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'''Dimitri Mendeleev''' ({{lang-ru|Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев}}, '''Dimitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev''' {{Audio|ru-Dmitri_Mendeleev.ogg|listen}}) ({{OldStyleDate|8 February|1834|27 January}} in ] – {{OldStyleDate|2 February|1907|}} in ]), was a ]n ] and ]. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the ] of ]. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.

==Life==
Dmitri Mendeleev, was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, Russia on February 8, 1834,<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (born Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a Russian priest. Ivan, along with his brothers, obtained new family names while attending ] theological seminary.<ref>http://starina.library.tver.ru/us-35-1.htm</ref>

Mendeleev was the youngest child of 17 siblings.<ref name="Encyclopedia"> on Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev (access date=2008-01-19)</ref> At the age of 13,{{Fact|date=January 2008}} after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the ] in Tobolsk.

In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family relocated to ], where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After he graduated, an illness that was diagnosed as ] caused him to move to the ] on the northern coast of the ] in 1855. While there he became chief science master of the Simferopol gymnasium №1. He returned with fully restored health to St. Petersburg in 1857.

Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the ] in ]. In late August of 1861 he wrote his first book on the spectroscope in which it received high acclaim. In 1862, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva. Mendeleev became Professor of Chemistry at the ] and the ] in 1863 he achieved tenure in 1867, and by 1871 had transformed St. Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation "On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol". In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a ]; the ] required at least 7 years before lawful re-marriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet ]. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable ]) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and a pair of twins from Anna.

Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over ], including the ] from the ] of ], he resigned from St. Petersburg University on ], ].

In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was in this role that he was directed to formulate new state standards for the production of ]. His fascination with molecular weights led him to conclude that to be in perfect molecular balance, vodka should be produced in the ratio of one molecule of ethyl alcohol diluted with five molecules of water, giving a dilution by volume of approximately 38% alcohol to 62% water. As a result of his work, in 1894 new standards for vodka were introduced into Russian law and all vodka had to be produced at 40% alcohol by volume.

Mendeleev also investigated the composition of oil fields, and helped to found the first ] in ].

Mendeleev died in 1907 in ] from ]. The ] on the ], as well as ] number 101, the radioactive ], are named after him.

==Periodic table==
]]

After becoming a teacher, he wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: ''Principles of Chemistry'' (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the ] according to their ] properties, he noticed patterns that led him to create his Periodic Table.

Unknown to Mendeleev, several other scientists had also been working on their own tables of elements. One was ], who published his Law of Octaves in 1865. However, the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticised and his ideas were not accepted. Another was ], who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Like Newlands, Meyer did not seem to have the idea of using a table to predict new elements. In contrast to Newlands' methodical approach to creating a table, Mendeleev's was almost accidental and emerged gradually.

As a better understanding of atomic mass was developed and better data became available, Mendeleev made for himself the following table:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Cl 35.5 || K 39 || Ca 40
|-
| Br 80 || Rb 85 || Sr 88
|-
| I 127 || Cs 133 || Ba 137
|-
|}

By adding additional elements following this pattern, he developed his version of the periodic table.

On ], ], Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the ], entitled ''The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements'', which described elements according to both weight and valence. This presentation stated that
# The ], if arranged according to their ], exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
# Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
# The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
# The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
# The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
# We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements&ndash;for example, two elements, analogous to ] and ], whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.
# The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of ] must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. ''Here Mendeleev was wrong as the atomic mass of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of ] (126.9).''
# Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.

Only a few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements (and predicted several new elements to complete the table), Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some people consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table, although most agree that Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called ] (]), ] (]) and ] (]) qualifies him for deserving the majority of the credit for studies.

As others before him had done, he questioned the accuracy of accepted atomic weights, pointing out that they did not correspond to those predicted by the Periodic Law. He noted that ] has a higher atomic weight than ], but he placed them in the correct order, assuming that the accepted atomic weights at the time were incorrect. He was puzzled about where to put the known ]s, and predicted the existence of another row to the table, the ]s, which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass.

Initially, Mendeleev was derided for there being gaps in the table. Ultimately though, he was vindicated when previously unknown elements (notably ], ] and ]) were discovered that filled in these holes and possessed properties (], ], ], etc.) close to what ].<ref> {{cite book | last = Emsley | first = John | title = Nature's Building Blocks | edition = (Hardcover, First Edition) | publisher = ] | date= 2001 | pages = 521-522 | id = ISBN 0198503407 }}</ref>

] would later help put the periodic table on the correct basis of ] rather than ].

==Other achievements==
]
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev has characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy." Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.

In an attempt at a chemical conception of the ], he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert ]s of lesser atomic weight than ]. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, '']''.

Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as ]s.

]
In another department of ], he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to ]'s law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while as far back as 1861 he anticipated ] conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.

Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the ] to the ].

He invented '']'', a kind of ] based on ]. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.

Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded that hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth.
He wrote: "''The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin.''" (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877)<ref>Mendeleev, D., 1877. L'Origine du pétrole. Revue Scientifique, 2e Ser., VIII, p. 409-416.</ref>

==See also==
*]
*]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| first = Michael
| last = Gordin
| authorlink = Michael Gordin
| title = A Well-Ordered Thing: Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table
| publisher = Basic Books
| location = New York
| year = 2004
| id = ISBN 0-465-02775-X
}}
* {{cite book
| first = Dmitry Ivanovich
| last = Mendeleev
| coauthors = Jensen, William B.
| title = Mendeleev on the Periodic Law: Selected Writings, 1869 - 1905
| location = Mineola, NY
| publisher = Dover
| year = 2005
| id = ISBN 0-486-44571-2
}}
* {{cite book
| first = Paul
| last = Strathern
| authorlink = Paul Strathern
| title = Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest For the Elements
| location = New York
| publisher = St. Martins Press
| year = 2001
| id = ISBN 0-312-26204-3
}}
* {{cite book
| first = Eric
| last = Scerri
| authorlink = Eric Scerri
| title = The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance
| location = New York
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2007
| id = ISBN 0-312-26204-3
}}

==References and external links==
===Biographies===
* ] and ], '''', care of the Woodrow Wilson Leadership Program in Chemistry. 20 sources. Notes, among other things, that various sources list D.M.'s siblings as being 10 to 16 in number.

===Periodic table===
*, annotated
*, 17 February 1869

===Other===
*, maintained by Eugene V. Babaev, last updated May 2005 (as of December 2005).
* by Mendeleev, July 4, 1889, annotated
*
*, Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
*
*
*
* article on ].
*
*
* of a talk by Michael Gordin titled "Periodicity, Priority, Pedagogy: Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer"

{{commons|Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев|Dmitri Mendeleev}}

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

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Revision as of 16:26, 25 February 2008

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