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==He must be FIRED!!== |
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{{Infobox US Cabinet official |
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|name = Robert Michael Gates |
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|image = Robert Gates, official DoD photo portrait, 2006.jpg |
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| imagesize =250px |
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|order = 22nd |
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|title = ] |
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|term_start = December 18, 2006 |
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|predecessor = ] |
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|president = ]<br>] |
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|deputy = ] <small>(2006-2009)</small><br>] <small>(since 2009)</small> |
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|order2 = 15th |
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|title2 = ] |
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|term_start2 = November 6, 1991 |
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|term_end2 = January 20, 1993 |
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|predecessor2 = ] |
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|successor2 = ] |
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|president2 = ] |
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|deputy2 = ]<br>] |
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|order3 = 16th ] |
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|term_start3 = April 1986 |
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|term_end3 = March 1989 |
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|president3 = ]<br>] |
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|predecessor3 = ] |
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|successor3 = ] |
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|order4 = 16th ] |
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|term_start4 = 1989 |
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|term_end4 = 1991 |
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|president4 = ] |
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|predecessor4 = ] |
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|successor4 = ] |
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|birth_date = {{bda|1943|09|25}} |
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|birth_place = ], ] |
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|party = ]<ref>Gates is not registered with any political party, but considers himself Republican. {{cite news |title=Gates: Military looks to accelerate Iraq pullout |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28022197/ |work=Associated Press |publisher=Associated Press |date=December 1, 2008 |accessdate=May 5, 2009}}</ref> |
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|spouse = Becky Gates |
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|signature = Robert Gates Signature.svg |
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|alma_mater = ] <small>(])</small><br>] <small>(])</small><br>] <small>(])</small> |
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|branch = ] |
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|serviceyears = 1967 – 1969 |
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|rank = ] ] |
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|battles = ] |
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}} |
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'''Robert Michael Gates''' (born September 25, 1943) is currently serving as the 22nd ]. He took office on December 18, 2006.<ref name="sworn in">{{cite news |
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|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6190279.stm |
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|title=New US defence secretary sworn in |
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|author= |
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|work=BBC News |
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|date=December 18, 2006|accessdate=2006-12-18}}</ref> Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the ] and the ], and under ] ] as ]. Immediately after being recruited by the CIA, he served as an officer in the ].<ref>Robert Gates, From The Shadows, 1996 (pp. 20-21 of Simon & Shuster 2006 paperback edition)</ref><ref></ref> After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of ] and was a member of several ] ]. Gates also served as a member of the ], the bipartisan commission co-chaired by ] and ], that has studied the ]. He was also the first pick to serve as ] of the ] when it was created following the ], but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6460623 |
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|title=Gates' Government Intelligence Experience Runs Deep |
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|publisher=National Public Radio |
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|date=November 9, 2006 |
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|accessdate=2006-11-09}}</ref> |
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Gates accepted the nomination as ] position on November 8, 2006, replacing ]. He was confirmed with ] support.<ref name="Time"/> In a 2007 profile written by former ] ], '']'' named Gates one of the ].<ref name="Time">. '']''. Accessed May 31, 2008.</ref> In 2008, Gates was named one of America's Best Leaders by '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-robert-gates-us-secretary-of-defense.html|title=America's Best Leaders: Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> He currently continues to serve as Secretary of Defense in President ] cabinet.<ref name="change.gov 1Dec08-1">{{cite web |author= |title=Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced |work=Newsroom |publisher=] |date=1 December 2008 |url=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |format=Press release |accessdate=December 1, 2008}}</ref> |
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==Early life and education== |
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A native of ], Gates attained the rank of ] in the ] (BSA) and received the ] from the BSA as an adult.<ref name="desalista">{{cite web | author = | year = | url = http://members.cox.net/scouting179/Eagle%20Distinguished.htm | title = Distinguished Eagle Scouts | work = | publisher = Troop & Pack 179 | accessdate = 2006-03-02}}</ref><ref name="honor">{{cite book | last = Townley | first = Alvin | authorlink = | coauthors = | origdate= 2006-12-26 |url= http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531| title = Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts | publisher = St. Martin's Press| location = New York | pages =217–218| isbn = 0-312-36653-1 |accessdate= 2006-12-29 | year = 2007}}</ref> He graduated from ] in 1961, reportedly with straight A's.<ref name="Shane061119"> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/washington/19gates.html |
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| title = Pentagon Pick Returns to City He Gladly Left |
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| date = November 19, 2006 |
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| first = Scott|last = Shane |
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| work = New York Times |
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| page = front |
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| accessdate = 2006-09-25 |
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}}</ref> |
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Gates then received a scholarship to attend the ]. There, he graduated in 1965 with a ] in ]. At William & Mary, Gates was an active member and president of the ] (the national service fraternity) Chapter and the ]; he was also the ] manager for the ''],'' a literary and art magazine.<ref name=autogenerated1> |
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{{Citation |
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| newspaper =W&M News |
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| pages =Front |
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| year =2006 |
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| date =December 8, 2006 |
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|url =http://www.wm.edu/news/index.php?id=6992 |
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| title= Senate confirms Gates (’65) as U.S. Secretary of Defense |
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| publisher = College of William & Mary Office of University Relations |
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| last =Whitson | first =Brian |
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| accessdate=2006-11-09 |
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| nopp =true }}</ref> |
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At his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate that "has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man." <ref name=autogenerated1 /> |
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Gates then pursued an ] in History from ] in 1966. Finally, he completed his ] in Russian and Soviet History from ] in 1974. The title of his Georgetown doctoral dissertation is "Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Contemporary Events in China" and is available from University Microfilms International as document number . He received an ] (Doctor of Humane Letters) from William & Mary in 1998. |
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He married on January 7, 1967.<ref name=GatesSpeech/> Becky and Bob Gates had known each other for only three months when he proposed marriage. |
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] |
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==Intelligence career== |
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===Positions=== |
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While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the ] and joined the agency in 1966.<ref name=DefenselinkBio>{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| date = | year = 2007| month = July| url = http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=115| title = DefenseLink Biography: Dr. Robert M. Gates| format =| work =| pages =| publisher = U.S. Dept. of Defense| language =| accessdate = 2008-04-21}}</ref> On 4 January 1967, he was commissioned as a ] in the ].<ref name=GatesSpeech>{{cite news|accessdate=December 23, 2008 |
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|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4214 |
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|title=Secretary Gates Remarks at Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, Montgomery Alabama |
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|last=Gates |first=Robert |date=April 21, 2008 |
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|work=DefenseLink News |format=transcript |
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|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref><ref name=DefenselinkBio/> From 1967 to 1969, he was assigned to the ] as an intelligence officer which included a stint at ] in ], where he delivered intelligence briefings to ] crews.<ref name=NYReviewofBooks_Powers_19960620> |
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{{cite journal|accessdate= |
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|first=Thomas |last=Powers |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/powers.htm |
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|title=Who Won the Cold War?" |journal=New York Review of Books |
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|volume=43 |issue=11 |date=June 20, 1996}}</ref> After fulfilling his military obligation, he rejoined the CIA. |
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Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the ]. He returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, ] in 1982, and ] from April 18, 1986 to March 20, 1989. |
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=== Director of Central Intelligence === |
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]Gates was Deputy ] from March until August 1989, and was Assistant to the President and ] from August 1989 until November 1991. |
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Gates was nominated (for the second time, see below) for the position of Director of Central Intelligence by President ] on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6, becoming the only career officer in the CIA's history (as of 2005) to rise from entry-level employee to Director. |
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Deputy Directors during his tenure were ] (from November 6, 1991 until March 2, 1992) and Adm. ] (from April 9, 1992 through the remainder of Dr. Gates' tenure). He served until 1993. |
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The final report of the Independent Counsel for ] , issued on August 4, 1993, said that Gates "was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran/contra affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment..."<ref>Lawrence E. Walsh, , August 4, 1993, and in particular Chapter 16, </ref> |
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Gates was nominated to become the ] (head of the CIA) in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the ]. |
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===Level of involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal=== |
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Because of his senior status in the CIA, Gates was close to many figures who played significant roles in the ] and was in a position to have known of their activities. In 1984, as deputy director of CIA, Gates advocated that the U.S. initiate a bombing campaign against Nicaragua and that the U.S. do everything in its power short of direct military invasion of the country to remove the ] government.<ref>Los Angeles Times, Nov. 25, 2006, free archived version at http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/1125-04.htm last visited Nov. 26, 2006.</ref> The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment of Gates for his Iran-Contra activities or his responses to official inquiries. |
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Gates was an early subject of Independent Counsel's investigation, but the investigation of Gates intensified in the spring of 1991 as part of a larger inquiry into the Iran/contra activities of CIA officials. This investigation received an additional impetus in May 1991, when President ] nominated Gates to be ] (DCI). The chairman and vice chairman of the ] (SSCI) requested, in a letter to the Independent Counsel on May 15, 1991, any information that would “significantly bear on the fitness” of Gates for the CIA post. |
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Gates consistently testified that he first heard on October 1, 1986, from ], the national intelligence officer who was closest to the Iran initiative, that proceeds from the Iran arms sales may have been diverted to support the ]. Other evidence proves, however, that Gates received a report on the diversion during the summer of 1986 from DDI Richard Kerr.<ref>GlobalSecurity.org. </ref> The issue was whether the Independent Counsel could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Gates was deliberately not telling the truth when he later claimed not to have remembered any reference to the diversion before meeting with Allen in October. |
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] secrecy rules hampered Independent Counsel's response. Nevertheless, in order to answer questions about Gates' prior testimony, Independent Counsel accelerated his investigation of Gates in the summer of 1991. This investigation was substantially completed by September 3, 1991, at which time Independent Counsel determined that Gates' Iran-Contra activities and testimony did not warrant prosecution. |
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Independent Counsel made this decision subject to developments that could have warranted reopening his inquiry, including testimony by ], the CIA's former deputy director for operations. At the time Independent Counsel reached this decision, the possibility remained that George could have provided information warranting reconsideration of Gates's status in the investigation. George refused to cooperate with Independent Counsel and was indicted on September 19, 1991. George subpoenaed Gates to testify as a defense witness at George's first trial in the summer of 1994, but Gates was never called. |
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Robert Gates had sent a memo to the ] in 1985, urging ] government to sell ] arms during ].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/23/world/cia-nominee-tied-to-85-memo-urging-iran-arms-deals.html</ref> |
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==Career after leaving the CIA== |
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===1993-1999 === |
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After retiring from the CIA in 1993, Gates worked as an academic and lecturer. He evaluated student theses for the ] Program of the ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} He lectured at ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} Gates served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Oklahoma International Programs Center and a trustee of the endowment fund for the College of William and Mary, his ], which in 1998 conferred upon him ] of ]. |
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In 1996, Gates' ], ''From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War,'' was published. Gates has also written numerous articles on government and foreign policy and has been a frequent contributor to the ] of '']''.<ref>, July 1999.</ref> |
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] |
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===Texas A&M=== |
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Gates was the interim Dean of the ] at ] from 1999 to 2001. On August 1, 2002, he became the 22nd President of Texas A&M. As the university president, Gates made significant progress in four key areas of the university's "Vision 2020" plan, a plan to become one of the top 10 public universities by the year 2020. The four key areas include improving student diversity, increasing the size of the faculty, building new academic facilities, and enriching the undergraduate and graduate education experience.<ref name="Robert_Gates">"". ''President Robert M. Gates''.</ref> During his tenure, Gates encouraged the addition of 440 new faculty positions and a $300 million campus construction program, and saw dramatic increases in minority enrollment. On February 2, 2007, Gates was conferred the title of President Emeritus by unanimous vote of the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents. Gates and his wife Becky received ] from Texas A&M on August 10, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&PRID=13187|title=Aggies Wrap First Week of Fall Camp with Pair of Workouts|publisher=Texas A&M University Athletic Department|accessdate=2007-08-15|date=2007-08-11}}</ref> |
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Gates returned to Texas A&M on April 21, 2009, as the speaker at of annual ] ceremony. He is one of only 5 speakers not to be a graduate of ] since ] spoke in 1946.<ref>http://muster.tamu.edu/node/15</ref> |
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===Corporate boards === |
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Gates has been a member of the board of trustees of ], and on the board of directors of ], Inc., ], Inc., ], ], and VoteHere, a technology company which sought to provide ] and computer software security for the electronic election industry.<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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| first = Mark |
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| last = Lewellen-Biddle |
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| url = http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/voting_machines_gone_wild |
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| title =Voting Machines Gone Wild! |
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| publisher =In These Times |
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| date = December 11, 2003 |
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| accessdate = 2007-09-25 |
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}}</ref> A White House spokeswoman has said Gates plans to sell all the stock he owns in individual companies and sever all ties with them if confirmed by the Senate.<ref> {{cite web |
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| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/06/AR2006120600188.html |
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| title = Gates' Assets Include Defense Stock |
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| first = Sharon |
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| last = Theimer |
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|publisher = Washington Post / Associated Press |
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| date = December 6, 2006; 3:54 AM |
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| accessdate = 2007-09-25 |
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}}</ref> |
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=== Public service === |
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Gates is a former president of the ].<ref name="NESA">{{cite web|url=http://www.scouting.org/Media/ScoutingIntheNews/030802.aspx|title=NESA Mourns Loss of Eagles in Operation Iraqi Freedom|date=2008|publisher=Boy Scouts of America|accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref> |
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In January 2004, Gates co-chaired a ] task force on U.S. relations towards Iran. Among the task force's primary recommendation was to directly engage Iran on a diplomatic level regarding Iranian nuclear technology. Key points included a negotiated position that would allow Iran to develop its nuclear program in exchange for a commitment from Iran to use the program only for peaceful means.<ref>, final report of an independent task force, July 2004, Council of Foreign Relations Press</ref> |
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At the time of his nomination by President George W. Bush to the position of Secretary of Defense, Gates was also a member of the ], also called the Baker Commission, which was expected to issue its report in November 2006, following the mid-term election on November 7. He was replaced by former ] ]. |
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===Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence=== |
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In February 2005, Gates wrote in a message posted on his school's website that "there seems to be a growing number of rumors in the media and around campus that I am leaving Texas A&M to become the new ] in ]"{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The message said that "To put the rumors to rest, I was indeed asked to take the position, wrestled with perhaps the most difficult — and close — decision of my life, and last week declined the position."{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} |
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Gates committed to remain as President of Texas A&M University through the summer of 2008; President ] offered the position of ] (DNI) to ], who accepted.<ref>{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/02/17/intelligence.chief/index.html |
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|title=Bush names Negroponte intelligence chief |
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|work=CNN.com |
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|date=February 18, 2005 |
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|accessdate=2006-11-08}}</ref> |
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Gates said in a 2005 discussion with the university's Academy for Future International Leaders that he had tentatively decided to accept the DNI position out of a sense of duty and had written an email that would be sent to students during the press conference to announce his decision, explaining that he was leaving to serve the U.S. once again. Gates, however, took the weekend to consider what his final decision should be, and ultimately decided that he was unwilling to return to Washington, D.C., in any capacity simply because he "had nothing to look forward to in D.C. and plenty to look forward to at A&M."<ref name="CBS1">{{cite web| last = Esterbrook| first = John| title = A Closer Look At Robert Gates| publisher = CBS News| date = 2006-11-08| url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/08/terror/main2163357.shtml| accessdate = 2009-02-03}}</ref> |
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==Secretary of Defense== |
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===Bush Administration=== |
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] |
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On November 8, 2006, after the ], President ] announced his intent to nominate Gates to succeed the resigning ] as U.S. Secretary of Defense.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html |
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|title= Bush replaces Rumsfeld to get 'fresh perspective' |
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|publisher=CNN.com|date=November 8, 2006 |
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|accessdate=2006-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
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|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/08/us/politics/09BUSHCND.html?hp&ex=1163048400&en=90b2a0d9c77157ea&ei=5094&partner=homepage |
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|title=Rumsfeld Resigns as Defense Secretary After Big Election Gains for Democrats |
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|author=Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jim Rutenberg |
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|work=New York Times |
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|date=November 8, 2006|accessdate=2006-11-08}}</ref> |
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Gates was unanimously confirmed by the ] ] on December 5, 2006. During his confirmation hearing on December 5, 2006, Senator ] of Michigan asked Gates if he thought the United States was winning the war in Iraq, to which Gates responded: "No, sir." He then went on to say that he did not think the United States was losing the war either.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/News/NewsArticle.aspx?id=2330 |
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|title=Senate Confirms Gates as 22nd Defense Secretary |
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|publisher=American Forces Press Service |
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|author=Jim Garamone |
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|date=December 6, 2006 |
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|accessdate=2006-12-06}}</ref> The next day, Gates was confirmed by the full Senate by a margin of 95-2, with Republican Senators ] and ] casting the two dissenting votes and senators ], ], and ] not voting.<ref name="Gates confirmed">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16068845/ |
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|title= Robert Gates confirmed as secretary of defense |
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|publisher=Associated Press|date=December 6, 2006 |
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|accessdate=2006-12-06}}</ref> On December 18, 2006, Gates was sworn in as Secretary of Defense by ] ] at a private ] ceremony and then by Vice President ] at the Pentagon.<ref name="sworn in" /> |
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] Robert Gates gives a ] with a group of Aggie ] at ], ]]] |
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Several months after his appointment, '']'' published a series of articles beginning February 18, 2007 that brought to the spotlight the ].<ref>.</ref> As a result of the fallout from the incident, Gates announced the removal of ] ], and later, he approved the removal of Army Surgeon General ].<ref></ref> |
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On June 8, 2007, Gates announced that he would not recommend the renomination of ], the ], due to anticipated difficulties with the confirmation process. Instead, Gates recommended ], the ] at the time, to fill the position.<ref></ref> On June 5, 2008, in response to the findings on Air Force misshipments of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons components, Gates announced the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force ] and Air Force Chief of Staff ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4236 |
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|title= DoD News Briefing with Secretary Gates from the Pentagon |
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|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|date=2008-06-05 |
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|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref> |
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Under the Bush administration, Gates oversaw the war in Iraq's ] a marked change in tactics from his predecessor. With violence seemingly on the decline in Iraq, in 2008, Gates also begun the troop withdrawal of Iraq, a policy continued into the Obama administration. |
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===Obama Administration=== |
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On ], ], President-elect Obama announced that Robert Gates would remain in his position as Secretary of Defense during his administration,<ref name="change.gov 1Dec08-1"/> reportedly for at least the first year of Obama's presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/11/gates-cabinet-a.html |title= Gates Cabinet Appointment 'A Done Deal' |work=Political Radar |format=Blog |publisher=]|date=25 November 2008 |accessdate=Novemebr 25, 2008}}</ref> Gates is the fourteenth Cabinet member in history to serve under two Presidents of different parties. One of the first priorities under President Barack Obama’s administration for Gates will be a review of U.S. policy and strategy in ].<ref name="bloom-2dec08">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ad9s4rYeO7d8&refer=home |format=Article |title=Gates Says Review of Afghanistan Policy Will Be ‘High Priority’ |work=Worldwide News |last=Fireman |first=Ken |coauthors=Capaccio, Tony |publisher=]|date=2 December 2008 |accessdate=December 2, 2008}}</ref> Gates, sixth in the ], was selected as ] during Obama's inauguration.<ref>{{cite web |author=CNN |title=Defense Secretary Gates to be 'designated successor' Tuesday |work=CNN |publisher=CNN |date=20 January 2009 |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/19/defense-secretary-gates-to-be-designated-successor-tuesday/ |format=News article |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> On March 1, 2009 he told ] on '']'' that he would not commit to how long he would serve as Secretary of Defense but implied that he would not serve the entire first term.<ref></ref> |
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In addition to the troop withdrawals already begun in the Bush administration, Gates has implemented several policies under the new administration. Gates has implemented a limited surge of troops in Afghanistan<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/US/Gates-against-further-surge-of-US-troops-in-Afghanistan/articleshow/4480334.cms</ref>. In April 2009, Gates has proposed a large shift in budget priorities in the US Department of Defense 2010 budget. The budget cuts many programs geared toward conventional warfare such as the end of new orders of the ] and further development of ] manned vehicles, but increases funding for programs like the ].<ref name=cut> ''CNN'', 9 April 2009. Retrieved: 14 April 2009.</ref> Gates called this the "nation’s first truly 21st century defense budget."<ref></ref> |
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==Criticism== |
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] |
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As deputy director and director of America's leading intelligence agency for many years, Gates and his CIA staff have been faulted for failing to accurately gauge the decline and disintegration of the Soviet Union. More particularly, Gates has been criticized for concocting evidence to show that the Soviet Union was stronger than it actually was, and also for repeatedly skewing intelligence to promote a particular worldview.<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite news | title = Old Names, Old Scandals | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15627855/site/newsweek | publisher = ] | date = 2006-11-08}}</ref> Also, according to Newsweek, Gates, as deputy director of CIA, allegedly vouched for the comprehensiveness of a CIA study presented to the Senate and President Reagan alleging that the Soviet Union played a role in the ] of ]. A CIA internal review later denounced the report as being skewed,<ref name="Newsweek"/> but that Gates did not try to influence the report's conclusions.<ref>{{cite news | title = In Rebuttal to Senate Panel, C.I.A. Nominee Seems Truthful but Incomplete | publisher = The New York Times | 1991-10-13}}</ref> |
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===NATO Comments=== |
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On January 16, 2008, Gates was quoted in the ] as saying NATO forces in southern Afghanistan do not know how to properly combat a guerrilla insurgency and that could be contributing to rising violence in the country.<ref>http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-usafghan16jan16,1,163569.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=2&cset=true</ref> The Netherlands<ref>http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gates17jan17,1,6875867.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=1&cset=true</ref> and United Kingdom<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3201002.ece</ref> protested. |
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==Awards and decorations== |
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] |
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Gates' awards and decorations include: |
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;Government awards |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] (2 awards) |
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*] (3 awards) |
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;Other awards |
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*] |
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*] |
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*Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from ] |
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*] Alumni Association - Alumni Medallion |
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*] Hall of Honor (First Non-Corps Honoree) - Texas A&M University |
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* - George Bush Presidential Library Foundation |
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==Notes== |
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{{Cleanup-link rot|date=November 2008}} |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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==References== |
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*{{cite web|accessdate= |
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|url=http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html |
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|title= Biography, Dr. Robert M. Gates, President, Texas A&M University |
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|publisher=Texas A&M University|year=2003 |
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|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060920100505/http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html |
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|archivedate=December 20, 2008}} |
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*{{cite web|accessdate= |
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|url=http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html |
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|title= Directors of Central Intelligence: Robert Michael Gates (1943- ), DCI, 6 Nov. 1991-20 Jan. 1993 |
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|work=The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments |
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|first=J. Ransom |last=Clark}} |
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*{{cite book |
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|first=Robert M. |last=Gates |
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|title=From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War |
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|publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1997 |isbn=0-684-83497-9}} |
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*{{cite news|accessdate= |
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|first=Brett |last=Nauman |
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|url=http://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php |
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|title=Gates passes on intelligence czar post |
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|work=The Bryan-College Station Eagle |
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|date=February 1, 2005 |
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|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927234236/http://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php |
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|archivedate=September 27, 2008}} |
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*{{cite web|accessdate= |
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|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MDgatesR.htm |
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|title=Robert Gates |
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|format=biography |
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|publisher= Spartacus Educational}} |
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*{{cite web|accessdate= |
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|url=https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html |
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|title=Robert Michael Gates |
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|work=Directors & Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence |
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|publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA |year=2004}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*Paul Burka, "", ''Texas Monthly'' (November 2006) |
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*Robert Gates, ''From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War'', Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (May 7, 1997). |
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*Robert Gates, '''', 1999, CIA |
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*Robert Gates, '''', 2001, PBS.org |
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*Robert Gates, '''', ''Foreign Affairs'' (January/February 2009) |
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==External links== |
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{{commons}} |
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{{wikisource-author|Robert Gates}} |
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* A conversation with U.S. Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates, December 17, 2008 |
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*Robert Gates' |
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*Gates on relations with China:, |
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* |
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* at Georgetown University Law Library |
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* - The Iran-Contra Scandal, 1991 Confirmation Hearings, and Excerpts from new book Safe for Democracy |
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* |
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* |
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* |
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*{{cite web|accessdate= |
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|url=http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=8488 |
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|title=Debate on Robert Gates |
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|publisher=The Education Forum}} |
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