| Revision as of 04:10, 6 June 2009 view sourceVolunteer Marek (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers94,115 edits Undid revision 294638265 by 70.133.64.127 (talk)← Previous edit | Revision as of 22:47, 7 June 2009 view source 72.89.248.145 (talk) ←Replaced content with 'The true definition of a goth is Heather Marie Werthner/Lipari/Klarman/Olivo. She has been a goth for the past 24 years. She is a goth goddess.'Tag: blankingNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| The true definition of a goth is Heather Marie Werthner/Lipari/Klarman/Olivo. She has been a goth for the past 24 years. She is a goth goddess. | |||
| {{otheruses6|Gothic (disambiguation)|Goth (disambiguation)}} | |||
| ] in ].]] | |||
| The '''Goths''' (]: ]]]]]]<!--�df32�df3f�df44�df30�df3d�df43-->, ''Gutans'') were a heterogeneous ]. Originating in semi-legendary ], believed to be somewhere in modern ], ], a Gothic population had crossed the ] before the ], lending their name to the region of ], believed to be the lower ] region in modern ], ]. The archaeological ] is associated with the arrival of the Goths and their subsequent agglomeration with the ] population. From the mid-2nd century onward, groups of these Goths started migrating to the southeast along the ], reaching ] at the coast of the ] in modern ] where they left their archaeological traces in the ]. | |||
| Throughout the ] and ] centuries, the Scythian Goths were divided into at least two distinct entities, the ] and the ], divided by the ]. They repeatedly ] the ] during the ] and later adopted ]. In the late 4th century, the ] invaded the Gothic reign from the east. While many Goths were subdued and integrated into the ], others were pushed toward the ]. | |||
| In the ] and ] centuries, they became divided as the ] and the ], they established powerful successor-states of the ] in the ] and ]. | |||
| The Goths were converted to ] by the ] (half-)Gothic missionary, ], who then found it necessary to leave Gothic country for ], (later the vicinity of ]) with his congregation, where he translated the ] into Gothic, devising a script for this purpose. Although for a time masters of Italy and Iberia, the Goths were defeated by the forces of ] in a final effort to restore the ]. Subsequently they were struck by the ] and the ]. Prolonged contact with the Roman population of the former ] ultimately led to conversion to ]; ], late 6th century King of Gothic Iberia, became Catholic with the remainder of the yet unconverted Goths. Assimilation of the Goths accelerated when the last of them were defeated by the ] in the early ]. The language and culture disappeared except for fragments in other cultures. In the ] a small remnant of Ostrogoths may have turned up in the ],<ref>Bradley (1899) page 364.</ref> but this identification is not certain. | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| ], south ], a possible original homeland of the Goths.]] | |||
| The Goths have had many names and have acquired population from many ethnic sources. People under similar names were key elements of the ]. Nevertheless they believed, and this belief is supported by the mainstream of scholarship,<ref>Wolfram (1988) pages 19-35.</ref> that the names derived from a single prehistoric ] owned by a ] of south ] in the mid-first millennium BC, the original "Goths". People of a modern form of that name still live there. | |||
| ] the oldest (300 BC) ethnonym for the Goths, "''Guton-''",<ref name=lehmann164>{{cite book|first=Winfred P.|last=Lehmann|authorlink=Winfred P. Lehmann|coauthors=Helen-Jo J. Hewitt|title=A Gothic Etymological Dictionary|publisher=E.J. Brill|year=1986|location=Leiden|isbn=9004081763, 9789004081765|pages=164}} Guton- is apparent in Gutones, which appears "in ] cited by ]."</ref> derives from the same root as that of the ]s ("''Gutar''"): the ] *''Gutaniz''. Related, but not the same, is the Scandinavian tribal name ], from the Proto-Germanic *''Gautoz'' (plural *''Gautaz''). Both *''Gautoz'' and *''Gutaniz'' are derived (specifically they are two ] grades) from the Proto-Germanic word *''geutan'', meaning "to pour".<ref>Compare the modern Swedish ''gjuta'', modern Dutch ''gieten'', modern German ''gießen'', Gothic ''giutan'', old Scandinavian ''giota'', old English ''geotan'' all ] with Latin ''fondere'' "to pour" and old Greek ''cheo'' "I pour".</ref> The ] root of the ''pour'' derivation would be as it is listed in the ] (AHD). *gheu-d- is a ] form. The AHD relies on ] for the same root.<ref>Page 447.</ref> | |||
| Thus, the Gothic tribes may be designated as "pourers of semen", i.e. "men, people".<ref>Andersson (1996).</ref> Another theory connects the people with the name of a river flowing through ] in ], the ], which drains Lake ] into the ].<ref>Wolfram (1988) page 21.</ref> | |||
| ] records do not separate the Goths from the ] (Gotlanders) and both are called ''Gotar'' in Old West ]. The Old East ] term for both Goths and ]s seems to have been ''Gutar'' (for instance in the ] and in the runic inscription of the ]). However the ] are clearly distinguished from the Goths/Gutar in both Old Norse and Old English literature. | |||
| At some time in European prehistory, consonant changes according to ] created a *g from the *gh and a *t from the *d. This same law more or less rules out , The *dh in that case would become a *d instead of a *t. | |||
| According to the rules of ], the full grade (containing an *e), *gheud-, might be replaced with the zero-grade (the *e disappears), *ghud-, or the o-grade (the *e changes to an *o), *ghoud-, accounting for the various forms of the name. The zero-grade is preserved in modern times in the ] ethnonym for ], ''Gudai'' (earlier Baltic ]n territory before Slavic conquests by about 1200 AD), and in certain Prussian towns in the territory around the ] in ], (today Poland (], ]). The use of all three grades suggests that the name derives from an Indo-European stage; otherwise, it would be from a line descending from one grade. However, when and where the ancestors of the Goths assigned this name to themselves and whether they used it in ] or ] times remain unsolved questions of historical linguistics and prehistoric archaeology. | |||
| A compound name, ''Gut-þiuda'', at root the "Gothic people", appears in the ''Gothic Calendar'' (''aikklesjons fullaizos ana '''gutþiudai''' gabrannidai''). Parallel occurrences indicate that it may mean "country of the Goths": Old Icelandic ''Sui-þjòd'', "Sweden"; Old English ''Angel-þēod'', "Anglia"; Old Irish ''Cruithen-tuath'', "country of the Picts.<ref name=lehmann164/>. Evidently this way of forming a country- or people-name is not unique to Germanic. | |||
| ], an early Gothic hero, recorded by Jordanes, is generally regarded as a corruption of ''Gaut''. | |||
| == Early records at the Baltic Sea == | |||
| {{see|Scandza|Gothiscandza}} | |||
| === Written sources - Tacitus, Jordanes and Pliny === | |||
| ] (ruled 117-38), showing the location of the '''Gothones''' East Germanic group, then inhabiting the east bank of the Visula (]) river, Poland]] | |||
| ] characterized the Goths as well as the neighboring ] and ] saying they carried round shields and short swords, and obeyed their regular authority.<ref name=Hoops452ff/><ref name=Oxfordtranslation836>The Works of Tacitus: The Oxford Translation, Revised, With Notes, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, p.836, ISBN 0559473354</ref><ref name=Rives311>J. B. Rives on Tacitus, Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.311, ISBN 0198150504</ref> | |||
| According to ]' ], written in retrospect in the mid-6th century, the earliest migrating Goths sailed from ] under King ]<ref>Jordanes 25.</ref> in three ships<ref>Jordanes 94.</ref> and named the place at which they landed after themselves. Today, says Jordanes, it is called ] ("Scandza of the Goths").<ref>Jordanes 26.</ref> From there they entered the land of the ], who were spread along southern coast of ], expelled them,<ref name=Hoops452ff>Johannes Hoops, Herbert Jankuhn, Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer, ''Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, pp.452ff, ISBN 3110177331</ref>, and also subdued the ], their neighbours. | |||
| As for the location of Gothiscandza, Jordanes says<ref>Jordanes 96.</ref> that one shipload "dwelled in the province of Spesis on an island surrounded by the shallow waters of the ]." Today's ], a large city, is at the mouth of the Vistula, but the terrain has changed due to the deposition of mud. The origin of the city remains undetermined. The name is generally conceded to be from "Goth" but not necessarily from Gothiscandza. That this is a legend of the origin of Gdansk cannot be ruled out. | |||
| Independent confirmation of Jordanes' account in some cases itself needs confirmation: specifically the passage attributed by ]<ref>Book 37, Chapter 11.</ref> to the voyager ], in which the latter states that the "Gutones, a people of Germany," inhabit the shores of an estuary of at least 6,000 ] (the ]) called Mentonomon, where ] is cast up by the waves. Lehmann (mentioned above under ''Etymology'') accepted this view but a manuscript variant states Guiones rather than Gutones.<ref>{{cite book|pages=113|title=Germania|first=Cornelius|last=Tacitus|authorlink=Cornelius Tacitus|coauthors=J.B. Rives, Translator and Commentator|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=1999|isbn=0199240000, 9780199240005}} As Pytheas did mention the Teutones in the same passage it securely dates them to 300 BC.</ref> No other trace of Guiones has even been found. | |||
| In Pliny's only other mention of the Gutones<ref>Book 4, Chapter 13.</ref> he says that the ] are one of the five races of Germany, and that the Vandals include the Burgodiones, the Varinnae, the Charini and the Gutones. The location of those Vandals is not stated, but there is a match with his contemporary ]'s east German tribes.<ref>Book II, Chapter 10.</ref> As those Gutones are put forward as Pliny's interpretation, not Pytheas', the early date is unconfirmed, but not necessarily invalid. | |||
| === Archaeological records - Wielbark Culture === | |||
| {{main|Wielbark Culture}} | |||
| {{see|Early history of Pomerania}} | |||
| ]. The green area is the traditional extent of ]. The red area is the extent of the ] in the early 3rd century, and the orange area is the ], in the early 4th century. The purple area is the ]]] | |||
| ], ], Gythones and ] on the right upper corner of the map Edited by Willem and ]), 1645.]] | |||
| The earliest material culture identified with the Goths at the southern coast of the ] is the ],<ref name = "gbvlfd"></ref> centered around the modern region of ] in northern ]. This culture replaced the local ] in the 1st century. The replacement happened when a Scandinavian settlement was established in a buffer zone between the Oksywie culture and the ].<ref>Andrzej Kokowski {{lang|de|"Archäologie der Goten"}} 1999 (ISBN 83-907341-8-4)</ref> | |||
| However, as early as the late ] and early ] (ca 1300 BC–ca 300 BC), this area had influences from southern Scandinavia.<ref></ref> In fact, the Scandinavian influence on ] and today's northern Poland from ca 1300 BC (period III) and onwards was so considerable that this region is sometimes included in the Nordic Bronze Age culture.<ref>Dabrowski 1989:73</ref> | |||
| During the period ca 600 BC–ca 300 BC the warm and dry climate of southern Scandinavia deteriorated considerably, which not only dramatically changed the flora, but forced people to change their way of living and to leave settlements.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} | |||
| The Goths are believed to have crossed the ] sometime between the end of this period, ca 300 BC, and 100. According to earlier research, in the traditional Swedish province of ], archaeological evidence shows that there was a general depopulation during this period.<ref>Oxenstierna 1945</ref> However, this is not confirmed in the more recent publications.<ref>Kaliff 2001</ref> The settlement in today's Poland probably corresponds to the introduction of Scandinavian burial traditions, such as the ] and the ], especially common on the island of ] and other parts of southern Sweden, which indicates that the early Goths preferred to bury their dead according to Scandinavian traditions.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} The Polish archaeologist Tomasz Skorupka states that a migration from Scandinavia is regarded as a matter of certainty: "Despite many controversial hypotheses regarding the location of Scandia (for example, in the island of ] and the provinces of ] and ]), the fact that the Goths arrived on today's Polish land from the North after crossing the Baltic Sea by boats is certain."<ref name = "jisaal"/> | |||
| However, the Gothic culture also appears to have had continuity from earlier cultures in the area,<ref name = "gbvlfd"/> suggesting that the immigrants mixed with earlier populations, perhaps providing their separate aristocracy. The Oxford scholar Heather suggests that it was a relatively small migration from Scandinavia.<ref>Heather 1996:25.</ref> This scenario would make their migration across the Baltic similar to many other population movements in history, such as the ], where, according to some theories, migrants have imposed their own culture and language on an indigenous one. | |||
| == Migration to the Black Sea == | |||
| === Written sources - Jordanes === | |||
| According to ]' ], written in retrospect in the mid-6th century, under their 5th king, ], son of Gadaric, the Goths entered ], a land of bogs, part of ],<ref>Jordanes 27.</ref> defeated the ] and moved to the vicinity of the ].<ref name="Jordanes 28">Jordanes 28.</ref> There they became divided into the ] ruled by the ] family and the ] ruled by the ] family.<ref>Jordanes 42.</ref> Ostrogoths means "eastern Goths" and Visigoths means "Goths of the western country."<ref>Jordanes 82.</ref> | |||
| === Archaeological records - Chernyakhov culture === | |||
| {{main|Chernyakhov culture}} | |||
| The Willenberg/Wielbark culture shifted south-eastwards towards the ] area from the mid-2nd century. It was the oldest part of the Wielbark culture, located west of the Vistula and which had Scandinavian burial traditions, that pulled up its stakes and moved.<ref name = "jisaal"></ref> In ], they imposed themselves as the rulers of the local ] forming the new ] (ca 200–ca 400). They were ultimately assimilated into the local population. | |||
| There is archaeological and historic evidence of continued contacts between the Goths and southern Sweden during their migrations, into the 6th century.<ref>Arhenius, B. Connections between Scandinavia and the East Roman Empire in the Migration Period, in ''From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology'', ed. by David Austin and Leslie Alcock (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 118-37 (pp. 119, 134).</ref><ref>Heather, Peter: The Goths (Blackwell, 1996), p. 27.</ref> | |||
| Chernyakhov settlements cluster in open ground in river valleys. The houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement (Budesty) is 35 hectares.<ref>Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, ''The Goths in the Fourth Century'', Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 52-54.</ref> Most settlements are open and unfortified; some forts are also known. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} | |||
| Chernyakhov cemeteries include both ] and ] burials; among the latter the head is to the north. Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools, but almost never any weapons.<ref>Heather, Peter & Matthews, John, 1991, ''Goths in the Fourth Century,'' Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, pp. 54-56.G </ref> | |||
| == Within the Roman Empire == | |||
| {{main|Gothic and Vandal warfare}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Major sources for Gothic history include ]' ''Res gestae'', mentioning Gothic involvement in the civil war between emperors Procopius and ] of 365 and recounting the ] and ]' ''de bello gothico'', describing the ]. | |||
| In the 3rd century, there were at least two groups of Goths, the ], and the ]. The Thervingi launched one of the first major "]" invasions of the Roman Empire from 262, sailing up to the ] and laying waste to the islands and the countryside in 267, although they were unable to take any fortified cities.<ref>], quoting ], has ''"263: ]ia, ], ], ] et aliae provinciae depopulantur per Gothos"''.</ref> A year later, they suffered a devastating defeat at the ]. By 271 the force was destroyed, and some of the survivors were resettled within the empire, while another part was incorporated in the Roman army. Later an independent kingdom centred on the abandoned Roman province of ] was established. In 332 ], in order to enforce the ] ], helped the Sarmatians to settle on the north banks of the Danube to defend against the Goths' attacks. 100,000 Goths were killed in battle, and Ariaricus, the son of the King of the Goths, was captured. | |||
| In 334 Constantine evacuated 300,000 Sarmatians from the north bank of the Danube (after a local revolt of the Sarmatians' slaves). In 335-336 Constantine, continuing his Danube campaign, defeated many Gothic tribes. <ref>Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions</ref><ref>Eusebius Vita Constantini IV.6</ref><ref>Charles Manson Odahl Constantine and the Christian Empire chapter X</ref> | |||
| Both the ] and ] became heavily Romanized during the 4th century by the influence of trade with the Byzantines, and by their membership of a military covenant centred in Byzantium to assist each other militarily. They converted to ] during this time. ]nic domination of the Gothic kingdom in Scythia began in the 370s,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and under pressure of the Huns, the king of the Thervingi,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} ] in 376 asked the Eastern Roman Emperor ] to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. Valens permitted this, and even helped the Goths cross the river,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} probably at the fortress of ], but following a famine the ] took place, and Goths and local Thracians rebelled. The Roman Emperor Valens was killed at the ]. | |||
| The '''Visigoths''' were one of two main branches of the Goths, (the Ostrogoths being the other) during the fifth century. Together these tribes were among the ] who disturbed the late ] during the ]. A Visigothic force led by ] ]. ] granted the Visigoths ], where they defeated the ] and by 475 ruled most of the ]. | |||
| The '''Ostrogoths''' in the meantime freed themselves of government of the ] following the ] in 454. At the behest of emperor ], ] from 488 conquered all of Italy. The Goths were briefly reunited under one crown in the early sixth century under Theodoric the Great, who became regent of the Visigothic kingdom following the death of ] at the ] in 507. ], writing at this time, interpreted the name ''Visigoth'' to mean "western Goths", and the name ''Ostrogoth'' as "eastern Goth" which corresponded to the current distribution of the Gothic realms. | |||
| The ] persisted until 553 under ], when Italy briefly fell back under Byzantine control, until the conquest of the ] in 568. The Visigothic kingdom lasted longer, until 711 under ], when it had to yield to the ] ] invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (]). | |||
| In the late 6th century, Goths were settled as '']'' in parts of ]. Their descendants, forming the elite '']'' regiment, still lived there in the early 8th century, and albeit largely assimilated, their Gothic origin was still well-known: the chronicler ] calls them ''Gothograeci''. | |||
| ==Languages== | |||
| {{main|Gothic language|Gothic alphabet}} | |||
| Gothic is an archaic ] with definite ties to the languages of North-Central Europe. It is the only well-recorded ]. | |||
| According to at least one theory{{Fact|date=July 2008}}, there are closer linguistic connections between ] and ] (especially the ] dialect) than between Gothic and the ] (see ] and ]). Moreover, there were two tribes that probably are closely related to the Goths<ref name="stål">Stål, Harry. (1976). ''Ortnamn och ortnamnsforskning''. Almquist & Wiksell, Uppsala. p.131.</ref> and remained in Scandinavia, the Gutar (Gotlanders), whose name is identical to Goths, and the Geats. These tribes were considered to be Goths by Jordanes (see ]). | |||
| The fact is that virtually all of those phonetic and grammatical features that characterize the ] as a separate branch of the ] language family (not to mention the features that distinguish various ] dialects) seem to have evolved at a later stage than the one preserved in Gothic. Gothic in turn, while being an extremely archaic form of Germanic in most respects, has nevertheless developed a certain number of unique features that it shares with no other Germanic language. | |||
| However, this does not exclude the possibility of the Goths, the ] and the ] being related as tribes. Similarly, the Saxon dialects of Germany are hardly closer to ] than any other West Germanic language that hasn't undergone the High German consonant shift (see ]), but the tribes themselves are definitely identical. The Jutes (Dan. jyder) of Jutland (Dan. Jylland, in Western Danmark) are at least etymologically identical to the ] that came from that region and invaded Britain together with the Angles and the Saxons in the 5th century AD. Nevertheless, there are no remaining written sources to associate the Jutes of Jutlandia with anything but North Germanic dialects, or the Jutes of Britain with anything but West Germanic dialects. Thus, language is not always the best criterion for tribal or ethnic tradition and continuity. | |||
| ==Symbolic legacy== | |||
| The ] (''Gotlanders'') themselves had oral traditions of a mass migration towards southern Europe, written down in the ]. If the facts are related, that would be a unique case of a tradition that survived in more than a thousand years and that actually pre-dates most of the major splits in the Germanic language family. | |||
| The Goths' relationship with Sweden became an important part of Swedish nationalism, and until the 19th century the view that the Swedes were the direct descendants of the Goths was common. Today Swedish scholars identify this as a ] called ], which included an enthusiasm for things ]. | |||
| Since 1278, when ] mounted the throne, it has been included in the title of the King of Sweden. '' "We N.N. by Gods Grace of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends King"''. In 1973, with the death of King Gustaf VI Adolf, the title was changed to solely "King of Sweden" | |||
| In Medieval and Modern Spain, the ] were thought to be the origin of the ] (compare ] for a similar French idea). | |||
| Somebody acting with arrogance would be said to be "''haciéndose los godos''" ("making himself to act like the Goths"). Because of this, in ], ] and the ], ''godo'' was an ] used against European Spaniards, who in the early colony period would feel superior to the people born locally ('']''). | |||
| This claim of Gothic origins led to a clash with the Swedish delegation at the ], 1434. Before the assembled ]s and delegations could undertake the theological discussions, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings. The delegations from the more prominent nations were to sit closest to the ], and there were also disputes about who was to have the finest chairs and who was to have their chairs on mats. In some cases they compromised so that some would have half a chair leg on the rim of a mat. In this conflict, the bishop of ], ] claimed that the Swedes were the descendants of the great Goths, and that the people of ] (''Westrogothia'' in Latin) were the Visigoths and the people of ] (''Ostrogothia'' in Latin) were the Ostrogoths. The Spanish delegation then retorted that it was only the ''lazy'' and ''unenterprising'' Goths who had remained in Sweden, whereas the ''heroic'' Goths, on the other hand, had left Sweden, invaded the Roman empire and settled in Spain.<ref>Ergo 12-1996.</ref><ref></ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| '''Descendants and related peoples''': | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-break|width=50%}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-break|width=50%}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| '''Other''': | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-break|width=50%}} | |||
| *]s | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{col-break|width=50%}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{Cleanup-section|date=November 2008}} | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Cleanup-section|date=November 2008}} | |||
| {{No footnotes|date=November 2008}} | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite journal|last=Andersson|first=Thorsten|year=1996|title=Göter, goter, gutar|journal=Namn och Bygd|volume=84|pages=5–21|language=Swedish|location= Uppsala}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Bell-Fialkoff|first=Andrew, Editor|title=The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. "Barbarian" and Nomad|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=0-312-21207-0}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Henry|title=The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain|location=London|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|year=1888}} Downloadable Google Books. | |||
| *Dabrowski, J. (1989) Nordische Kreis un Kulturen Polnischer Gebiete. ''Die Bronzezeit im Ostseegebiet. Ein Rapport der Kgl. Schwedischen Akademie der Literatur Geschichte und Alter unt Altertumsforschung über das Julita-Symposium 1986''. Ed Ambrosiani, B. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. Konferenser 22. Stockholm. | |||
| *Findeisen, Joerg-Peter: ''Schweden - Von den Anfaengen bis zur Gegenwart'', Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 1998. | |||
| *Oxenstierna, Graf E.C. : ''Die Urheimat der Goten''. Leipzig, Mannus-Buecherei 73, 1945 (later printed in 1948). | |||
| *Heather, Peter: ''The Goths'' (Blackwell, 1996) | |||
| *Hermodsson, Lars: ''Goterna - ett krigafolk och dess bibel'', Stockholm, Atlantis, 1993. | |||
| *Kaliff, Anders: ''Gothic Connections. Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BC – 500 AD''. Occasional Papers in Archaeology (OPIA) 26. Uppsala 2001. | |||
| *Mastrelli, Carlo Alberto in Volker Bierbauer et al., ''I Goti'', Milan: Electa Lombardia, Elemond Editori Associati, 1994. | |||
| *Nordgren, I.: ''Goterkällan - om goterna i Norden och på kontinenten'', Skara: Vaestergoetlands museums skriftserie nr 30, 2000. | |||
| *Nordgren, I.: ''The Well Spring of the Goths : About the Gothic peoples in the Nordic Countries and on the Continent'' (2004) | |||
| *Rodin, L. - Lindblom, V. - Klang, K.: ''Gudaträd och västgötska skottkungar - Sveriges bysantiska arv'', Göteborg: Tre böcker, 1994. | |||
| *''Schaetze der Ostgoten'', Stuttgart: Theiss, 1995. Studia Gotica - Die eisenzeitlichen Verbindungen zwischen Schweden und Suedosteuropa - Vortraege beim Gotensymposion im Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm 1970. | |||
| *Tacitus: ''Germania'', (with introduction and commentary by J.B. Rives), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. | |||
| *Wenskus, Reinhard: ''Stammesbildung und Verfassung. Das Werden der Frühmittelalterlichen Gentes'' (Köln 1961). | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Wolfram|first=Herwig|coauthors= Thomas J. Dunlap, Translator|title=History of the Goths: New and completely revised from the second German edition|location=Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|id=LC number D137.W6213 1987 940.1}} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| == External links== | |||
| {{portalpar|Ancient Germanic culture}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last=Jordanes|authorlink=Jordanes|coauthors=Charles C. Mierow, Translator|title=The Origins and Deeds of the Goths|url=http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html|format=html|accessdate=2008-09-05|year=1997|publisher=J. Vanderspoel, Department of Greek, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary|location=Calgary}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/archweb/gazociag/title5.htm|title=The Goths in Greater Poland|first=Tadeusz|last=Makiewicz|publisher=The Council of Europe, EuRoPol Gaz S.A.|format=html|accessdate=2008-09-05}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.muzarp.poznan.pl/muzeum/muz_eng/wyst_czas/Goci_katalog/index_kat.html|title=Jewellery of the Goths|first=Tomasz|last=Skorupka|coauthors=Rafal Witkowski, Translator|publisher=Poznan Archaeological Museum|year=1997|accessdate=2008-09-16}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MA/GERMANS.HTM|format=htm|title=The Germans|first=Richard|last=Hooker|year=1996|work=World Civilizations|publisher=Washington State University|accessdate=2008-09-19}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/publications/opia/gothicabstract.htm|title=Gothic Connections:Abstract|first=Anders|last=Kaliff|year=2001|publisher=Uppsala Universitet|format=htm|accessdate=2008-09-19}} | |||
| * - part of ''Terry Jones' Barbarians'', June 2006. | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 22:47, 7 June 2009
The true definition of a goth is Heather Marie Werthner/Lipari/Klarman/Olivo. She has been a goth for the past 24 years. She is a goth goddess.