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| {{Infobox Newspaper | | |||
| name = The Guardian | | |||
| image = ] | | |||
| caption = Typical ''Guardian'' front page | | |||
| type = Daily ] | | |||
| format = ] | | |||
| ceased publication = | | |||
| price = ]0.80 <small>(Monday-Friday)</small><br/>]1.50 <small>(Saturday)</small> | | |||
| foundation = 1821 | | |||
| owners = ] | | |||
| language = ] | | |||
| political = ]<ref name="undecidedvoters">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/oct/16/uselections2004.usa2|title=World writes to undecided voters|accessdate=2008-07-13|publisher=The Guardian|year=2004|author=Matt Wells|language=English}}</ref> | | |||
| circulation = 351,031 <ref>{{cite news | |||
| | last = Tryhorn | |||
| | first = Chris | |||
| | title = April ABCS - Financial Times dips for second month | |||
| | language = English | |||
| | publisher = Guardian.co.uk | |||
| | date = 9 May 2008 | |||
| | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/may/09/abcs.pressandpublishing1 | |||
| | accessdate = 24 May 2008}}</ref> | | |||
| headquarters = 119 ], ], EC1R 3ER | | |||
| editor = ] | | |||
| website = | | |||
| }} | |||
| '''''The Guardian ''''' (until 1959 '''''The Manchester Guardian''''') is a ] ] owned by the ]. It is published Monday to Saturday in the ] format from its ] and ] headquarters. | |||
| '']'', which circulates worldwide, provides a compact digest of four newspapers. It contains articles from ''The Guardian'' and its Sunday, sister paper '']'', as well as reports, features and book reviews from '']'' and articles translated from France's '']''. | |||
| The Guardian Media Group also runs a multi-award winning website, '']''. | |||
| ==Stance== | |||
| ] articles in ''The Guardian'' are generally to the left of the ]. This is reflected in the paper's readership: a ] poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80% of ''Guardian'' readers were ] voters;<ref>'']'' Spring 2003, ISBN 1-898876-97-5</ref> according to another ] poll taken in 2004, 44% of ''Guardian'' readers were Labour voters and 37% ] voters.<ref>MORI, 2005-03-09. ""</ref> | |||
| Founded by textile traders and merchants, ''The Guardian'' had a reputation as "an organ of the ]",<ref>], ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'', Progress, 1973, p 109.</ref> or in the words of C.P. Scott’s son Ted "a paper that will remain ] to the last".<ref>Ayerst, ''The Guardian'', 1971, p.471.</ref> "I write for the ''Guardian''," said Sir ] in 2005,<ref>'']'', ] ].</ref> "because it is read by the new establishment", reflecting the paper's growing influence. | |||
| Three of the ''Guardian'''s four leader writers joined the ] on its foundation in 1981, but the paper was enthusiastic in its support for ] in his bid to lead the Labour Party,<ref>''Guardian'' leader, ] ].</ref> and to become Prime Minister.<ref>''Guardian'' leader, ] ]/</ref> | |||
| Guardian Feature Editor Ian Katz stated in 2004 that "it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper"<ref name="undecidedvoters" />. In 2008 Guardian columist Jackie Ashley claimed that editorial contributors were a mix of "right-of-centre libertarians, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc" and that the newspaper was "clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive". She also said that "you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, the Guardian's stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper"<ref name="Guardianistas">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/apr/29/aretheguardianistasrats|title=Are the Guardianistas rats?|accessdate=2008-07-13|publisher=The Guardian|year=2008|author=Jackie Ashley|language=English}}</ref>. | |||
| ==Format== | |||
| Today, ''The Guardian'' is one of two British national daily newspapers, the other being the '']'', to be printed in full colour, although the ] edition still has some black-and-white pages.<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/editors/archives/2005/09/13/tuesdays_morning_conference.html | |||
| | title = Tuesday's morning conference | |||
| | publisher = The Guardian | |||
| | date = ] | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-02-11}}</ref> It was also the first newspaper in the UK to use the ] format. ''The Guardian'' had a certified average ] of 355,750 copies as of August 2007 – a drop of 5.94% on the first month of the year; as compared to sales of 887,664 for the '']'', 638,820 for '']'', and 239,834 for '']''.<ref>Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd - abc.org.uk</ref> | |||
| ==Awards== | |||
| It has been awarded the ''National Newspaper of the Year'' in 1999 and 2006 by the ], as well as being co-winner of the ''World's Best-designed Newspaper'' as awarded by the ] (2006). The '']'' website won the Best Newspaper category three years running in 2005, 2006 and 2007 ], beating (in 2005) the '']'', the '']'', the '']'' and '']''.<ref>The Webby Awards, 2005. "."</ref> It has been the winner for six years in a row of the ] for Best Electronic Daily Newspaper.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newspaperawards.co.uk/default.htm | title=The 2006 Newspaper Awards | accessdate=2006-05-29}}</ref> The site won an '']'' award from the US-based magazine '']'' in 2000 for the best-designed newspaper online service.<ref>Eppy Awards, 2000. "."</ref> The website is known for its commentary on sporting events, particularly its over-by-over cricket commentary. | |||
| In 2007 it was ranked first in a study on transparency which analysed 25 mainstream English-language media vehicles, and which was conducted by the ] of the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icmpa.umd.edu/pages/studies/transparency/main.html |title= Openness & Accountability: A Study of Transparency in Global Media Outlets|accessdate=2008-06-19 |work= |date= }}</ref> It scored 3.8 out of a possible 4.0. | |||
| ==Ownership== | |||
| ''The Guardian'' is part of the GMG ] of newspapers, radio stations, print media including '']'' Sunday newspaper, the '']'', '']'' international newspaper, and new media—] website, and '']''. All the aforementioned are owned by ], a charitable foundation which aims to ensure the newspaper's ] in perpetuity, maintaining its financial health to ensure it does not become vulnerable to take over by for-profit media groups, and the serious compromise of editorial independence that this often brings. | |||
| ''The Guardian'' has been consistently loss-making. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes ''The Observer'', reported operating losses of £49.9m in 2006, up from £18.6m in 2005.<ref>Guardian Media Group plc 2006. "".</ref> The paper is therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group, including ] and the ''Manchester Evening News''. | |||
| ''The Guardian'''s ownership by the Scott Trust is likely a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental ] in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company.<ref>Guardian Newspapers Ltd & Scott Trust, 2005. "".</ref> It is also the only British daily national newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the "readers' editor") to handle complaints and corrections. | |||
| ''The Guardian'' and its parent groups participate in ],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/ | title=Project Syndicate | accessdate=2006-04-04}}</ref> established by ], and intervened in 1995 to save the '']'' in ], but Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares in the ''Mail & Guardian'' in 2002. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Political alignment and controversies=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The ''Manchester Guardian'' was founded in Manchester in 1821 by a group of ] businessmen headed by ]. The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that "it will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty ... it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy; and to support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures." According to a December, 2004 survey, 44% of Guardian readers voted in favour of ], 37% for the Liberal Democrats and only 5% for the Conservatives, the lowest percentage of any large British newspaper.<ref name="MORI survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2004/voting-by-readership.shtml|title=MORI survey of newspaper readers|accessdate=2007-12-21}}</ref> | |||
| The ''Manchester Guardian'' was hostile to the Unionist cause in the American civil war, writing on the news that Lincoln had been assassinated ‘of his rule, we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty’.<ref>27 April 1865</ref> | |||
| Its most famous editor, ], made the ''Manchester Guardian'' into a nationally famous newspaper. He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the ] against popular opinion.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} | |||
| But Scott opposed the ] movement for its direct action: ‘The really ludicrous position is that Mr Lloyd George is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people’s windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him.’ Scott thought the Suffragettes’ ‘courage and devotion’ was ‘worthy of a better cause and saner leadership’.<ref>quoted in David Ayerst, ''The Guardian,'' 1971, p 353</ref> | |||
| Scott's friendship with ] played a role in the ], and in 1948 the ''Guardian'' was a supporter of the State of ]. Daphna Baram tells the story of the ''Guardian'''s relationship with the ] movement and Israel in the book "''Disenchantment: The Guardian and Israel''".<ref>{{cite book | title=Disenchantment: The ''Guardian'' and Israel | author=Daphna Baram | authorlink=Daphna Baram | publisher=Politico | year=2003 | id=ISBN 1-84275-119-0}}</ref> | |||
| In June 1936 ownership of the paper passed to the ] (named after the last owner, John Russell Scott, who was the first chairman of the Trust). This move ensured the paper's independence. | |||
| Traditionally affiliated with the centrist ], and with a northern, ] circulation base, the paper earned a national reputation and the respect of the left during the ]. With the pro-] '']'', the ]-supporting '']'', the ]'s '']'' and several Sunday and weekly papers, it supported the 'Republican' government against General ]'s insurgent ']'. The paper so loathed Labour’s left wing champion ] ‘and the hate-gospellers of his entourage’ that it called for Attlee’s post-war Labour government to be voted out of office.<ref>''Manchester Guardian'', leader, ] ]</ref> Its anti-establishment stance fell short of opposing military intervention during the 1956 ]: ‘The government is right to be prepared for military action at Suez’, because Egyptian control of the canal would be ‘commercially damaging for the West and perhaps part of a plan for creating a new Arab Empire based on the Nile'.<ref>Leader, ] ]</ref> | |||
| ===After 1959=== | |||
| When 14 Civil Rights demonstrators were killed on Bloody Sunday, ] ], in Northern Ireland, the Guardian blamed the protesters: ‘The organisers of the demonstration, Miss ] among them, deliberately challenged the ban on marches. They knew that stone throwing and sniping could not be prevented, and that the IRA might use the crowd as a shield.’ (''Guardian'', ] ]<ref>"Leader, ] ] " ''The Guardian''.</ref> ). Lord Widgery's enquiry into the killings was widely believed to have been a whitewash {{Fact|date=April 2007}} - the ''Guardian'', however, declared that ‘Lord Widgery’s report is not one-sided’ (] ]<ref>"Leader, ] ] " ''The Guardian''.</ref>). The ''Guardian'' also supported internment without trial in Northern Ireland: 'Internment without trial is hateful, repressive and undemocratic. In the existing Irish situation, most regrettably, it is also inevitable. ... To remove the ringleaders, in the hope that the atmosphere might calm down, is a step to which there is no obvious alternative.’ (''Guardian'' leader, ] ]) And before then, the ''Guardian'' had called for British troops to be sent to the region: British soldiers could ‘present a more disinterested face of law and order’ (leader, ] ]), but only on condition that ‘Britain takes charge’ (leader, ] ]). | |||
| In 1983 the paper was at the centre of a controversy surrounding documents regarding the stationing of ] in Britain that were leaked to the Guardian by civil servant ]. ''The Guardian'' eventually complied with a court order to hand over the documents to the authorities, which resulted in a prison sentence for Tisdall. | |||
| The ''Guardian'' supported military action against Iraq in 1991: 'The simple cause, at the end, is just. An evil regime in Iraq instituted an evil and brutal invasion. Our soldiers and airmen are there, at UN behest, to set that evil right. Their duties are clear ... let the momentum and the resolution be swift.' (leader ] ]). After the event, journalist Maggie O'Kane conceded that she and other journalists had been a mouthpiece for war propaganda: 'we, the media, were harnessed like beach donkeys and led through the sand to see what the British and US military wanted us to see in this nice clean war.’ (''Guardian'' ] ]) | |||
| In 1995, both the ] programme '']'' and ''The Guardian'' were sued for ] by the then cabinet minister ], for their allegation that the ] owner ] had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the ] in ], which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated he would fight with "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play".<ref>Jonathan Aitken, 1995. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> The court case proceeded, and in 1997 ''The Guardian'' produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue.<ref>Luke Harding and David Pallister, 1997 "" ''The Guardian''.</ref> In 1999, Aitken was jailed for ] and ].<ref>BBC News, 1999. "."</ref> | |||
| ===Since 2000=== | |||
| In the early 2000s the newspaper challenged the ] and the ].<ref>Clare Dyer, ] ]. "" ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>Nicholas Watt, ] ]. "" ''The Guardian''</ref> | |||
| The ''Guardian'' supported NATO's military intervention in the ] in 1999. Though the ] did not support the attack, the ''Guardian'' insisted that ‘The only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force’ (Leader, ] ]). More bluntly, Mary Kaldor headlined her piece ‘Bombs away!’ (] ]). | |||
| ] warned ‘armchair critics of Nato’s strategy in Kosovo’ what was at stake: ‘the defeat of Nato by Yugoslavia is a prospect that cannot be contemplated’ (''Guardian'', ] ]). The moral certainty about Nato was mirrored by a similarly low opinion of the country they were fighting over: ‘a god-forsaken, dirt-poor, hate-ridden blot on the map of Europe’, according to ] (Guardian,18 April 1999). | |||
| During the ] and ] wars ''The Guardian'' attracted a significant proportion of anti-war readers as one of the mass-media outlets most critical of UK and USA military initiatives. The ''Guardian'' did, however, endorse the argument that Iraq had to be disarmed of 'Weapons of Mass Destruction': ‘It is not credible to argue, as Iraq did in its initial reaction to Mr Powell , that it is simply all lies. ...Iraq must disarm.’ (''Guardian'' Leader, Thursday ], ]) And the paper congratulated UK Prime Minister on his victory: 'For a leader who went to war in the absence of a single political ally who believed in the war as unreservedly as he did, Iraq now looks like a vindication on an astounding scale.' (Hugo Young, ] ]) | |||
| Despite its early support for the ] movement, in recent decades ''The Guardian'' has often been perceived as critical of ]i government policy. In December 2003 journalist ] cited this as one of the reasons she left the paper for '']''.<ref>Julie Burchill, ] ]. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> She later accused The Guardian of being anti-semitic.<ref>"The Guardian, the newspaper I left some years ago in protest at what I saw as its vile anti-Semitism."</ref> | |||
| In 2008 the editor of ''The Guardian'', ], apologised for an editorial in the newspaper in 2002 concerning "]", which stated that "Israel's actions in ] were every bit as repellent as ]'s ]." Rusbridger described the statement as a misjudgment.<ref> {{cite news | url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1204546391279 | title='Guardian' editor apologizes for Jenin editorial| publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=March 4, 2008}}</ref>. | |||
| In 2006, the paper was accused by Harvard law professor ] of being biased against Israel.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1136739501.html?dids=1136739501:1136739501&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+2006&author=ALAN+DERSHOWITZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=16&desc=%27The+Guardian%27+at+the+crossroads | title='The Guardian' at the crossroads | publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=September 27, 2006}}</ref> This allegation was denied by the Guardian's foreign editor, Harriet Sherwood, who says the paper aims to cover all viewpoints in the ].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/values/socialaudit/story/0,,1931208,00.html | title=News coverage | publisher=The Guardian |date=October 25, 2006}}</ref> On ] ] the paper commemorated the 40th anniversary of the ] by giving equal space to the Israeli and ] prime ministers to explain their views on the conflict and its legacy.<ref>Ismail Haniyeh, ] ]. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref><ref>Ehud Olmert, ] ]. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> | |||
| In August 2004, for the ], the daily ''G2'' supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in ], ], a small county in a ]. ''G2'' editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of making the correct decision. There was something of a ] to this campaign. The paper scrapped ''Operation Clark County'' on ], ] after first publishing a column of vituperation under the headline 'Dear Limey assholes'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1329858,00.html|title=Dear Limey Assholes|accessdate=2008-05-13|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=2004-10-18}}</ref> | |||
| In October 2004 ''The Guardian'' published a humour column by ] in its entertainment guide, which appeared to call for the assassination of US President ].<ref>CNS News, ] ]."."</ref> This caused some controversy and the paper was forced to issue an apology and remove the article from its website.<ref>Charlie Brooker, ] ]."." ''The Guardian''.</ref> | |||
| Following the ], ''The Guardian'' published an article on its comment pages by ], a 27 year old British ] journalism trainee from ].<ref>Dilpazier Aslam, 2005-07-13. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> Aslam was a member of ], an ] group, and had published a number of articles on their website. According to the paper, it did not know that Aslam was a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir when he applied to become a trainee, though several staff members were informed of this once he started at the paper.<ref>Media Guardian, 2005-07-22. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> The ] has claimed the group's "ultimate aim is the establishment of an ] state (Caliphate), according to Hizb ut-Tahrir via non-violent means". ''The Guardian'' asked Aslam to resign his membership of the group and, when he did not do so, terminated his employment.<ref>Steve Busfield, 2005-07-22. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> | |||
| On ] ], an article in ''The Guardian'' read: "Romania's first gift to the European Union, a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers", alluding to the fact that Romania and Bulgaria's joining of the European Union would allow for the formation of a far-right faction in the European Parliament. As Robin Shepherd, an expert on global integration and GMF political analyst, pointed out, many frowned upon the tone with which the English press wrote about Europe's newcomers. He asked: "...what is a high-level, pro-European Union newspaper playing at in headlining a report on the rise of hard-line nationalism with language that could itself be construed as pandering to xenophobia?"<ref>Robin Shepherd, "Romania, Bulgaria, and the EU's Future." GMFUS</ref> | |||
| The paper's comment and opinion pages, though dominated by centre-left writers and academics like Polly Toynbee, allow some space for right-of-centre voices such as ]. | |||
| ===Format and distribution=== | |||
| The first edition was published on ], ],<ref>Schoolnet n.d. "."</ref> at which time the ''Guardian'' was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7].; the ] on newspapers (4]. per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836 the ''Guardian'' added a Wednesday edition; with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d. | |||
| In 1952 the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. P. Wadsworth wrote: "It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion." | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1959 the paper dropped "Manchester" from its title, becoming simply ''The Guardian'', and in 1964 it moved to ], losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the less intellectual but much more profitable '']''. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with ''The Times''. The paper consolidated its ] stance during the 1970s and 1980s but was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of '']'' in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation. | |||
| On ] ] ''The Guardian'' had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to the now familiar juxtaposition of an ] ] "''The''", with a bold ] "Guardian", which remained in use until the 2005 redesign. | |||
| In 1992 it relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other "quality" broadsheets, and ultimately led to the rise of "compact" papers and ''The Guardian'''s move to the Berliner format. In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet 'price war' started by ]'s ''The Times''. In June 1993, ''The Guardian'' bought '']'' from ], thus gaining a serious Sunday newspaper partner with similar political views. | |||
| Its international weekly edition is now titled '']'', though it retained the title ''Manchester Guardian Weekly'' for some years after the home edition had moved to London. It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including '']''. The Guardian Weekly is also linked to a website for expatriates ]. | |||
| ''g24'' is a constantly-updated electronic newspaper available free of charge. It is downloadable as a ] file. The contents come from ''The Guardian'' and its Sunday sibling '']''. | |||
| ==Moving to the Berliner paper format== | |||
| In 2004, ''The Guardian'' announced plans to change to a "]" or "]" format similar to that used by '']'' and '']'' in France and many other ]an papers; at 470×315 mm, this is slightly larger than a traditional ]. Planned for the autumn of 2005, this change was either a response to, or has the same cause as, the moves by '']'' and '']'' to start publishing in tabloid (or compact) format. On Thursday ] ] ''The Guardian'' announced that it would launch the new format on Monday ] ].<ref>Claire Cozens, 2005-09-01. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> Sister Sunday newspaper ''The Observer'' went over to the same format on ] ]. | |||
| The advantage that ''The Guardian'' saw in the Berliner format was that though it is only a little wider than a tabloid, and is thus equally easy to read on ], its greater height gives more flexibility in page design. The new presses mean that printing can go right across the 'gutter', the strip down the middle of the centre page, allowing the paper to print striking double page pictures. The new presses also made the paper the first UK national able to print in full colour on every page. | |||
| The format switch was accompanied by a comprehensive redesign of the paper's look. On Friday ] ] the newspaper unveiled its new look front page, which débuted on Monday ] ]. Designed by ], the new look includes a new ] for the newspaper, its first since 1988. A typeface family called Guardian Egyptian, designed by ] and ], was created for the new design. No other typeface is used anywhere in the paper - all stylistic variations are based on various forms of Guardian Egyptian. | |||
| The switch cost Guardian Newspapers £80 million and involved setting up new printing presses in east London and Manchester. This was because, prior to the Guardian's move, no printing presses in the UK could produce newspapers in the Berliner format. There were additional complications as one of the Guardian's presses was part-owned by '']'' and '']'', and it was contracted to use the plant until 2009. Another press was shared with the ]'s north western tabloid local papers, which did not wish to switch to the Berliner format. | |||
| The new format was generally well received by ''Guardian'' readers, who were encouraged to provide feedback on the changes. The only controversy was over the dropping of the '']'' cartoon strip. ''The Guardian'' reported thousands of calls and emails complaining about its loss and within 24 hours, the decision was reversed and the strip was reinstated the following week. ''G2'' section editor Ian Katz, who was responsible for dropping it, apologised in the editors' blog saying, "I'm sorry, once again, that I made you - and the hundreds of fellow fans who have called our helpline or mailed our comments' address - so cross".<ref>.Retrieved on ].</ref> Some readers are however dissatisfied as the earlier deadline needed for the all-colour sports section has meant that coverage of late-finishing evening football matches is less satisfactory than before the redesign in the editions supplied to some parts of the country. | |||
| The investment was rewarded with a circulation rise. In December 2005, the average daily sale stood at 380,693, nearly 6% higher than the figure for December 2004.<ref>Claire Cozens, 2006-01-13. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> In 2006, the US-based ] chose ''The Guardian'' and Polish daily '']'' as the world's best-designed newspapers – from among 389 entries from 44 countries.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,,1714643,00.html | title=Guardian wins design award | author=Steve Busfield |date=February 21, 2006 | publisher=Guardian}}</ref> | |||
| ==Supplements and features== | |||
| {{sidebar|'''Current columnists''' | |||
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| ] ] including the G2 supplement]] | |||
| On each weekday ''The Guardian'' comes with the G2 supplement containing feature articles, columns, television and radio listings, and the quick crossword. Since the change to the Berliner format, there is a separate daily Sport section. Other regular supplements during the week include: | |||
| ; Monday: ''MediaGuardian, Office Hours'' | |||
| ; Tuesday: ''EducationGuardian'' | |||
| ; Wednesday: ''SocietyGuardian'' (covers the British ] and related issues) | |||
| ; Thursday: ''TechnologyGuardian'' | |||
| ; Friday: ''Film & Music'' | |||
| ; Saturday: ''The Guide'' (a weekly ]), ''Weekend'' (the colour supplement), ''Review'' (covers ]), ''Money'', ''Work'', ''Graduate'', ''Travel'' and ''Family''. | |||
| Though the main news section was in the large broadsheet format, the supplements were all in the half-sized ] format, with the exception of the glossy ''Weekend'' section which was a 290×245 mm magazine and ''The Guide'' which was in a small 225×145 mm format. | |||
| With the change of the main section to the Berliner format, the specialist sections are now printed as Berliner, as is a now-daily Sports section, but G2 has moved to a "magazine-sized" demi-Berliner format. A Thursday Technology section and daily science coverage in the news section replaced Life and Online. ''Weekend'' and ''The Guide'' are still in the same small formats as before the change. | |||
| On Monday to Thursday, the supplements carry substantial quantities of recruitment advertising as well as editorial on their specialised topics. | |||
| ===Regular columns=== | |||
| * ] (]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ''Whatever happened to ... '' (following up a "forgotten news story" based on reader suggestions) | |||
| * The Digested Read, in which ] writes a 500-word satirical synopsis of a recently published book. | |||
| * Ask Hadley - fashion advice from ] | |||
| * Two wheels, a column about cycling written by ] | |||
| ===Regular cartoon strips=== | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * ''My Peculiar World'' by Karrie Fransman (in G2) | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| * ''Loomus'', by ] (Saturday, in the Family section) | |||
| * ''Media Tarts'' (Monday, in the Media section) | |||
| * '']'' (Wednesday, in the Society section) | |||
| * '']'' (Saturday, in the Guide section) | |||
| * ''The Pitchers'', by Berger & Wyse (Friday, in the Film and Music section). Berger & Wyse also produce a weekly cartoon for the food pages of Weekend magazine. | |||
| ]s ] and ] get frequent hate mail for their treatment of controversial topics.<ref>Martin Rowson ] ]."."''The Guardian''.</ref> | |||
| ===Online media=== | |||
| {{main|guardian.co.uk}} | |||
| ''The Guardian'' and its Sunday sibling, ''The Observer'' publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old.<ref>Emily Bell, 2005-10-08. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> The website also offers a free printable A4 format ] 24-hour newspaper, G24<ref></ref> – made up of the top stories – and, for a monthly subscription, the complete newspaper in ] format. It is the second-most popular ] newspaper site<ref>] ]].</ref> with more than 18.5 million users a month, compared with the top site ]'s 18.6 million. | |||
| ''The Guardian'' also has a number of talkboards that are noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy. They were spoofed in the ''Guardian's'' own regular humorous ''Chatroom'' column in G2. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on , a real URL which points to ''The Guardian'''s talkboards. | |||
| In the ']' section the public is invited to join in rigorous and sometimes bad-tempered debates about political issues. The section is comprised of ''Guardian'' columns and online pieces by other contributors, many of whom end up facing heavy criticism from readers. Notable writers who came in for criticism include: | |||
| *Radio DJ ] upon declaring his support for ] in the 2008 London Mayor election <ref></ref> | |||
| *]'s travel blog about his trip to India and ], after it was discovered that his father, Paul Gogarty, had also written travel articles for the Guardian, raising charges of ] <ref></ref> | |||
| ''The Guardian'' has also launched a dating website, ''Soulmates'',<ref>.Retrieved on ].</ref> and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly ] series by ].<ref>Jason Deans, 2005-12-08. "] Christmas show]." ''The Guardian''.</ref> In January 2006 Gervais' show topped the ] podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide,<ref>Media Guardian "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> and is scheduled to be listed in the 2007 '']'' as the most downloaded Podcast.<ref>John Plunkett, 2006-02-06. "." ''The Guardian''.</ref> | |||
| ==''GuardianFilms''== | |||
| In 2003, ''The Guardian'' started ''GuardianFilms'', headed by award-winning journalist ]. Much of the company's output is documentary made for television – and it has included ]'s '']'' for ]'s daily flagship '']'', some of which have been shown in compilations by ''] International'', ''Sex On The Streets'' and ''Spiked'', both made for the ]'s ] television. | |||
| ' ''GuardianFilms'' was born in a sleeping bag in the Burmese ],' wrote O'Kane in 2003. 'I was a foreign correspondent for the paper, and it had taken me weeks of negotiations, dealing with shady contacts and a lot of walking to reach the cigar-smoking Karen twins - the boy soldiers who were leading attacks against the country's ruling junta. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's ''G2'' section, I got a call from the ]'s documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers. Could I give them all my contacts? | |||
| 'The plight of the Karen people, who were forced into slave labour in the rainforest to build pipelines for oil companies (some of them British), was a tale of human suffering that needed to be told by any branch of the media that was interested. I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through ] to get into ]. Good girl. Afterwards - and not for the first time – it seemed to me that we at the ''Guardian'' should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films.' | |||
| ==''The Guardian'' in popular culture== | |||
| The nickname '''''{{lang|und|The Grauniad}}''''' for the paper originated with the satirical magazine '']''. It came about because of its reputation for frequent and sometimes unintentionally amusing typographical errors, hence the popular myth that the paper once misspelled its own name on the page one masthead as ''{{lang|und|The Gaurdian}}'', though many recall the more inventive ''{{lang|und|The Grauniad}}''. The domain grauniad.co.uk is registered to the Guardian, and redirects to its Website. | |||
| The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, perhaps the most notable being a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at ''{{lang|und|atction}}'' instead of ''auction''. There are fewer ]s in the paper since the end of ]{{Fact|date=October 2007}} – to maintain a tradition, the daily 'Corrections and clarifications' column lists even the smallest mistakes. | |||
| In fact, the paper was not more prone than other papers to misprints but Londoners saw the First edition printed each night because the paper was printed in Manchester. National papers in Britain at this time contained large numbers of "typos" which they removed progressively as the night wore on and they were noticed. Thus a paper like The Times would have as many mistakes in the North of England as The Guardian did in London. However, because media opinion was set in London, only The Guardian got a bad reputation. | |||
| Until the founding of the ''Independent'', the ''Guardian'' was Britain's only 'serious' national daily newspaper to support centrist or centre-left politics. The term "''Guardian'' reader" has been used pejoratively by those who do not agree with the paper – and self-deprecatingly by those who do. | |||
| The ''Guardian'''s ] coverage is extensive. The paper also appears to have moved away from covering alternative therapies. Its ''Weekend'' supplement featured a column by ], a natural health therapist, until August 2006 and G2 was, until the relaunch, home to ] weekly column on complementary medicine (Ernst is professor of complementary medicine at the Plymouth, ]-based ],<ref>Sarah Boseley, 2003-09-26 "." ''The Guardian''.</ref>). The paper now carries the debunking ''Bad Science'' column<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/badscience/ | |||
| | title = Bad Science | |||
| | publisher = The Guardian | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-02-10}}</ref> | |||
| by ] which has been the source of a recent controversy over the efficacy of ]. | |||
| ===Reader stereotype=== | |||
| There are many stereotypes, but perhaps the most prominent is that of the Labour-voting middle-class ''Guardian'' reader with centre-left/left-wing politics rooted in the 1960s, working in the public sector or academia, sometimes eating ]s and ], living in north ] (especially ] and ]), wearing ], sometimes believing in ] and ] though more often atheistic or non-religious and rational. It has been claimed that the majority of university students in the UK who read a newspaper read the ''Guardian''.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}. This might be illustrated by ] ] ]'s largely rhetorical question in the ] on ], ]: | |||
| <blockquote>"Does my Right Hon. Friend find it bizarre — as I do — that the yoghurt- and muesli-eating, ''Guardian''-reading fraternity are only too happy to protect the ] of people engaged in ] acts, but never once do they talk about the human rights of those who are affected by them?"<ref>.</ref></blockquote> | |||
| The Guardian's cartoon strips by ] during the 1980s satirised the paper's stereotype reader, relating events in the life of, among others, former nurse Wendy Weber and her polytechnic sociology lecturer husband George. | |||
| The ] of the Guardian reader is a persistent feature of British political and social discourse. ]s have used the "doctor slang" acronym ''GROLIES'' (Guardian Reader Of Low Intelligence in Ethnic Skirt) on patient notes.<ref>''BBC News'', 2003-08-18. "."</ref> The stereotype is occasionally referenced self-deprecatingly by Guardian readers in the newspaper's letters page, such as opening a response to a surprising claim in a recent article with "I nearly choked on my muesli".{{Fact|date=July 2008}} | |||
| ===April Fool content=== | |||
| ''The Guardian'', along with other British news outlets, has a tradition of ] articles on ], sometimes contributed by regular advertisers such as ]. The most elaborate of these was a travel supplement on ], whilst an article in the ''Guardian'' dated ] ] written by one Olaf Priol suggested that ] of ] would be supporting the ] at the next ] and had already written a campaign song for them. Olaf Priol is an ] of April Fool. | |||
| ===References in fiction=== | |||
| * In the play '']'' Henry Horatio Hobson worries that his reputation will be in tatters after ']'. He comments that if the news were to be intercepted by the ''Manchester Guardian'' then everyone would know. | |||
| * Political comedy ] mocked the ''Guardian'' several times. In the ] of ] series 3 (1982), a conversation about a priceless antique vase goes: | |||
| :"]: A friend of mine was very interested in it''." | |||
| :"]: Hmm''?" | |||
| :"Annie: Her name's Jenny Goodwin from ''The Guardian''." | |||
| :"Bernard: The Guardian!" | |||
| :"Annie: Yes." | |||
| :"Bernard: A journalist." | |||
| :"Annie: Yes, well, the Guardian anyway..." | |||
| * The 1984 ] of '']'' shows a number of newspapers tipping Jim Hacker as the next Prime Minister including ''The Guardian'' misspelled as ''{{lang|und|The Gaurdian}}'' in the header. In Episode 6 a group of pro-] protesters tell ] that the Guardian told them the area they are fighting to save has been inhabited by badgers for generations. In fact Hacker points out jokingly the "bodgers" have lived there for "generators", satirising the Guardian's reputation for spelling errors. | |||
| *In Episode 4 of the second series of '']'', ] says: | |||
| :"I know exactly who reads the papers: '']'' is read by people who ''think they run'' the country; ''The Guardian'' is read by people who think ''they ought to run'' the country; '']'' is read by people who ''actually do run'' the country; '']'' is read by ''the wives'' of the people who run the country; '']'' is read by people who ''own'' the country; '']'' is read by people who think the country ought to be run by '']''; and '']'' is read by people who think ''it is''." | |||
| :]: "Prime Minister, what about the people who read '']''?" | |||
| :]: "''Sun'' readers don't care who runs the country, as long as she's got big tits." | |||
| *In the '']'' episode "Boring," Rick eagerly notes that ''The Guardian'' has an article on how to get an increased ]. Unfortunately the paper has totally mangled the spelling of a key part of it, leaving Rick with no idea how to get the increased grant. Worse still, the misspelling happens to sound the same as a Satanic chant, so that when Neil repeats what Rick read out loud he accidentally summons a demon who tries to kill everyone there. | |||
| *In the '']'', an entire planet goes into hibernation to wait out a galactic recession, only reviving themselves when the stock market reaches a satisfactorily high level for their needs. "], a regular Guardian reader, was deeply shocked by this", adding later about space: "There's so much of it, and so little in it, it sometimes reminds me of ]". | |||
| *In the ] episode in the first season of '']'', ] demonstrates his extreme age by using the pre-1959 name: | |||
| :]: Statler, do you 'get' the banana sketch? | |||
| :Statler: No, I get '']'' and ''The Manchester Guardian''. | |||
| *In the 2006 film '']'', the US president played by Dennis Quaid is known for not reading the papers, until he starts reading the Guardian. | |||
| *In the film, '']'', Jason Bourne (Matt Damon) is mentioned in an article published in The Guardian and a reporter working for the newspaper itself plays a key role in the film. | |||
| *In the Season Six episode of '']'' (2004) entitled 'The Wake Up Call', Assistant White House Press Secretary ], portrayed by ], responds to a reporter quoting a damning allegation by The Guardian, stating 'Well, the British papers can be a little dodgy'. | |||
| ==Literary and media awards== | |||
| ''The Guardian'' is the sponsor of two major literary awards: The ], established in 1999 as a successor to the ] which had run since 1965, and the ], founded in 1967. In recent years it has also sponsored the ] in ]. | |||
| The annual ], founded in 1999, recognise excellence in journalism and design of British ] and college ], magazines and websites. | |||
| In memory of ], who died in 2004, ''The Guardian'' and '']'' jointly set up the "]", with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative or campaigning journalism.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Editors== | |||
| * ] (1821 – 1844) | |||
| * ] (1844 – 1861) (jointly with ] in 1847 – 1848) | |||
| * ] (1861 – 1872) | |||
| * ] (1872 – 1929) | |||
| * ] (1929 – 1932) | |||
| * ] (1932 – 1944) | |||
| * ] (1944 – 1956) | |||
| * ] (1956 – 1975) | |||
| * ] (1975 – 1995) | |||
| * ] (1995 – present) | |||
| ==Notable regular contributors (past and present)== | |||
| {|width=100% | |||
| |-valign=top | |||
| |width=25%| | |||
| '''Columnists''' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Paul Arendt | |||
| * ] | |||
| * George Armstrong | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Laura Barton | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Julian Borger | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]<!--http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/inayat_bunglawala/profile.html--> | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Terry Coleman | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Robin Denselow | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Clare Dyer | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * James Erlichman | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| |width=25%| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Suzanne Goldenberg | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * J. G. Hamilton | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * David Hencke | |||
| * Jon Henley | |||
| * Peter Hetherington | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Philip Hope-Wallace | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Erwin James (pseudonym) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Maev Kennedy | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (as ''Dulcie Domum'') | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Lucy Mangan | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Mark Milner | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Suzanne Moore | |||
| |width=25%| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]<ref>.Retrieved ].</ref> | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * John Palmer | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ']' | |||
| * Anne Perkins | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Agnès Poirier | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Gillian Reynolds | |||
| * Stanley Reynolds | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Simon Ross | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Norman Shrapnel | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Simon Tisdall | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Andrew Veitch | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| |width=25%| | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Martin Woollacott | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Victor Zorza<ref>.Retrieved on ].</ref><ref>] ]].Retrieved on ].</ref> | |||
| '''Cartoonists''' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Les Gibbard | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Bill Papas | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * David Shenton<ref>.Retrieved on ].</ref> | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Kipper Williams | |||
| '''Satirists''' | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] aka ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| '''Experts''' | |||
| * Emily Bell | |||
| * Richard Ehrlich | |||
| * Matthew Fort | |||
| * Malcolm Gluck | |||
| * ] | |||
| '''Photographers/Picture Editors''' | |||
| * Herbert Walter Doughty (''The Manchester Guardian'''s 1st Photographer July 1908) | |||
| * Eamonn McCabe | |||
| |} | |||
| ==The Newsroom archive== | |||
| ''The Guardian'' and its sister newspaper '']'' also provide , a visitor centre in ]. It contains their ]s, including bound copies of old editions, a ] ] and other items such as ], ]s and ]s. This material may be consulted by members of the public. The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational programme for schools. There is also an extensive ''Manchester Guardian'' archive at the ]'s ] and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives. The ] also has a large archive of the ''Manchester Guardian'', available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their | |||
| collection. | |||
| In November 2007 ''The Guardian'' and ''The Observer'' made their archives available over the internet via . The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 1975 for ''The Guardian'' and 1900 to 1975 for ''The Observer''. However, these archives are to be expanded in the future. | |||
| ==See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * (in ]; use a ]) | |||
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| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * at the of the ] | |||
| <br style="clear:both"> | |||
| {{UK newspapers}} | |||
| {{Guardian Media Group}} | |||
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Revision as of 13:03, 16 August 2008
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