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| '''The Second Vienna Award''' | '''The Second Vienna Award''' was the second of two ]s. | ||
| It was rendered on ], ]. Germany and Italy compelled ] to return half of ] (an area henceforth known as "North Transylvania") to ]. | |||
| ⚫ | The gain of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia in 1938 and the subsequent military conquest of the remaining Carpathian Ruthenia in 1939 did not satiate the Hungarian politics, as well as the Hungarian public opinion. These awards allocated only a little of the territories lost by the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, by the ] and by the ]. The main goal was retrieving ] and the other territories inhabited with Hungarians. Armed action was in view. | ||
| ==Prelude and reasons == | |||
| ⚫ | The (re)gain of southern ] and ] in 1938 (]) and the subsequent military conquest of the remaining Carpathian Ruthenia in 1939 did not satiate the Hungarian politics, as well as the Hungarian public opinion. These awards allocated only a little of the territories lost by the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, by the ] and by the ]. The main goal was retrieving ] and the other territories inhabited with Hungarians. Armed action was in view. | ||
| ==Antecedents== | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| In the end of June, 1940 the Soviet Union reclaimed Bessarabia and North-Bukovina, whiches are taken by Romania after ]. The Government of Romania approved the Soviet pressure, because the resistance was despairing against three belligerent countries: | In the end of June, 1940 the Soviet Union reclaimed Bessarabia and North-Bukovina, whiches are taken by Romania after ]. The Government of Romania approved the Soviet pressure, because the resistance was despairing against three belligerent countries: | ||
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| Finally, both countries had come round an arbitration award about the border-question to avoid the war. | Finally, both countries had come round an arbitration award about the border-question to avoid the war. | ||
| The award took place not so much to do justice, as to win Hungary for German war aims. Similarly to the ], it granted a multiethnic area to another country, caused massive migration of populations from both sides, and sundered old socioeconomic units. In ] ], the Romanian government acceded to Italy's request for territorial cessions to Bulgaria. On ], under the ], the ] or "Quadrilateral" (southern ]) was ceded by Romania to ]. | |||
| ==The award== | ==The award== | ||
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| At the result of Second Vienna Award Hungary regained 43,492 km². The census of 1941 shows that 1,344,000 (51,4%) Hungarian, 1,069,000 (42,1%) Romanian and 47,000 German (4,1%) lived in Northern Transylvania. | At the result of Second Vienna Award Hungary regained 43,492 km². The census of 1941 shows that 1,344,000 (51,4%) Hungarian, 1,069,000 (42,1%) Romanian and 47,000 German (4,1%) lived in Northern Transylvania. | ||
| The rest of (Southern) Transylvania remained Romanian with approximately 400,000 Hungarian, and Romania got guarantee of the borders. | The rest of (Southern) Transylvania remained Romanian with approximately 400,000 Hungarian, and Romania got guarantee of the borders. | ||
| ==Statistics== | |||
| The territory in question covered an area of 43,492 km². | |||
| The 1930 Romanian census registered for this region a population of 2,393,300. According to native language, 1,007,200 persons spoke Hungarian, 1,165,800 Romanian, 59,700 German, 99,600 Yiddish, and 61,000 other language. According to nationality, | |||
| 912,500 declared themselves Hungarian, 1,176,900 Romanian, 68,300 German, 138,800 Jewish, and | |||
| 96,800 declared other nationality. | |||
| In 1941 the Hungarian authorities conducted a new census which registered a total population of 2,578,100. According to native language, 1,344,000 persons spoke Hungarian, 1,068,700 Romanian, 47,300 German, 48,500 Yiddish, and 69,600 other language. According to nationality, | |||
| 1,380,500 declared themselves Hungarian, 1,029,000 Romanian, 44,60 German, 47,400 Jewish, and | |||
| 76,600 declared other nationality. | |||
| Appart form the natural population growth, the differences between the two censuses are due to some other complex reasons, like migration and assimilation . According to Hungarian registrations, 100 thousand Hungarian refugees had arrived in Hungary from South Transylvania by January 1941. Most of them sought refuge in the north, and almost as many persons arrived from Hungary in the reannexed territory as moved to the Trianon Hungary territory from South Transylvania. As a result of these migrations, North Transylvanian Hungarians increased by almost 100 thousand. In order to "compensate" for this, a great number of Romanians were obliged to leave North Transylvania. Of them, some 100 thousand had left by February 1941 according to the incomplete registration of North Transylvanian refugees carried out by the Romanian government. Besides this, a fall in the total population suggests that a further 40 to 50 thousand Romanians moved from North to South Transylvania (including refugees who were omitted from the official registration for various reasons). The Hungarian assimilation gain is made up of losses on the part of other groups of native speakers, such as the Jewish people. The changing of language was most typical among bilingual Romanians, nearly 90 thousand of whom were added to the total number of Hungarian speakers. On the other hand, in Máramaros/Maramureş and Szatmár/Satu Mare counties, in dozens of settlements many of those who had declared themselves as Romanian now identified themselves as Hungarian, even though they did not speak Hungarian at all (not did they in 1910). | |||
| ==Afterwards== | ==Afterwards== | ||
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| Generally the population welcomed the troops, and regarded separation from Romania as liberation, although some pitiable event also happened: on 9th September in the village of Ördögkút (]: ''Treznea'') firefight evolved between the Hungarian troops and the local Romanian villagers. The number of the casualties is disputed between the historicans. | Generally the population welcomed the troops, and regarded separation from Romania as liberation, although some pitiable event also happened: on 9th September in the village of Ördögkút (]: ''Treznea'') firefight evolved between the Hungarian troops and the local Romanian villagers. The number of the casualties is disputed between the historicans. | ||
| == References == | |||
| *Árpád E Varga. ''Erdély magyar népessége 1870-1995 között.'' Magyar Kisebbség 3-4, 1998, pp. 331-407. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *Árpád E Varga, " Essays on Transylvania's Demographic History" (Mainly in Hungarian, but also in English and Romanian.) | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 20:55, 27 November 2005
The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards.
It was rendered on August 30, 1940. Germany and Italy compelled Romania to return half of Transylvania (an area henceforth known as "North Transylvania") to Hungary.
Prelude and reasons
The (re)gain of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia in 1938 (First Vienna Award) and the subsequent military conquest of the remaining Carpathian Ruthenia in 1939 did not satiate the Hungarian politics, as well as the Hungarian public opinion. These awards allocated only a little of the territories lost by the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, by the Treaty of Saint-Germain and by the Treaty of Trianon. The main goal was retrieving Transylvania and the other territories inhabited with Hungarians. Armed action was in view.
In the end of June, 1940 the Soviet Union reclaimed Bessarabia and North-Bukovina, whiches are taken by Romania after World War I. The Government of Romania approved the Soviet pressure, because the resistance was despairing against three belligerent countries:
- Bulgaria, which is claimed southern Dobrudja
- Hungary, which is claimed Transylvania
- Soviet Union, which is claimed Bessarabia and North-Bukovina
The success of Moscow inspired Budapest to urge much determined the solving of the question of Transylvania with Romania. The Axis Powers sugggested the parties concerned to solve their problems by direct negotiations. The interests of the Axis was keeping the peace in the Balkans, because they needed the exports for the war.
The negonations started on August 16, 1940 in Turnu Severin (Hungarian: Szörényvár). The Hungarian delegation submitted notable territorial claims while the Romanians were disposed for only an inconspicuous territorial allowance conflated significant changing of the population. Eventually the negonation fell through.
Finally, both countries had come round an arbitration award about the border-question to avoid the war.
The award took place not so much to do justice, as to win Hungary for German war aims. Similarly to the Treaty of Trianon, it granted a multiethnic area to another country, caused massive migration of populations from both sides, and sundered old socioeconomic units. In August 1940, the Romanian government acceded to Italy's request for territorial cessions to Bulgaria. On September 7, under the Treaty of Craiova, the Cadrilater or "Quadrilateral" (southern Dobrudja) was ceded by Romania to Bulgaria.
The award
The ministers of foreign affairs of the Axis (Ribbentrop and Ciano) announced the award August 30, 1940 at the Belvedere Palace, Vienna At the result of Second Vienna Award Hungary regained 43,492 km². The census of 1941 shows that 1,344,000 (51,4%) Hungarian, 1,069,000 (42,1%) Romanian and 47,000 German (4,1%) lived in Northern Transylvania. The rest of (Southern) Transylvania remained Romanian with approximately 400,000 Hungarian, and Romania got guarantee of the borders.
Statistics
The territory in question covered an area of 43,492 km².
The 1930 Romanian census registered for this region a population of 2,393,300. According to native language, 1,007,200 persons spoke Hungarian, 1,165,800 Romanian, 59,700 German, 99,600 Yiddish, and 61,000 other language. According to nationality, 912,500 declared themselves Hungarian, 1,176,900 Romanian, 68,300 German, 138,800 Jewish, and 96,800 declared other nationality.
In 1941 the Hungarian authorities conducted a new census which registered a total population of 2,578,100. According to native language, 1,344,000 persons spoke Hungarian, 1,068,700 Romanian, 47,300 German, 48,500 Yiddish, and 69,600 other language. According to nationality, 1,380,500 declared themselves Hungarian, 1,029,000 Romanian, 44,60 German, 47,400 Jewish, and 76,600 declared other nationality.
Appart form the natural population growth, the differences between the two censuses are due to some other complex reasons, like migration and assimilation . According to Hungarian registrations, 100 thousand Hungarian refugees had arrived in Hungary from South Transylvania by January 1941. Most of them sought refuge in the north, and almost as many persons arrived from Hungary in the reannexed territory as moved to the Trianon Hungary territory from South Transylvania. As a result of these migrations, North Transylvanian Hungarians increased by almost 100 thousand. In order to "compensate" for this, a great number of Romanians were obliged to leave North Transylvania. Of them, some 100 thousand had left by February 1941 according to the incomplete registration of North Transylvanian refugees carried out by the Romanian government. Besides this, a fall in the total population suggests that a further 40 to 50 thousand Romanians moved from North to South Transylvania (including refugees who were omitted from the official registration for various reasons). The Hungarian assimilation gain is made up of losses on the part of other groups of native speakers, such as the Jewish people. The changing of language was most typical among bilingual Romanians, nearly 90 thousand of whom were added to the total number of Hungarian speakers. On the other hand, in Máramaros/Maramureş and Szatmár/Satu Mare counties, in dozens of settlements many of those who had declared themselves as Romanian now identified themselves as Hungarian, even though they did not speak Hungarian at all (not did they in 1910).
Afterwards
Romania had 14 days to evacuate concerned territories and assign to Hungary. The Hungarian troops stepped across the Trianon borders on 5th September. The Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy also attend in the entry.
Generally the population welcomed the troops, and regarded separation from Romania as liberation, although some pitiable event also happened: on 9th September in the village of Ördögkút (Romanian: Treznea) firefight evolved between the Hungarian troops and the local Romanian villagers. The number of the casualties is disputed between the historicans.
References
- Árpád E Varga. Erdély magyar népessége 1870-1995 között. Magyar Kisebbség 3-4, 1998, pp. 331-407.
External links
- Árpád E Varga, " Essays on Transylvania's Demographic History" (Mainly in Hungarian, but also in English and Romanian.)