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| |country = Poland | |country = Poland | ||
| |era = Middle Ages | |era = Middle Ages | ||
| |status = |
|status = | ||
| |status_text = ]ric |
|status_text = Imperial ]ric = | ||
| |empire = | |||
| |government_type = Theocracy | |government_type = Theocracy | ||
| | | | | ||
| |year_start = |
|year_start = 1243 | ||
| |year_end = |
|year_end = 1945 | ||
| | | |||
| |event_start = | |||
| |date_start = Second Peace of Thorn (1466) | |||
| |event1 = Bishopric founded as<br> a ] |
|event1 = Bishopric founded as<br> a ] | ||
| |date_event1 = 1243 | |date_event1 = 1243 | ||
| |event2 = Gained '']'' | |event2 = Gained '']'' | ||
| Line 26: | Line 23: | ||
| |date_event3 = 1479 | |date_event3 = 1479 | ||
| |event4 = Two-thirds annexed by<br> by ] | |event4 = Two-thirds annexed by<br> by ] | ||
| |date_event4 = |
|date_event4 = 1512 Exempt - directly under Pope | ||
| |event_end = |
|event_end = Prussia|Prussia]] | ||
| |date_end = August 5 | |date_end = August 5 | ||
| | | | | ||
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| |image_coat = POL Księstwo Warmińskie IRP COA.svg | |image_coat = POL Księstwo Warmińskie IRP COA.svg | ||
| |image_map = KsięstwoWarmińskieIRP.png | |image_map = KsięstwoWarmińskieIRP.png | ||
| |image_map_caption = Episcopal Duchy of Warmia in 1635, marked in red on the map of the ] | |image_map_caption = Episcopal Duchy of Warmia in Prussia in 1635, marked in red on the map of the ] | ||
| | | | | ||
| |capital = ] (Allenstein) |latd=53 |latm=47 |latNS=N |longd=20 |longm=30 |longEW=E | |capital = ] (Allenstein) |latd=53 |latm=47 |latNS=N |longd=20 |longm=30 |longEW=E | ||
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| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Episcopal Duchy of Warmia''' <ref>{{cite book |title=Parallax |last=Hirshfeld |first=Alan |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=9780716737117 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Gskt6uKd3wC&pg=PA36&vq=episcopal+duchy+of+Warmia&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1&sig=ACfU3U2NOAHpwQ2EmHtdTDXeKdUjLyGwAQ}}</ref> ({{lang-pl|Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie}})<ref></ref> ({{lang-de|Fürstbistum Ermland}}) <ref></ref>, sometimes |
The '''Episcopal Duchy of Warmia''' <ref>{{cite book |title=Parallax |last=Hirshfeld |first=Alan |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=9780716737117 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Gskt6uKd3wC&pg=PA36&vq=episcopal+duchy+of+Warmia&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1&sig=ACfU3U2NOAHpwQ2EmHtdTDXeKdUjLyGwAQ}}</ref> ({{lang-pl|Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie}})<ref></ref> ({{lang-de|Fürstbistum Ermland}}) <ref></ref>, sometimes falsely referred to as '''Duchy of Warmia''' (it never had a duke), or '''Bishopric of Warmia''' was a seperate administrative district ruled by a ], located in ], that was detached from the ] by the ] in 1466 <ref>{{cite book |title=A Concise History of Poland |last=Lukowski |first=Jerzy |authorlink= |coauthors=Hubert Zawadzki |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=9780521853323 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA48&dq=1466+thorn+Ermeland+date:1950-2008&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=fvDRSNrnI6eSjgGa0NHmAw&sig=ACfU3U3JmCkeePd2_6KkeCLiooSaA-56Hg}}</ref> | ||
| Since 1356 the bishopric of Warmia/Ermland was an Imperial ] and continued until the 20th century. Because of the civil wars in Prussia were parts were for and others against the rule by the Catholic ], the attempts an outlawed faction of Prussia, ] and the following annexation attempts by Poland, then the following ] the Ermland bishopric received Papal Special Exempt Status in 1512 under ] ] | |||
| ⚫ | After the ] in 1569, the ] was |
||
| ⚫ | After the ] in 1569, the ] was by some in the ] to be within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However it was never a duchy, it was situated in and surrounded by ] and it was ruled seperately as Imperial ] with Exempt Status. So while the pressure from the Polish side leaned heavy towards annexation, the prince-bishops saw to it, that the Ermland diocese territory kept its exempt status and remained substantially independend, with many legal differences from neighbouring lands. For example, the bishops were by law members of the ] ]<reference?>. The land elected MPs to the ] of ] as well as MPs to the ] of Poland. Prussian Bishopric of Ermland became part of the ]. In 1945 with the Communists conquest of Prussia the people and the Ermland bishop ] were expelled. The bishopseat remained vacant. | ||
| In 1972 a new Polish diocese was installed and in 1992 it became ]. | |||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Along with ], ], and ], Warmia was one of four dioceses in Prussia created in 1243 by the ] ]. After the ] in 1410, both the Sambian and Warmian bishops paid homage to ] of Poland and Lithuania. | Along with ], ], and ], Warmia was one of four dioceses in Prussia created in 1243 by the ] ]. After the ] at Tannenberg and Gruenfelde in Prussia in 1410, both the Sambian and Warmian bishops paid homage to ] of Poland and Lithuania. | ||
| The ] removed the bishopric from the control of the Teutonic Knights |
The ] removed the bishopric from the control of the Teutonic Knights. Neither the pope nore the emperor validated the 1466 Thorn arrangement and the ] was outlawed, ] but under ban. The bishops insisted on their Imperial Status privileges and ruled the territory as ''de-facto'' ]s, although the Polish king did not share this point of view. This led to conflict when the Polish king claimed the right to name the bishops, as he did in the ]. The chapter did not accept this and elected ] as bishop, which led to the ] (''Warmia Stift Feud'', 1467-1479) between King ] (1447–1492) and Nikolaus von Tüngen (1467-89) who was supported by the ] and King ]. | ||
| The Polish king accepted Tüngen as prince-bishop in the ], while Tüngen inversely accepted the Polish king's suzerainty and obliged the chapter to elect only candidates approved by the Polish king. However, when Tüngen died in 1489, the chapter elected ] as bishop and ] supported Watzenrode against the wishes of ], who preferred his son Frederic. This problem finally led to the exemption of the bishopric in 1512 by ]. In the ] (], ]) Warmia conceded to King ] the right to propose four candidates to the chapter for the election. | The Polish king accepted Tüngen as prince-bishop in the ], while Tüngen inversely accepted the Polish king's limited suzerainty and obliged the chapter to elect only candidates approved by the Polish king. However, when Tüngen died in 1489, the chapter elected ] as bishop and ] supported Watzenrode against the wishes of ], who preferred his son Frederic. This problem finally led to the exemption of the bishopric in 1512 by ]. In the ] (], ]) Warmia conceded to King ] the limited right to propose four candidates to the chapter for the election, who had to be Prussian citizens. | ||
| The Bishopric of Warmia lost two-thirds of its parishes in 1525 when the Order's Grand Master ] secularized the Order's remaining Prussian territories to create the ] during the ]. | The Bishopric of Warmia lost two-thirds of its parishes in 1525 when the Order's Grand Master ] secularized the Order's remaining Prussian territories to create the ] during the ]. | ||
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| After the ] the later cardinal ] (1551-79) held a diocesan synode (1565) and the same year the ] came to Braunsberg. While nearly all of Prussia took on evangelical Protestant religion, the prince-bishops Hosius and Cromer and the Jesuits were instrumental in keeping much of Warmia's population Catholic. The Congregation of St. Catherine, founded at Braunsberg by ], engaged in education, especially schooling for girls. | After the ] the later cardinal ] (1551-79) held a diocesan synode (1565) and the same year the ] came to Braunsberg. While nearly all of Prussia took on evangelical Protestant religion, the prince-bishops Hosius and Cromer and the Jesuits were instrumental in keeping much of Warmia's population Catholic. The Congregation of St. Catherine, founded at Braunsberg by ], engaged in education, especially schooling for girls. | ||
| Several times in the 17th and early 18th centuries Warmia was exposed to fighting between Polish and ] troops in the ]. | Several times in the 17th and early 18th centuries Warmia was exposed to fighting between Polish, ] and ] troops on Prussian soil in the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | By the late 18th century, the prince-bishop was also an '']'' ] of the ]. | ||
| At the time of collaps and break-up of the multi-states Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into its original seperate countries the Prussian bishopric of Ermland/Warmia was incorporated into the ]'s ] and continued as prince- bishopric. Under the ] in 1945 the Allies went along with Stalin and Communists conquests of Eastern Germany and Eastern Europe. The Communists expelled the population along with the bishop of Ermland. The bishopseat of Ermland was left vacant by the popes. Bishop ] received appointment as bishop of the Ermland expellees. | |||
| In 1972 a new Polish diocese was installed and was raised to archdiocese in 1992. | |||
| ⚫ | By the late 18th century, the prince-bishop was an '']'' ] of the ]. | ||
| ]. <ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements | |||
| |last=Osmańczyk |first=Edmund Jan |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location= |isbn=9780415939218 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aiIOW0LOdKgC&pg=PA653&dq=1772+1945+Warmia+(Ermeland&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=gPLRSIPrMo3wjAHwztTmAw&sig=ACfU3U074b7Y9710Q1sX1l7jk-d7GB_Dkg}}</ref> | |last=Osmańczyk |first=Edmund Jan |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location= |isbn=9780415939218 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aiIOW0LOdKgC&pg=PA653&dq=1772+1945+Warmia+(Ermeland&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=gPLRSIPrMo3wjAHwztTmAw&sig=ACfU3U074b7Y9710Q1sX1l7jk-d7GB_Dkg}}</ref> | ||
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| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ] | |||
| {{Administrative division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 09:04, 28 September 2008
| Episcopal Duchy of WarmiaBiskupie Księstwo Warmińskie (pl) Fürstbistum Ermland (de) Dioecesis Varmiensis (la) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1243–1945 | |||||||||
Coat of arms
| |||||||||
 Episcopal Duchy of Warmia in Prussia in 1635, marked in red on the map of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | |||||||||
| Capital | Olsztyn (Allenstein) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Polish, German | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic | ||||||||
| Government | Theocracy | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
| • Established | 1243 | ||||||||
| • Bishopric founded as a Teutonic | 1243 | ||||||||
| • Gained Reichsfreiheit | 1356 | ||||||||
| • Subjugated to the Polish Crown | 1479 | ||||||||
| • Two-thirds annexed by by Prussia | 1512 Exempt - directly under Pope | ||||||||
| • Prussia | August 5 1945 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Episcopal Duchy of Warmia (Template:Lang-pl) (Template:Lang-de) , sometimes falsely referred to as Duchy of Warmia (it never had a duke), or Bishopric of Warmia was a seperate administrative district ruled by a Prince-Bishop, located in Ducal Prussia, that was detached from the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights by the Peace of Thorn in 1466
Since 1356 the bishopric of Warmia/Ermland was an Imperial Prince-Bishopric and continued until the 20th century. Because of the civil wars in Prussia were parts were for and others against the rule by the Catholic Teutonic Order, the attempts an outlawed faction of Prussia, Prussian Confederation and the following annexation attempts by Poland, then the following Reformation the Ermland bishopric received Papal Special Exempt Status in 1512 under Prince=Bishop Lucas Watzenrode
After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Episcopal Duchy of Warmia was by some in the Polish crown to be within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However it was never a duchy, it was situated in and surrounded by Duchal Prussia and it was ruled seperately as Imperial Prince-Bishopric with Exempt Status. So while the pressure from the Polish side leaned heavy towards annexation, the prince-bishops saw to it, that the Ermland diocese territory kept its exempt status and remained substantially independend, with many legal differences from neighbouring lands. For example, the bishops were by law members of the Polish Senat<reference?>. The land elected MPs to the Landtage of Royal Prussia as well as MPs to the Sejm of Poland. Prussian Bishopric of Ermland became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1945 with the Communists conquest of Prussia the people and the Ermland bishop Maximilian Kaller were expelled. The bishopseat remained vacant.
In 1972 a new Polish diocese was installed and in 1992 it became archbishopric of Warmia.
History
Along with Culm, Pomesania, and Samland, Warmia was one of four dioceses in Prussia created in 1243 by the papal legate William of Modena. After the Battle of Grunwald at Tannenberg and Gruenfelde in Prussia in 1410, both the Sambian and Warmian bishops paid homage to Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania.
The Second Peace of Thorn (1466) removed the bishopric from the control of the Teutonic Knights. Neither the pope nore the emperor validated the 1466 Thorn arrangement and the Prussian Confederation was outlawed, Casimir IV but under ban. The bishops insisted on their Imperial Status privileges and ruled the territory as de-facto prince-bishops, although the Polish king did not share this point of view. This led to conflict when the Polish king claimed the right to name the bishops, as he did in the Kingdom of Poland. The chapter did not accept this and elected Nicolaus von Tüngen as bishop, which led to the War of the Priests (Warmia Stift Feud, 1467-1479) between King Casimir IV Jagiellon (1447–1492) and Nikolaus von Tüngen (1467-89) who was supported by the Teutonic Order and King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.
The Polish king accepted Tüngen as prince-bishop in the First Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski, while Tüngen inversely accepted the Polish king's limited suzerainty and obliged the chapter to elect only candidates approved by the Polish king. However, when Tüngen died in 1489, the chapter elected Lucas Watzenrode as bishop and Pope Innocent VIII supported Watzenrode against the wishes of Casimir IV Jagiellon, who preferred his son Frederic. This problem finally led to the exemption of the bishopric in 1512 by Pope Julius II. In the Second Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (December 7, 1512) Warmia conceded to King Alexander Jagiellon the limited right to propose four candidates to the chapter for the election, who had to be Prussian citizens.
The Bishopric of Warmia lost two-thirds of its parishes in 1525 when the Order's Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach secularized the Order's remaining Prussian territories to create the Duchy of Prussia during the Protestant Reformation.
After the Council of Trent the later cardinal Stanislaus Hosius (1551-79) held a diocesan synode (1565) and the same year the Jesuits came to Braunsberg. While nearly all of Prussia took on evangelical Protestant religion, the prince-bishops Hosius and Cromer and the Jesuits were instrumental in keeping much of Warmia's population Catholic. The Congregation of St. Catherine, founded at Braunsberg by Regina Protmann, engaged in education, especially schooling for girls.
Several times in the 17th and early 18th centuries Warmia was exposed to fighting between Polish, Holy Roman Empire and Sweden troops on Prussian soil in the Polish-Swedish wars.
By the late 18th century, the prince-bishop was also an ex officio Senator of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
At the time of collaps and break-up of the multi-states Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into its original seperate countries the Prussian bishopric of Ermland/Warmia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia's province of East Prussia and continued as prince- bishopric. Under the Potsdam Agreement in 1945 the Allies went along with Stalin and Communists conquests of Eastern Germany and Eastern Europe. The Communists expelled the population along with the bishop of Ermland. The bishopseat of Ermland was left vacant by the popes. Bishop Maximilian Kaller received appointment as bishop of the Ermland expellees.
In 1972 a new Polish diocese was installed and was raised to archdiocese in 1992.
See also
References
- Hirshfeld, Alan. Parallax. Macmillan. ISBN 9780716737117.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie @ Google books
- Fürstbistum Ermland @ Google books
- Lukowski, Jerzy (2006). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521853323.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415939218.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)