72–73.</ref> at the same time, their partners in that investment, ] and ], operated ], a ] institution that retained the legal services of ]<ref name="gerth-72"/> and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.<ref name="nyt030892"/> Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;<ref name="nyt030892"/> she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.<ref name="cnn050696">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9604/13/whitewater.background/index.html | title=Whitewater started as 'sweetheart' deal | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> ]s ] and ] subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records;<ref name="amlaw">{{cite web | url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/11306/Whitewater.html | title=Whitewater - Further Readings | work=American Law Encyclopedia | vol=10 | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> she claimed to be unable to produce these records.<ref name="amlaw"/> The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.<ref name="gerth-158">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 158–160.</ref> The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;<ref name="gerth-158"/> Clinton attributed the problem to disorganization that resulted from their move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion and the effects of a White House renovation.<ref>''Living History'', p. 331</ref> After the discovery of the records, on ], ], Clinton made history by becoming the first First Lady to be ]ed to testify before a Federal ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/arkansas/docs/recs.html | title=Once Upon a Time in Arkansas: Rose Law Firm Billing Records | publisher=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Subpoena brings out White House damage control | url = http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9601/whitewater/01-23/index.html | date = ] | author = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Cast of Characters | url = http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/infocus/whitewater/cast1.html | date = ] | author = | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref> After several Independent Counsels investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 which stated that there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.<ref name="cnn092000">{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/09/20/whitewater/ | title=Ray: Insufficient evidence to prosecute Clintons in Whitewater probe | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> | |||
| ] walk down ] to start Bill Clinton's second term in office. ], ].]] | |||
| Other investigations took place during Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "]", began with charges that the White House had used alleged financial improprieties in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the office staff and give the White House travel business to Arkansas friends of theirs.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 327–328.</ref> Over the years the investigation focused more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigating authorities regarding her role in the firings were true.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 439–444.</ref> The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found that there was substantial evidence that she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her.<ref>{{cite news | author=Jane Hughes | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/802335.stm |title=Hillary escapes 'Travelgate' charges | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> Following deputy White House counsel ]'s July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/whitewater/june96/senate_report_6-18.html | title=Opening the Flood Gates? | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999 Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/shadow061599.htm | title=A Prosecutor Bound by Duty | author=] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> When Starr's successor ] issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DF103BF932A1575AC0A9669C8B63 | title= Statement by Independent Counsel on Conclusions in Whitewater Investigation | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> In March 1994 newspaper reports revealed ] in 1978–1979;<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E2DB1F3DF93BA25750C0A962958260 | title=Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit | author=], others | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> allegations were made of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,<ref name="wsj102600"/> and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no official investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.<ref name="wsj102600">{{cite news | author=] | url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=65000476 | title=Hillary's Bull Market | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "]";<ref name="cnn072800"/> accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/01/filegate/index.html | title='Filegate' Depositions Sought From White House Aides | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.<ref name="cnn072800">{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/ | title=Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate' | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> | |||
| ===Lewinsky scandal=== | |||
| ] favorable/unfavorable ratings, 1997–2000.<ref name="gallup-chart"/>]] | |||
| In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation and gossip when it was revealed that the President had had extramarital sexual activities with White House intern ].<ref name="starr">{{cite web | url=http://icreport.access.gpo.gov/report/6narrit.htm#L1 | title=Starr Report: Nature of President Clinton's Relationship with Monica Lewinsky | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> Events surrounding the ] eventually led to the ]. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "]",<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/27/hillary.today/ | title = Hillary Clinton: 'This Is A Battle' | publisher=] | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-29 }}</ref> characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clinton political enemies,<ref>Clinton was referring to the ] and its funder ], Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, ] and its connections to ] and ], ], and others. See {{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/02/time/kirn.html | title=Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy' | author=] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref> rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0306/10/lkl.00.html | title=Interview with Hillary Rodham Clinton | publisher=] | work=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible and he admitted to her his unfaithful behavior, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 517.</ref> but privately was reported to be furious at him<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', pp. 512, 518.</ref> and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.<ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 521.</ref> | |||
| There was a mix of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an ] to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 195.</ref> Overall, her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to 71 percent,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/11/02/clinton/index.html | title="Get on your broomstick and go home!" | author=Anthony York | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> the highest they had ever been.<ref name="gerth-195">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 195.</ref><ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 530.</ref> In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to love: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."<ref>{{cite web | title = Hillary and Bill: "It Works" | url = http://www.advisorteam.com/newsletter/200503_hillarybill.html | work = AdvisorTeam.com | accessdate = 2006-08-29 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Traditional duties=== | |||
| ] and unveiled at the White House in 2004.]] | |||
| Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the ] program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations for the purpose of preserving and restoring historic items and sites,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.saveamericastreasures.org/about.htm | title=Save America's Treasures — About Us | accessdate=2007-03-23 }}</ref> including the flag that inspired the ] and the First Ladies Historic Site in ].<ref name="nfll"/> She was head of the ],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/1999/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/31/clinton.kickoff.02/ | title=Clinton toasts 2000 at White House VIP dinner | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> and initiated the ] with monthly lectures that discuss ], one of which became the first live simultaneous ] from the White House. Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden there, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1996/1-5-96.html | title=Remarks By First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at The Sculpture Garden Reception | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-03-23}}</ref> | |||
| In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the ]s.<ref name="nfll"/> She oversaw the restoration of the ] to be historically authentic to the period of ],<ref>{{cite book | last=Graff | first=Henry Franklin | title=The Presidents: A Reference History | publisher=] | year=2002 | isbn=0684312263}} p. liii.</ref> the redecoration of the ] into the presidential study along nineteenth century lines,<ref name="rae">{{cite book | last=Lindsay | first=Rae | title=The Presidents' First Ladies | publisher=R & R Writers/Agents | year=2001 |isbn=0965375331}} pp. 248–249.</ref> and the redecoration of the ] to how it looked during ].<ref name="rae"/> Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a St. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the twenty-first century, and a state dinner honoring the ] of the White House in November of 2000.<ref name="nfll" /> | |||
| ==Senate election of 2000== | |||
| {{main|United States Senate election in New York, 2000}} | |||
| The long-serving ] from New York, ], announced his retirement in November 1998. Several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative ] of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990324,00.html | title = A Race Of Her Own | publisher = ] magazine | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.house.gov/apps/list/hearing/ny15_rangel/opedclintonharlem.html | title = Clinton Is Welcome in Harlem | publisher = Congressman ], Washington D.C. Office| date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-25}}</ref> When she decided to run, Clinton and her husband purchased a home in ], north of ] in September 1999.<ref>{{cite news | author=] | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E5D8153AF930A3575AC0A96F958260 | title=With Some Help, Clintons Purchase a White House | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-06-02}}</ref> She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office. At first, Clinton was expected to face ], the ], as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with ] and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced ], a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing ]. Throughout the campaign and during debates, Clinton was accused of ] by her opponents, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics prior to this race. <!-- I've never been able to find a cite for this next claim, but exit polls revealed that more than two-thirds of voters regarded these criticisms as unimportant.--> However, there was precedent for her action: New York had elected ] senator in 1964 despite similar accusations.<ref>{{cite news | title= In a Kennedy's Legacy, Lessons and Pitfalls For Hillary Clinton; Carpetbagger Issue Has Echoes of '64, But Differences Could Prove Crucial | author=] | date=] | publisher='']'' | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E0DC1E39F933A2575AC0A9669C8B63 }}</ref> Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 210.</ref> During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican ] regions.<ref name = "historic win" /> Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included specific tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.<ref name = "historic win" /> | |||
| The contest drew national attention and both candidates were well-funded. Clinton secured a broad base of support, including endorsements from conservation groups<ref>For example, the ] {{cite news | title= Hillary Clinton Is Endorsed By Sierra Club as Better Ally | author=Randal C. Archibold | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E3DE1739F935A3575AC0A9669C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fS%2fSierra%20Club | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> and organized labor,<ref>{{cite news | title= Hillary Clinton Stars, Unrivaled, at Labor Day Parade | author=Steven Greenhouse | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> but not the New York City police and firefighters' unions.<ref>{{cite news|title= Police Union Backs Lazio, Citing First Lady's Statement | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E7DF1339F93BA3575AC0A9669C8B63&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/C/Clinton,%20Hillary%20Rodham | author=Elisabeth Bumiller | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref><ref name="firefighters">{{cite news | title = Clinton wins endorsement of city's firefighter unions | date=] | accessdate = 2007-10-06 | url = http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/ny-nyhill0420,0,6369920.story | publisher = ] }}</ref> By the date of the election, the campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, had spent a combined $78 million.<ref name = "historic win">{{cite news | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.ny/ | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York | publisher = ] | date= ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton won the election on ], ], with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/2000senate.htm#NY | title = Federal Elections 2000: U.S. Senate results | work = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> She was sworn in as United States Senator on ], ]. | |||
| ==United States Senator== | |||
| {{main|Senate career of Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| {{see also|United States Senate election in New York, 2006}} | |||
| ] by Vice President ] in the ], as President Clinton and daughter Chelsea look on. ], ].]] | |||
| ===First term=== | |||
| Upon entering the United States Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile, built relationships with senators from both parties <ref name = Encarta /><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0310/p01s01-uspo.html | title = Clinton's quiet path to power | first = Gail Russell | last = Chaddock | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = A Tale of Two Clintons | url = http://www.opinionjournal.com/wsj/?id=90000397 | first = Albert R. | last = Hunt | date = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Sen. Clinton Stresses Chronic Disease Needs | date = ] | first = Martin | last = Kuhn | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> and forged alliances with religiously-inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the ].<ref name="mj0907"/><ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 548.</ref> | |||
| Clinton has served on five Senate committees: ] (2001–2002),<ref name="umich">{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/congress/sncom012.html | title=Senate Temporary Committee Chairs | publisher=] Documents Center | date=] | accessdate=2007-05-30}}</ref> ] (since 2003),<ref name="hwar">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/magazine/03Hillary-t.html | title=Hillary's War | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-05-30 | author=], ]}}</ref> ] (since 2001),<ref name="umich"/> ] (since 2001)<ref name="umich"/> and ].<ref name="hccom">{{cite web | url=http://clinton.senate.gov/senate/committees/index.cfm | title=Committees | publisher=Official Senate web site | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> | |||
| She is also a Commissioner of the ]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=AboutCommission.Commissioners&CFID=3874739&CFTOKEN=75235387 | title=About the Commission: Commissioners | publisher=] | accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> (since 2001).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2001/200109.shtml | title=Senate, House appoint Helsinki commissioners | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> | |||
| Following the ], Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, ], she was instrumental in quickly securing $21.4 billion in funding for the ] site's redevelopment.<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 231–232.</ref><ref>Bernstein, ''A Woman In Charge'', p. 548.</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=William C. Thompson, Jr. | url=http://www.comptroller.nyc.gov/press/speeches/association_for_better_ny.shtm | title=Remarks Prepared for Delivery Association for a Better New York | date=] | accessdate=2007-04-08}}</ref> She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the ].<ref>For example, {{cite web | url=http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=234988 | title=Senator Clinton Calls on President Bush to Sign Emergency Designation to Provide Aid to Ground Zero Workers and Volunteers | publisher=Official Senate web site | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> Clinton voted for the ] in October 2001, as did all but ]. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/~clinton/news/statements/details.cfm?id=249895 | title=Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report | publisher=Official Senate web site | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00029 | title=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 2nd Session ... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report) | publisher=] | date=] }}</ref> | |||
| As a member of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, Clinton strongly supported military action in ], saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the ] government.<ref>{{cite news | title = New Hope For Afghanistan's Women | url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,185643,00.html | publisher = ] | author = Clinton, Hillary | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 | work = Attacks on World Trade Center/Pentagon }}</ref> Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 ], which authorized ] ] to use military force against ], should such action be required to enforce a ] after pursuing with diplomatic efforts. (However, Clinton voted against the Levin Amendment to the Resolution, which would have required the President to conduct vigorous diplomacy at the U.N., and would have also required a separate Congressional authorization to unilaterally invade Iraq.<ref name="hwar"/> She did vote for the Byrd Amendment to the Resolution, which would have limited the Congressional authorization to one year increments, but the only mechanism necessary for the President to renew his mandate without any Congressional oversight was to claim that the Iraq War was vital to national security each year the authorization required renewal.)<ref name="hwar"/> | |||
| ] favorable/unfavorable ratings, 2001–2007.<ref name="gallup-chart"/>]] | |||
| After the ] began, Clinton made trips to both Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there, such as the ] based in ]. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.<ref>{{cite news | title = Clinton says insurgency is failing | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-19-iraq-senators_x.htm | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-29 }}</ref> Noting that war deployments are draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular ] by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.<ref>{{cite news | title = Clinton wants increase in size of regular Army | date = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 | first = Douglas | last = Turner }} (no longer free)</ref> In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" is also misguided, as it gives Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves." She criticized the administration for making poor decisions in the war, but added that it was more important to solve the problems in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton says immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be 'a big mistake' | publisher = ] | date = ] | url = http://www.billingsgazette.com/index.php?id=1&display=rednews/2005/11/21/build/nation/39-clinton-iraq.inc | first = Jim | last = Fitzgerald | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> This centrist and somewhat vague stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic party who favor immediate withdrawal.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/11/AR2005121100846.html | title = Hillary Clinton Crafts Centrist Stance on War | publisher = ] | first = Dan | last = Balz | page = A01 | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary's Military Offensive | url = http://msnbc.msn.com/id/10313850/site/newsweek/ | first = Susannah | last = Meadows | date = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| Senator Clinton voted against the ] introduced by President Bush, including the ] and the ], saying it was fiscally irresponsible to reopen the budget deficit. | |||
| ], 2005]] | |||
| Clinton voted in 2005 against the confirmation of ] as ],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=246324&& | title = Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the Nomination of John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the United States | date = ] | work = Clinton.Senate.gov | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> and in 2006 against the nomination of ] to the ];<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060131/NEWS06/601310465/1012 | title = Alito filibuster fails; Bayh, Lugar split | date = ] | first = Maureen | last = Groppe | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> both were confirmed. In 2005, Clinton called for the ] to investigate how ] showed up in the controversial ] '']''.<ref>{{cite news | title = Clinton wades into GTA sex storm | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4682533.stm | date = ] | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2006-08-29 }}</ref> Along with Senators ] and ], she introduced the ], intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In July 2004 and June 2006, Clinton voted against the ] that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage. The proposed constitutional amendment fell well short of passage on both occasions. | |||
| Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of ],<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 401.</ref> Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff ]'s ];<ref>Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', p. 313.</ref><ref name="nb100107">{{cite news | url=http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2007/10/01/hillary-clinton-told-yearlykos-convention-she-helped-start-media-matt | title=Hillary Clinton Told YearlyKos Convention She Helped Start Media Matters | author=Noel Sheppard | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> shared aides with ], founded in 2003;<ref name="gerth-267">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., ''Her Way'', pp. 267–269.</ref> advised and nurtured the Clintons' former antagonist ]'s ], created in 2004;<ref name="gerth-267"/><ref name="nb100107"/> and following the ], successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader ] to create a Senate ] to handle daily political messaging.<ref name="gerth-267"/> | |||
| ===Reelection campaign of 2006=== | |||
| In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second term in the United States Senate. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, ] ] ], withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/12/21/ny.pirro/index.html | title = Sen. Clinton's GOP challenger quits race | publisher = ] | date = ] | first = Phil | last = Hirschkorn | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from anti-war activist ].<ref>{{cite news |title = GOP Primary Turnout Was Lowest In More Than 30 Years| publisher=] | date=]}}</ref> Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate ], a former mayor of ], along with several third-party candidates. Throughout the campaign, Clinton consistently led Spencer in the polls by wide margins. She won the election on 7 November with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf | title = New York State Board of Elections, General Election Results | publisher = New York State | date = ] | accessdate = 2006-12-16 }}</ref> carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=] | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16238556/site/newsweek/ | title=Is America Ready? | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> Clinton spent $36 million towards her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. She was criticized by some Democrats for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.<ref>{{cite news | author=Anne E. Kornblut and Jeff Zeleny | publisher='']'' | title=Clinton Won Easily, but Bankroll Shows the Toll | date=]}} page A1.</ref> In the following months she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds towards her now-official presidential campaign.<ref name="cnn040107">{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/01/clinton.money/index.html |title = Record millions roll in for Clinton White House bid |date = ] | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2007-04-02}}</ref> | |||
| ===Second term=== | |||
| ] Navy Admiral ] responds to a question during his 2007 confirmation hearing with the ].]] | |||
| Clinton opposed the ] and supported a February 2007 non-binding Senate resolution against it, which failed to gain ].<ref>{{cite news | title = Senate GOP foils debate on Iraq surge | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-02-19 }}</ref> In March 2007 she voted in favor of a war spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines<ref>{{cite news | title = Senate passes war spending bill with withdrawal deadline | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-29 }}</ref> but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007 a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80-14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bush to sign war funding bill Friday | url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/25/iraq_debate_moves_into_next_phase/ | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-05-25 }}</ref> Clinton responded to General ]'s September 2007 ] by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nysun.com/article/62426 | title=Clinton Spars With Petraeus on Credibility | author=Eli Lake | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> In September 2007 she voted in favor of a Senate resolution calling on the ] to label the ] "a foreign terrorist organization", which passed 76-22.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298157,00.html | title=Senate Approves Symbolic Rebuke of Iran | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref> | |||
| In March 2007, in response to the ], Clinton called on Attorney General ] to resign,<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton Calls for Gonzales' Resignation | url = http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2948538&page=1 | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }}</ref> and launched an Internet campaign to gain petition signatures towards this end.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hillary Launches Web Effort to Oust Gonzales | url = http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2007/3/14/120441.shtml?s=ic | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }}</ref> In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the ], Clinton cast a number of votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00228 | title=On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to Consider S.1639) | date=] | publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| Clinton has enjoyed high approval ratings for her job as senator within New York, reaching an all-time high of 72 to 74 percent approving (including half of Republicans) over 23 to 24 percent disapproving in December 2006, before her presidential campaign became active;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=1000 | title=Clinton Approval At All-Time High | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #11487 | date = ] | url = http://www.surveyusa.com/client/PollReport.aspx?g=8037f845-8641-4436-a9c7-b2a18687083a | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2007-01-17}}</ref> by August 2007, after a half year of campaigning, it was still 64 percent over 34 percent.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.surveyusa.com/client/PollReport.aspx?g=d3e732d3-805b-4afb-bc31-68cd9b64f0f8 | title=Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #12488 | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> | |||
| ==Presidential campaign of 2008== | |||
| <!-- Note: | |||
| This is a biography article. Additions to this section that fail to succinctly survey | |||
| the campaign are subject to severe editing and will be moved to the article | |||
| detailing issues and activity in the campaign: "Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign, 2008" | |||
| end note --> | |||
| {{Future election candidate|section|Clinton, Hillary Rodham}} | |||
| {{main|Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign, 2008}} | |||
| Clinton had been mentioned as a potential candidate for United States President since at least October 2002.<ref>{{cite news | title = Can Hillary Upgrade? | page = A27 | publisher = ] | url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0813FF3B5C0C718CDDA90994DA404482 | date = ] | author = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }} (preview only)</ref> She has been ranked among the world's most powerful people by '']'' magazine<ref name = "Forbes Most Powerful Women">{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/11/06women_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank.html | title = The 100 Most Powerful Women| work = ] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> and '']'' magazine's ].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615513_1615463,00.html | title=The TIME 100: Hillary Clinton | author=Karen Tumulty | publisher=] |date=2007 | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> On ] ], Clinton announced on her Web site the formation of a presidential ], with the intention to become a candidate for president in the ]. In her announcement, she stated, "I'm in. And I'm in to win."<ref name="2008bid">{{cite news | first=John | last=Roberts | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/20/clinton.announcement/index.html | title= Hillary Clinton launches White House bid: 'I'm in' | date=] | publisher=] |accessdate=2007-02-05}}</ref> No woman has ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States,<ref name="usa101005">{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/2005-10-10-woman-president_x.htm | title=Call her Madame President | author=Susan Page | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> and Clinton is the first woman seen to have a good chance of winning a nomination.<ref name="usa101005"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.nationaljournal.com/articles/071001nj3.htm | title=The XX Factor | author=Alexis Simendinger | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref> | |||
| Clinton led the field of candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in ] throughout the first half of 2007. | |||
| Most polls placed Senator ] of ] and former Senator ] of ] as Clinton's closest competitors in the early caucus and primary election states.<ref>{{cite news | first =Jed | last =Graham | title =McCain, Giuliani Fare Well Vs. Top Dems, While Edwards Might Be Toughest Rival | url =http://www.investors.com/editorial/IBDArticles.asp?artsec=16&issue=20070105 | publisher =Investors.com | date =] | accessdate =2007-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first =Gary | last = Langer | coauthors =Craighill, Peyton M. | title =Clinton Leads '08 Dems; No Bounce for Obama | url =http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/PollVault/story?id=2810376 | publisher =] | date =] | accessdate =2007-02-05 }}</ref> Clinton set records for early fundraising,<ref name="cnn040107"/> which Obama then topped in the following months<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/us/politics/01cnd-obama.html?ref=politics | title=Obama Raised $32.5 Million in Second Quarter | publisher='']'' | author=Jeff Zeleny | date=] | accessdate=2007-07-01}}</ref> before Clinton later regained the money lead;<ref name="lat100207">{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-dems3oct03,1,1411964.story | title=Clinton leads the field in campaign fundraising | author=Dan Morain | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2008}} but Clinton generally maintained her lead in the polls.<ref>{{cite news | last =Schneider | first =Bill | title ="Poll: Liberals moving toward Clinton; GOP race tightens" | publisher =] | date =] | url =http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/07/schneider.2008.polls/index.html | accessdate =2007-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Rasmussen Reports | date =]| url=http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/2008_democratic_presidential_primary | |||
| | accessdate =2007-05-08}}</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2008}} | |||
| In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a ] that had been established when he became president in 1993, in order to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race;<ref name="nyt061507">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/15/us/politics/15clintons.html | title=To Avoid Conflicts, Clintons Liquidate Holdings | author=Patrick Healy | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref><ref name="msn090407">{{cite news | title = Hillary Clinton: Midas touch at work | url = http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/MutualFunds/HillaryClintonMidasTouchAtWork.aspx?page=1 | publisher = ] | author=Tim Middleton| date = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million.<ref name="msn090407"/> | |||
| In late August 2007, a major contributor to, and "]" for, Clinton's campaign, called a "]", ], was revealed to be a 15-years-long ] in an ] case.<ref name="nyt083007">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/us/politics/30bundler.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin | title=Clinton Donor Under a Cloud In Fraud Case | publisher='']'' | author=Mike McIntire, Leslie Wayne | date=] | accessdate= 2007-08-31 }}</ref> He was also suspected of having broken campaign finance law regarding his bundling collections.<ref name="wsj20070828"> {{cite news | author = | title = Big Source of Clinton's Cash Is an Unlikely Address| publisher = Wall Street Journal | date=]| accessdate=2007-08-31| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118826947048110677.html?mod=hps_us_whats_news | |||
| }}</ref> The Clinton campaign first said it would donate to charity the $23,000 that Hsu personally contributed to her,<ref>{{cite news | author=Jim Kuhnhenn | url=http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8RB03200&show_article=1.html | title=Clinton to Give Away Fundraiser's Cash | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> then said it would refund to 260 donors the full $850,000 in bundled donations raised by Hsu.<ref name="ap09102007">{{cite news | title=Clinton to return $850,000 raised by Hsu | publisher=] | author=Lara Jakes Jordan| date=]| accessdate= 2007-09-10 }}</ref> Hsu was subsequently indicted on new investment fraud charges. | |||
| ], ], ], ].]] | |||
| By September 2007, ] showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in ] and ]. By October 2007, national polls had Clinton far ahead of any Democratic competitor.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299146,00.html | title=Hillary Clinton Leaps Ahead In Latest Democratic Poll | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> At the end of October, Clinton suffered what writers for '']'', ], ], and other outlets characterized as a rare ] against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.<ref name="wapo110107">{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103093.html | title=Clinton Regroups As Rivals Pounce | author=] and ] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2007/10/hillary-gets-po.html | title=Hillary Gets Poor Grades at Drexel Debate | author=] | work=Political Punch | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1007/6634.html | title=Obama, Edwards attack; Clinton bombs debate | author=Roger Simon | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> Subsequently, the race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of ], ], and ], with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/09/506446.aspx | title=Clinton shouldn't worry just about IA | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> | |||
| ] in ], two days before ].]] | |||
| In the first vote of 2008, she placed third with 29 percent of the state delegate selections in the ], ] ] to Obama's 38 percent and Edwards' 30 percent.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iowacaucusresults.com/ | title=Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results | accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> Obama led polls in New Hampshire and gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with a double digit victory predicted by several highly publicized polls for the ]<ref name="cbs010808"/> and all major polls predicting an Obama victory, with an average of 8 point margin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/nh/new_hampshire_democratic_primary-194.html | title=New Hampshire Democratic Primary | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> However, Clinton gained a surprise win<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSN0264367920080109 | title=Clinton scores surprise win in New Hampshire | author=John Whitesides | publisher=Reuters | date=2008-01-09 | accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> in the New Hampshire primary on ],<ref name="trib010808">{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-070108dems,0,7354989.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed | title=Clinton's stunning victory | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref> defeating Obama by 39 percent to 37 percent,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/new_hampshire/articles/2008/01/10/official_results/ | title=Official Results | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> and in the process becoming the first woman to win a presidential party primary in United States history.<ref name="cbs010808">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/08/politics/main3689550.shtml | title=Analysis: Mrs. Comeback Kid & Obama's Wave | author=Dick Meyer | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref> Explanations for her comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.<ref name="trib010808"/><ref name="lat011008">{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-newhamp10jan10,1,3225221.story | title=Clinton had voters' sympathy — and a message they liked | author=Cathleen Decker, Mark Z. Barabak | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days, when several remarks by Bill Clinton<ref name="nyt011108ca">{{cite news| url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/ | title=Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down ‘Fairy-Tale’ Remark About Obama | author=Carl Hulse, Patrick Healy | work=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref><ref name="cbs012608">{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/26/politics/main3755521.shtml | title=Analysis: Bill Clinton's Lost Legacy | author=Vaughn Ververs | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> and other surrogates,<ref name="king">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/13/clinton.obama/ | title=Clinton: Obama camp is 'distorting' her remarks | author=Josh Levs | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref><ref name="cbs012608"/> and one remark by Hillary Clinton concerning ] and ],<ref>Hillary Clinton said to a news correspondent asking for reaction to an Obama remark earlier in the day about his possibly representing false hope: “I would point to the fact that that Dr. King’s dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people’s lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished.” See for transcript: {{cite news| url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/ | title=Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down ‘Fairy-Tale’ Remark About Obama | author=Carl Hulse, Patrick Healy | work=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}} See for actual interview: {{cite news | url=http://bourbonroom.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/01/07/clintons-candid-assessment/ | title=Clinton’s Candid Assessment | author=Major Garrett | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> were perceived by many African American voters and media commentators as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially-oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.<ref name="nyt011108ca"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/01/the_race_for_president_the_fin.html | title=The Race for President: The Finalists Emerge | author=] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue,<ref name="ft011708">{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e706e626-c49e-11dc-a474-0000779fd2ac.html | title='Truce' has little impact on black vote | author=Edward Luce | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/01/24/america/NA-POL-US-Elections.php | title=Clinton, Obama downplay their rhetoric following angry exchanges ahead of S. Carolina vote | work=] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.<ref name="ft011708">{{cite news | url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e706e626-c49e-11dc-a474-0000779fd2ac.html | title='Truce' has little impact on black vote | author=Edward Luce | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref><ref name="msnbc011908"/><ref name="cbs012608"/> After Clinton won the county delegates vote 51–45 percent in the ] ],<ref name="msnbc011908">{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22739349/ | title=Clinton, Romney win in Nevada | publisher=] for ] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/19/nevada.dems/index.html | title= Clinton claims Nevada caucuses with help from women, Latinos | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> she lost by a huge 55–27 percent margin to Obama in the ] ],<ref name="cnn012608">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/26/sc.primary/index.html | title=Obama claims big win in South Carolina | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two ] ] states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign,<ref name="cnn012808"/> and by now his role was seen as damaging enough to her<ref name="nyt012808b">{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/28/us/politics/28dems.html?hp | title=Clinton’s Camp Seeks Gentler Role for Ex-President | author=Patrick Healy | work=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> that a wave of supporters within and without the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."<ref name="cnn012808">{{cite news | url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/28/clinton-campaign-advisers-bill-clinton-needs-to-stop/#more-4808 | title=Clinton campaign advisers: Bill Clinton 'needs to stop' | author=] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California and New York, while Obama won more states;<ref name="ap020708">{{cite news | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17838435 | title=McCain Widens Lead, Clinton Lends Cash | publisher=] for ] | date=2008-02-07 | accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> the two gained a nearly equal number of estimated delegates<ref name="ap020708"/> and a nearly equal share of the total popular vote,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time-blog.com/swampland/2008/02/super_tuesday_the_most_interes.html | title=Super Tuesday: The Most Interesting Number of All | author=Karen Tumulty | publisher=] | date=2008-02-06 | accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> in what one set of observers termed an "amazing tie".<ref name="msn020708">{{cite news | url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/02/07/645500.aspx | title=First thoughst: Deadlocked | author=] & others | work=FirstRead | publisher=] | date=2008-02-07 | accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> Obama then won the next eight caucuses and primaries, sometimes by large margins, and took the overall delegate lead from Clinton.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/13/us/politics/13elect.html | title=Obama and McCain Sweep 3 Primaries | author=John M. Broder, Dalia Sussman | publisher='']'' | date=2008-02-13 | accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> | |||
| ==Political positions== | |||
| {{main|Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| In terms of public perception of her views, in a ] conducted during May 2005, 54% of respondents considered Senator Clinton a liberal, 30% considered her a moderate, and 9% considered her a conservative.<ref>{{cite news | title=Poll: Mixed messages for Hillary Clinton | publisher=] | date=] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/05/26/hillary.clinton/index.html | accessdate=2007-02-05 }}</ref> | |||
| Several organizations have attempted to scientifically measure her place on the ]: | |||
| *'']'''s 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8573139/ | title = Clinton burnishes hawkish image | date = ] | publisher = ] | first = Tom | last = Curry | accessdate = 2006-08-23 }}</ref> | |||
| *A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of ], Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of ] found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.<ref>{{cite journal | format = PDF | url = http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/TheMostLiberalSenator-Clinton.pdf | title = “The Most Liberal Senator”? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls | journal = Political Science & Politics |date=October 2004 | author = Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug | page = 805–811 }}</ref> | |||
| *'']'', edited by ] and ], rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.<ref>See {{cite book | title = ''The Almanac of American Politics'' | date = 2008 | author=Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen | publisher=National Journal | page = 1126 }} and {{cite book | title = ''The Almanac of American Politics'' | date = 2006 | author=Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen | publisher=National Journal | page = 1152 }}. The scores for individual years are : 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).</ref> | |||
| Various ]s have given Senator Clinton scores or grades as to how well her votes align with the positions of the group: | |||
| *Through 2006, she has a lifetime 96% "Liberal Quotient" from ].<ref>{{cite web | title = ADA Voting Records | url = http://www.adaction.org/votingrecords.htm | work = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }} Average consists of a 95 in 2001 through 2004 and 2006, and a 100 in 2005.</ref> | |||
| *] gives her a 91.4% lifetime progressive rating, ranking her the 28th most progressive of current senators.<ref name="Progressive Punch Rating">{{cite web|url=http://progressivepunch.yvod.com/members.jsp?search=selectName&member=NYI&chamber=Senate&zip=&x=52&y=12|title=Progressive Punch Rating|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> | |||
| *Through 2006, she has a lifetime 9% rating from the ].<ref>{{cite web | title = 2006 U.S. Senate Votes | url = http://www.acuratings.org/2006senate.htm | work = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-23 }}</ref> | |||
| *She received an 'A' (excellent) on the ]'s 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.<ref>{{cite web | title = Clinton SENATE VOTING SUMMARY | url = http://www.drummajorinstitute.com/congress/drum-major-voting-summary.php?name=Clinton&state=NY&database=senate | work = ] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> | |||
| *The ] has given her a 75% lifetime rating through September 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://action.aclu.org/site/VoteCenter?page=congScorecard | title=ACLU Congressional Scorecard | work=] | accessdate=2007-10-15 }} Breakdown is 3/5 60% for 2001–2002, 7/9 78% for 2003–2004, 10/12 83% for 2005–2006, 4/6 67% for 2007– , for a total of 24/32 75%.</ref> | |||
| *] consistently gave her a 100% ] rating from 2002 to 2006.<ref>{{cite web | title = Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) | url = http://www.naral.org/elections/statements/clinton.html | work = ] | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> | |||
| *The ] has given her a lifetime 90% pro-environment action rating through 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lcv.org/images/client/pdfs/LCV_2006_Scorecard_final.pdf | title='06 National Environmental Scorecard | publisher=] | date=October 2006 | accessdate=2007-12-26 | pages=15}}</ref> | |||
| *] has given her a lifetime grade of 'D-' (very near failing) through October 2007 on their Immigration-Reduction Report Card.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://grades.betterimmigration.com/testgrades.php3?District=NY&VIPID=896 | title=Immigration Voting Report Card for Sen. Hillary Clinton | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> | |||
| *The ] gave her an 'F' (failing) rating in 2006 for her stance on ] issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MTFmZDc4ZDA2MzdkY2JkOTMzOWY5YjNiZGExYzdiYWQ= | title=Second Thoughts | author=] | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref> | |||
| Ratings of Clinton's votes from a number of other interest groups are tracked by ].<ref name="Project Vote Smart">{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_rating_category.php?can_id=55463 | |||
| | title = "Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton (IL)" | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | accessdate = 2008-01-06 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==Writings and recordings== | |||
| ]'']] | |||
| As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly ] ] titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by ].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton.html | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton - Talking It Over | work = ] | date = | accessdate = 2007-08-24 }}</ref> It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she encountered during her travels around the world.<ref name="Whitehouse.gov"/> | |||
| In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book '']''. The book was a ],<ref name="bernstein-446">Bernstein, ''A Woman in Charge'', p. 446.</ref> and Clinton received the ] in 1997 for the book's audio recording.<ref name="bernstein-446"/> The title refers to an African proverb that states "It takes a village to raise a child". | |||
| ]'']] | |||
| Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include ''Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets'' (1998) and '']'' (2000). In 2001, she wrote the foreword to the children's book '']''. | |||
| In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, '']''. In anticipation of high sales, publisher ] paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE2DD1739F935A25751C1A9669C8B63 | title= Hillary Clinton Book Advance, $8 Million, Is Near Record | author=David D. Kirkpatrick | publisher='']'' | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> The book set a first-week sales record for a non-fiction work,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm | title=Clinton memoir tops Best-Selling Books list | author=Deirdre Donahue | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-11}}</ref> went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://english.people.com.cn/200307/10/eng20030710_119859.shtml | title = Hillary Clinton's Book Sales Top a Million | publisher = ] | date = ] | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> and was translated into twelve foreign languages.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hillaryclinton.com/about/firstlady/ | title = About Hillary | work = Hillaryclinton.com | date = | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3472495.stm | title=Gorbachev and Clinton win Grammy | publisher=] | date=] | accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> | |||
| ==Awards and honors== | |||
| {{main|Hillary Rodham Clinton awards and honors}} | |||
| Clinton has received over a dozen awards and honors during her career, from both American and international organizations, for her activities concerning health, women, and children. | |||
| ==Electoral history== | |||
| {{Election box begin | title=] }} | |||
| {{Election box candidate with party link| | |||
| |party = Democratic Party (US) | |||
| |candidate = Hillary Rodham Clinton | |||
| |votes = 3,747,310 | |||
| |percentage = 55.3 | |||
| |change = | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Election box candidate with party link| | |||
| |party = Republican Party (US) | |||
| |candidate = ] | |||
| |votes = 2,915,730 | |||
| |percentage = 43.0 | |||
| |change = | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Election box end}} | |||
| {{Election box begin | title=] }} | |||
| {{Election box candidate with party link| | |||
| |party = Democratic Party (US) | |||
| |candidate = Hillary Rodham Clinton<br />(Incumbent) | |||
| |votes = 3,008,428 | |||
| |percentage = 67.0 | |||
| |change = +11.7 | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Election box candidate with party link| | |||
| |party = Republican Party (US) | |||
| |candidate = ] | |||
| |votes = 1,392,189 | |||
| |percentage = 31.0 | |||
| |change = -12.0 | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Election box end}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{main|List of books about Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| ==Footnotes and references== | |||
| {{reflist|colwidth=25em}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{wikinews|category:Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| {{commons|category:Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| {{wikiquote|Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| {{wikisource|Author:Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://clinton.senate.gov|title=Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton|publisher=U.S. Senate}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://www.hillaryclinton.com|title=Hillary Clinton for President Official Web Site}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html|title=Hillary Rodham Clinton|publisher=The White House}} Official Biography of First Lady Clinton. | |||
| {{CongLinks | surge = 908 | congbio = c001041 | fec = P00003392 | votesmart = WNY99268 | ontheissuespath = Hillary_Clinton.htm}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoresearch.net/election2008/dem/clinton|title=Hillary Rodham Clinton|publisher=Weekly Media Statistics (Attention, Sentiment, Keywords)}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://www.grist.org/feature/2007/08/09/clinton_factsheet|title=Hillary Rodham Clinton|publisher=Environmental Platform and Record (Grist)}} | |||
| *{{cite web|url=http://www.gedview.com/rodham|title=Genealogy of Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
| *{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Legislative_Branch/Senate/Members/Clinton,_Hillary_Rodham_%5bD-NY%5d|Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton}} | |||
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| {{United States presidential election, 2008 navigation}} | |||
| <!-- ] --> | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME=Clinton, Hillary Rodham | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rodham, Hillary Diane | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=U.S. Senator, U.S. First Lady | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH=], ] | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH=], ], ] | |||
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