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] ]
The '''Fizeau experiment''' was carried out by ] in the 1850s to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water. The '''Fizeau experiment''' was carried out by ] in the 1851 to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water.


Fizeau's test was designed to evaluate the prediction by ] that a moving dispersive medium should create a partial offset in the speed of any light moving through it. Fizeau's result (that lightspeeds were partially dragged) is now generally considered as supporting evidence for the "]" characteristics of ]. Fizeau's test was designed to evaluate the prediction by ] that a moving dispersive medium should create a partial offset in the speed of any light moving through it, because the refractive index, n, would be dependent on the density of the ], so the '''Fresnel drag coefficient''' is
:<math> (1 - \frac{1}{n^2})</math>.
The velocity of light in a moving medium is therefore:
:<math> V = \frac {c}{n} + v (1 - \frac{1}{n^2}) </math>

This was confirmed by Fizeau's experiment in 1851. Based on the work of ] (1895) and ] (1905) it was shown by ] and ] (1907) that the Fresnel drag coefficient and Fizeau's experiment is supporting evidence for the "]" characteristics of ].


The experiment sent two beams of light through a pair of tubes filled with flowing water, so that one beam was always travelling in the same direction as the flowing water, and the other was travelling against the flow. The timelag between the two beams was then measured with an interferometer. The experiment sent two beams of light through a pair of tubes filled with flowing water, so that one beam was always travelling in the same direction as the flowing water, and the other was travelling against the flow. The timelag between the two beams was then measured with an interferometer.
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Although it is referred to as ''the'' Fizeau experiment, Fizeau was an active experimenter who carried out a wide variety of different experiments involving measuring the speed of light in different situations. Although it is referred to as ''the'' Fizeau experiment, Fizeau was an active experimenter who carried out a wide variety of different experiments involving measuring the speed of light in different situations.


Fizeau's result was replicated by ] and ], and by ]. Fizeau's result was replicated by ] and ] (1886), and by ] (1914).

==See also==
* ]


==References== ==References==


*{{Cite journal
* H. Fizeau, "''''" Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. '''57''' 385-404 (1859)
|author=Fizeau, H.
|title=Sur les hypothèses relatives à l’éther lumineux
|journal=Comptes Rendus
|volume=33
|year=1851
|pages=349–355
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29901/f351.chemindefer}}

*{{Cite journal
|author=Fizeau, H.
|title=Sur les hypothèses relatives à l’éther lumineux
|journal=Ann. de Chim. et de Phys.
|volume=57
|year=1859
|pages=385-404
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k347981/f381.table}}

*{{Cite journal
|author=Michelson, A. A. and Morley, E.W.
⚫ |title=Influence of motion of the medium on the motion of light
|journal=Am. J. Science
|volume=31
|year=1886
|pages=377-386}}

*{{Cite journal
|last=Laue, M.
|year=1907
|title= Die Mitführung des Lichtes durch bewegte Körper nach dem Relativitätsprinzip
|journal=Annalen der Physik
|volume =23
|pages =989-990
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k153304/f993.chemindefer}}

*{{Cite journal
|author=Zeeman, Pieter
⚫ |title=Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)
|journal=Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten.
|volume=17
|year=1914
|pages=445-451
|url=http://www.digitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1}}


*{{Cite journal
⚫ * A. A. Michelson and E.W. Morley, "''Influence of motion of the medium on the motion of light''" Am. J. Science '''31''' 377-386 (1886)
|author=Zeeman, Pieter
* Pieter Zeeman, "''Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)''" Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten. '''17''' 445-451 (1914) |title=Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)
|journal=Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten.
|volume=18
|year=1915
|pages=398-408
|url=http://www.digitallibrary.nl/proceedings/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1}}


*{{Cite book
⚫ * Pieter Zeeman, "''Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)''" Proc. Kon. Acad. van Weten. '''18''' 398-408 (1915)
|last=Miller, A.I.
|year=1981
|title= Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)
|location= Reading
|publisher=Addison–Wesley
|isbn=0-201-04679-2}}


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 09:44, 20 July 2008

Schema of Fizeau experiment

The Fizeau experiment was carried out by Hippolyte Fizeau in the 1851 to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water.

Fizeau's test was designed to evaluate the prediction by Augustin Fresnel that a moving dispersive medium should create a partial offset in the speed of any light moving through it, because the refractive index, n, would be dependent on the density of the luminiferous aether, so the Fresnel drag coefficient is

( 1 − 1 n 2 ) {\displaystyle (1-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}})} .

The velocity of light in a moving medium is therefore:

V = c n + v ( 1 − 1 n 2 ) {\displaystyle V={\frac {c}{n}}+v(1-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}})}

This was confirmed by Fizeau's experiment in 1851. Based on the work of Hendrik Lorentz (1895) and Albert Einstein (1905) it was shown by Jakob Laub and Max von Laue (1907) that the Fresnel drag coefficient and Fizeau's experiment is supporting evidence for the "velocity addition" characteristics of special relativity.

The experiment sent two beams of light through a pair of tubes filled with flowing water, so that one beam was always travelling in the same direction as the flowing water, and the other was travelling against the flow. The timelag between the two beams was then measured with an interferometer.

Although it is referred to as the Fizeau experiment, Fizeau was an active experimenter who carried out a wide variety of different experiments involving measuring the speed of light in different situations.

Fizeau's result was replicated by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley (1886), and by Pieter Zeeman (1914).

See also

References

  • Michelson, A. A. and Morley, E.W. (1886). "Influence of motion of the medium on the motion of light". Am. J. Science. 31: 377–386.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Miller, A.I. (1981). Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911). Reading: Addison–Wesley. ISBN 0-201-04679-2.

See also

Category: