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| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| The ] were commissioned officers and were initially designed to provide an officer class to the ], the ] police raised by the British to |
The ] were commissioned officers and were initially designed to provide an officer class to the ], the ] police raised by the British to put down Irish republican guerrillas. However, they quickly became a separate force following their establishment in July 1920 and were regarded as a highly trained ] by both sides in the conflict. The Auxiliaries engaged at Kilmichael all had previous experience in ]. While they were officially part of the ] in effect they were independent of it. The Auxiliaries and the Black and Tans rapidly became highly unpopular in Ireland for their intimidation of the civilian population and their arbitrary reprisals for IRA actions – including house burnings, beatings and killings. Only a week before the Kilmichael ambush, the Auxiliaries had fired on a football match in ], killing fourteen civilians. | ||
| The Auxiliaries in Cork were based in the town of ], and in November 1920 they carried out a number of raids on the villages in the surrounding area – including ], ] and ] – to intimidate the local population away from supporting the IRA. In his memoirs, Tom Barry noted that the IRA had (up until Kilmichael) hardly fired a shot at the Auxiliaries, which "had a very serious effect on the morale of the whole people as well as on the IRA". Barry's assessment was that the West Cork IRA needed a successful action against the Auxiliaries in order to be effective. | The Auxiliaries in Cork were based in the town of ], and in November 1920 they carried out a number of raids on the villages in the surrounding area – including ], ] and ] – to intimidate the local population away from supporting the IRA. In his memoirs, Tom Barry noted that the IRA had (up until Kilmichael) hardly fired a shot at the Auxiliaries, which "had a very serious effect on the morale of the whole people as well as on the IRA". Barry's assessment was that the West Cork IRA needed a successful action against the Auxiliaries in order to be effective. | ||
| On 21 November 21, he assembled a ] of 36 |
On 21 November 21, he assembled a ] of 36 riflemen at ]. The column had just 35 rounds for each ] as well as a handful of ]s and two ]s (hand grenades). Barry scouted possible ambush sites on horseback and selected one on the Macroom–Dunmanway road, on the section between Kilmichael and Gleann, which the Auxiliaries coming out of Macroom used every day. The flying column marched there on foot and reached the ambush site on the night of the 27th. The IRA volunteers took up positions in the low rocky hills on either side of the road. | ||
| ==The ambush== | ==The ambush== | ||
| As dusk fell between 4:05 and 4:20 PM on 28 November, the ambush took place on a road at Dus a' Bharraigh in the townland of ], ] Parish, near ]. | As dusk fell between 4:05 and 4:20 PM on 28 November, the ambush took place on a road at Dus a' Bharraigh in the townland of ], ] Parish, near ]. | ||
| Just before the Auxiliaries came into view, two armed IRA volunteers, responding late to Barry's mobilisation order, drove unwittingly into the ambush position in a horse and side-car, almost shielding the British forces behind them. Barry managed to avert this by directing the car up a side road and out of the way. The IRA got the Auxiliaries' first lorry to slow down by placing Barry himself on the road, wearing what Barry claims was an IRA officer's tunic given to him by ], but what the British would later claim was one of their own uniforms. The British would also claim that the IRA had worn British uniforms |
Just before the Auxiliaries came into view, two armed IRA volunteers, responding late to Barry's mobilisation order, drove unwittingly into the ambush position in a horse and side-car, almost shielding the British forces behind them. Barry managed to avert this by directing the car up a side road and out of the way. The IRA got the Auxiliaries' first lorry to slow down by placing Barry himself on the road, wearing what Barry claims was an IRA officer's tunic given to him by ], but what the British would later claim was one of their own uniforms. The British would also claim that the IRA had worn British uniforms, including steel trench helmets. Barry, however insisted that, with the exception of himself, they were all dressed in civilian clothes, although they were using captured British weapons and equipment. The lorry, containing nine Auxiliaries, slowed almost to a halt 35 yards (~30 m) from the ambush position before Barry gave the order to fire. At this point he threw a hand grenade into the open cab. A savage close-quarter fight ensued. According to Barry's account, some of the British were killed using rifle butts and ]s. The British later claimed that the dead had been mutilated with axes, although Barry dismissed this as atrocity propaganda. All nine Auxiliaries in the first lorry were killed. | ||
| While this fight was still going on, a second lorry |
While this fight was still going on, a second lorry also containing nine Auxiliaries had driven into the ambush position and its occupants were exchanging fire with the IRA squad who had not engaged the first lorry. When Barry brought the men who had attacked the first lorry to bear on the second lorry, he claims the Auxiliaries called out to surrender, but then opened fire when the IRA men emerged from cover, killing two of them. Barry then says that he ordered, "Rapid fire and do not stop until I tell you!". Barry states that he ignored a subsequent attempt by the Auxiliaries to surrender, and kept his men firing at a range of only ten yards (8 m) until he believed all the Auxiliaries were dead. In fact, two survived, though badly injured. Among the dead was Colonel Crake, commander of the Auxiliaries in Macroom. Two IRA volunteers – Michael McCarthy and Jim O'Sullivan – were killed outright and Pat Deasy (brother of ]) was mortally wounded.<ref>Tom Barry, ''Guerrilla Days in Ireland''</ref>. | ||
| Two Auxiliary officers survived the ambush. HF Forde survived, though |
Two Auxiliary officers survived the ambush. One, HF Forde survived, though shot in the head and was brain-damaged and paralysed. Forde was left for dead by the IRA. Ironically, the severity of his injuries saved his life. He was picked up by the British the following day and taken to hospital in Cork and was later awarded £10,000 in compensation. The other survivor, Cadet Cecil Guthrie (ex Royal Air Force), escaped, badly wounded from the ambush site but asked for help at a house where two IRA men were staying. They killed him with his own gun. According to Father Pat Twohig’s ''Green Tears for Hecuba'', Guthrie was identified as the member of the Auxiliaries who had previously murdered the uninvolved civilian Séamus Ó Liatháin in Ballymakeerahe.<ref>See Manus O'Riordan, ''Forget not the boys of Kilmichael'' in Ballingeary Historical Society Journal 2005 (reproduced in http://www.indymedia.ie/article/69172)</ref> His body was dumped in Annahala bog. In 1926, on behalf of the Guthrie family, ], ] ], interceded with the local ] and Guthrie's remains were disinterred and handed over to the ] authorities at Macroom. He was then buried in a proper grave. | ||
| Many of the IRA volunteers were shaken by the action and some of them were physically sick. Barry tried to restore discipline by making them form-up and perform ], before they marched away. Barry himself may have been psychologically affected by the fight, as he collapsed with severe chest pains on 3 December and had to be secretly hospitalised in Cork City. It is likely that the ongoing stress of being on the run |
Many of the IRA volunteers were severely shaken by the action and some of them were physically sick. Barry tried to restore discipline by making them form-up and perform ], before they marched away. Barry himself may have been psychologically affected by the fight, as he collapsed with severe chest pains on 3 December and had to be secretly hospitalised in Cork City. It is likely that the ongoing stress of being on the run and commander of the flying column, along with a poor diet as well as the intense combat at Kilmichael contributed to his medical problems. | ||
| ==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
Revision as of 00:24, 25 September 2009
| Kilmichael Ambush | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Irish War of Independence | |||||||
 Monument at the battle site. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Irish Republican Army(West Cork Brigade) |
 Royal Irish Constabulary(Auxiliary Division) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Tom Barry | Francis Crake | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 36 volunteers | 18 officers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3 dead | 17 dead, 1 wounded | ||||||
The Kilmichael Ambush (Template:Lang-ga) was an ambush carried out by the Irish Republican Army on 28 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. Near the village of Kilmichael in County Cork, thirty-six local IRA volunteers commanded by Tom Barry killed seventeen members of the RIC Auxiliary Division. The Kilmichael ambush was of great political significance as it came just a week after Bloody Sunday and marked a profound escalation in the IRA's guerrilla campaign.
Background
The Auxiliaries were commissioned officers and were initially designed to provide an officer class to the Black and Tans, the paramilitary police raised by the British to put down Irish republican guerrillas. However, they quickly became a separate force following their establishment in July 1920 and were regarded as a highly trained ] by both sides in the conflict. The Auxiliaries engaged at Kilmichael all had previous experience in World War I. While they were officially part of the RIC in effect they were independent of it. The Auxiliaries and the Black and Tans rapidly became highly unpopular in Ireland for their intimidation of the civilian population and their arbitrary reprisals for IRA actions – including house burnings, beatings and killings. Only a week before the Kilmichael ambush, the Auxiliaries had fired on a football match in Croke Park, killing fourteen civilians.
The Auxiliaries in Cork were based in the town of Macroom, and in November 1920 they carried out a number of raids on the villages in the surrounding area – including Dunmanway, Coppeen and Castletownkenneigh – to intimidate the local population away from supporting the IRA. In his memoirs, Tom Barry noted that the IRA had (up until Kilmichael) hardly fired a shot at the Auxiliaries, which "had a very serious effect on the morale of the whole people as well as on the IRA". Barry's assessment was that the West Cork IRA needed a successful action against the Auxiliaries in order to be effective.
On 21 November 21, he assembled a flying column of 36 riflemen at Clogher. The column had just 35 rounds for each rifle as well as a handful of revolvers and two mills bombs (hand grenades). Barry scouted possible ambush sites on horseback and selected one on the Macroom–Dunmanway road, on the section between Kilmichael and Gleann, which the Auxiliaries coming out of Macroom used every day. The flying column marched there on foot and reached the ambush site on the night of the 27th. The IRA volunteers took up positions in the low rocky hills on either side of the road.
The ambush
As dusk fell between 4:05 and 4:20 PM on 28 November, the ambush took place on a road at Dus a' Bharraigh in the townland of Shanacashel, Kilmichael Parish, near Macroom.
Just before the Auxiliaries came into view, two armed IRA volunteers, responding late to Barry's mobilisation order, drove unwittingly into the ambush position in a horse and side-car, almost shielding the British forces behind them. Barry managed to avert this by directing the car up a side road and out of the way. The IRA got the Auxiliaries' first lorry to slow down by placing Barry himself on the road, wearing what Barry claims was an IRA officer's tunic given to him by Paddy O'Brien, but what the British would later claim was one of their own uniforms. The British would also claim that the IRA had worn British uniforms, including steel trench helmets. Barry, however insisted that, with the exception of himself, they were all dressed in civilian clothes, although they were using captured British weapons and equipment. The lorry, containing nine Auxiliaries, slowed almost to a halt 35 yards (~30 m) from the ambush position before Barry gave the order to fire. At this point he threw a hand grenade into the open cab. A savage close-quarter fight ensued. According to Barry's account, some of the British were killed using rifle butts and bayonets. The British later claimed that the dead had been mutilated with axes, although Barry dismissed this as atrocity propaganda. All nine Auxiliaries in the first lorry were killed.
While this fight was still going on, a second lorry also containing nine Auxiliaries had driven into the ambush position and its occupants were exchanging fire with the IRA squad who had not engaged the first lorry. When Barry brought the men who had attacked the first lorry to bear on the second lorry, he claims the Auxiliaries called out to surrender, but then opened fire when the IRA men emerged from cover, killing two of them. Barry then says that he ordered, "Rapid fire and do not stop until I tell you!". Barry states that he ignored a subsequent attempt by the Auxiliaries to surrender, and kept his men firing at a range of only ten yards (8 m) until he believed all the Auxiliaries were dead. In fact, two survived, though badly injured. Among the dead was Colonel Crake, commander of the Auxiliaries in Macroom. Two IRA volunteers – Michael McCarthy and Jim O'Sullivan – were killed outright and Pat Deasy (brother of Liam Deasy) was mortally wounded..
Two Auxiliary officers survived the ambush. One, HF Forde survived, though shot in the head and was brain-damaged and paralysed. Forde was left for dead by the IRA. Ironically, the severity of his injuries saved his life. He was picked up by the British the following day and taken to hospital in Cork and was later awarded £10,000 in compensation. The other survivor, Cadet Cecil Guthrie (ex Royal Air Force), escaped, badly wounded from the ambush site but asked for help at a house where two IRA men were staying. They killed him with his own gun. According to Father Pat Twohig’s Green Tears for Hecuba, Guthrie was identified as the member of the Auxiliaries who had previously murdered the uninvolved civilian Séamus Ó Liatháin in Ballymakeerahe. His body was dumped in Annahala bog. In 1926, on behalf of the Guthrie family, Kevin O'Higgins, Irish Free State Minister for Home Affairs, interceded with the local IRA and Guthrie's remains were disinterred and handed over to the Church of Ireland authorities at Macroom. He was then buried in a proper grave.
Many of the IRA volunteers were severely shaken by the action and some of them were physically sick. Barry tried to restore discipline by making them form-up and perform drill, before they marched away. Barry himself may have been psychologically affected by the fight, as he collapsed with severe chest pains on 3 December and had to be secretly hospitalised in Cork City. It is likely that the ongoing stress of being on the run and commander of the flying column, along with a poor diet as well as the intense combat at Kilmichael contributed to his medical problems.
Aftermath
The political fallout from the Kilmichael ambush far outweighed its military significance. While the British forces in Ireland, over 30,000 strong, could easily absorb 18 casualties, the fact that the IRA had been able to wipe out a whole patrol of elite Auxiliaries was deeply shocking for them. The British forces in the West Cork area took their revenge on the local population by burning several houses, shops and barns in Kilmichael, Johnstown and Inchageela, including all of the houses around the ambush site. On 3 December, three IRA volunteers were arrested by the British Essex Regiment in Bandon, beaten and killed, and their bodies dumped on the roadside.
For the British government, the action at Kilmichael was an indication that the violence in Ireland was escalating. Shortly after the ambush (and also in reaction to the events of Bloody Sunday), barriers were placed on either end of Downing Street to protect the Prime Minister's office from IRA attacks . On 10 December 10, as a result of Kilmichael, martial law was declared for the counties of Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary. The British military now had the power to execute anyone found carrying arms and ammunition, to search houses, impose curfews, try suspects in military rather than civilian courts and to intern suspects without trial. On 11 December, in reprisal for Kilmichael and other IRA actions, the centre of Cork city was burned by Auxiliaries, British soldiers and Black and Tans, who also shot dead two people in the incident. In separate proclamations shortly afterwards, the authorities sanctioned "official reprisals" against suspected Sinn Féin sympathisers, and the use of hostages in military convoys to deter ambushes.
Controversy
The principal source for what happened at the Kilmichael ambush is Tom Barry's own account, as detailed in his book, Guerilla Days in Ireland (1949). However Barry's version of events was disputed in The IRA And Its Enemies (1998) by Professor Peter Hart. Hart claims that Tom Barry's claim of a false surrender is an invention and that the surviving Auxiliary officers were exterminated after they had surrendered. The British authorities stated this publicly in press reports at the time, but it was never accepted by the IRA veterans of the ambush. Hart supports his argument by citing an account of the ambush by Paddy O'Brien in the general history of the period by Liam Deasy, which did not mention a false surrender. Hart claims that Barry disarmed the Auxiliaries in the second lorry, most of whom were wounded and then had them killed. Hart's critics, notably the historian Meda Ryan, argue that although O'Brien's version does not mention a false surrender, it does not detail the killing of wounded or disarmed men either.
In Tom Barry's own words, he told his men before the action that, "the fight could only end in the smashing of the Auxiliaries or the destruction of the flying column... The Auxiliaries were killers without mercy. If they won, no prisoners would be brought back to Macroom. The alternative now was to kill or be killed; see to it that those terrorists die and are broken". These words indicate to Hart that Barry did not anticipate taking prisoners in the ambush. To others it is an unremarkable example of pre-battle rhetoric signifying little of substance in the context of the debate on Kilmichael.
Controversy continues in Ireland over Hart's claims. Meda Ryan, author of Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter (2003,5), disputed Hart's claim to have interviewed an anonymous IRA veteran alleging a massacre of wounded Auxiliaries. Hart states that he interviewed an IRA participant in the ambush on November 19, 1989, though the last surviving IRA Kilmichael veteran, Ned Young, died on November 13, 1989. Hart claimed to have conducted anonymous interviews with two IRA ambush veterans, between 1988 and 1990, one of them an unarmed ambush scout. According to Ryan, the second last veteran of Kilmichael, Jack O'Sullivan, died in January 1986, and the last ambush scout died in 1972. Ryan's dating is not disputed. Hart also claimed to have sourced additional information from interviews conducted by a Father Chisholm, but again the interviewees are anonymous and therefore cannot be verified. In addition Hart claimed that an unsigned typed 'report' of the battle he found in the Imperial War Museum is Barry's after battle report to his superiors, captured by the British. Ryan and another historian, Brian Murphy, assert that it is a forgery because it contains errors of fact Barry that would not have made - for instance, stating that two IRA volunteers had been mortally wounded and one killed outright, when the reverse was true. In addition, the document contains information known only to the British authorities, but unknown to Barry. Barry did not know that Guthrie, the Auxiliary who escaped, is “now missing”, or even that he escaped in the first place. Barry referred to seventeen Auxiliaries dead on the road. This was incorrect, as one, HF Ford, was severely wounded and left for dead. The ‘report’ correctly attests to “sixteen of the enemy . . . being killed”. As Meda Ryan pointed out in History Ireland (Vol 13, No 5): “in other words, the ‘report’ correctly attests to British casualties (and also to arms captures) known to the British but unknown to Barry, while it incorrectly states facts about Irish casualties that were known to Barry but unknown to the British.” Peter Hart omitted the sections of the ‘report’ that subsequently cast doubt on its authenticity from his published version.
In his replies to criticism in 'History Ireland' in 2005 Peter Hart did not explain the interview anomalies and the omissions from his published account. Historian Brian Murphy, in his The Origin and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland in 1920 (2006), drew attention to the manner in which Peter Hart reproduced sophisticated British propaganda accounts of the ambush. Murphy detected the hidden hand of chief propagandist Basil Clarke in Dublin Castle, the seat of British Administration in Ireland, in the writing of these reports, including the allegation of mutilation of British Auxiliaries by axes at Kilmichael. Murphy traced the origin and authorship of news reports appearing in newspapers to the Dublin Castle strategy of "propaganda by news". According to Murphy, Basil Clarke's media spin later become Peter Hart's historical spin.
In popular culture
A famous rebel song "The Boys of Kilmichael" commemorates the ambush. Lyrics, plus: new final verse by the poet Patrick Galvin, critical of "revisionist" historians.
An often repeated myth is that following the Japanese capture of Singapore in 1942, Lord Haw Haw declared on "Germany Calling" that as the 100,000 British troops were marched into captivity the Japanese band struck up "The Boys of Kilmichael".
An attack on British trucks in British Director Ken Loach's Palme D'Or (2006) winning film The Wind That Shakes The Barley is based on the Kilmichael Ambush. However some details of the ambush in the film are different. In the film only one volunteer dies and all the British are killed. Also the ambush in the film takes place during the day. In addition, the leader of the ambush in the film wears a British Army uniform, whereas Tom Barry reported that he wore Volunteer Paddy O'Brien's IRA officer's uniform. The purpose was the same, to make the driver of the first lorry slow down, on the assumption that Barry was a British officer. However, some details of the battle, the order to form up into ranks and the content of the speech after the battle by the ambush leader is similar to what happened on November 28, 1920 at Kilmichael.
Footnotes
- The Truth About the Boys of Kilmichael, Sunday Business Post, November 26 2000
- Tom Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland
- See Manus O'Riordan, Forget not the boys of Kilmichael in Ballingeary Historical Society Journal 2005 (reproduced in http://www.indymedia.ie/article/69172)
- ^ Tom Barry IRA Freedom Fighter by Meda Ryan (ISBN 1-85635-480-6), pages 95 to 97
- Michael Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p88
- See for example What Is The Dispute About Kilmichael And Dunmanway Really About? and similar articles, also History Ireland, 2005, Vol 13, Numbers, 2,3,4,5
Sources
- Tom Barry, Guerrilla Days in Ireland
- Richard Bennet, The Black and Tans
- Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Independence
- Peter Hart, The IRA and its enemies
- Peter Hart, Meda Ryan, et al., in History Ireland, 2005, Vol 13, Numbers 2,3,4,5
- Brian Murphy, The Origin and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland in 1920.
- David Miller, British Propaganda in Ireland and its significance today (foreword to Murphy)
- Meda Ryan, Tom Barry, IRA Freedom Fighter
External links
- NY Times, November 30, 1920, Sinn Feiners kill 16 Cadets
- NY Times, December 2, 1920, OFFICIAL REPORT ON CADETS' MURDER; Wounded Men "Massacred and Mutilated," Says Official--Cites "Treachery" by Inhabitants
- Irish Independent, November 26, 2000, Bloody fable of Kilmichael's dead
See also
- Crossbarry Ambush
- Carrowkennedy ambush
- Chronology of the Irish War of Independence
- Cork's War of Independence