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{{Infobox Former Country | {{Infobox Former Country | ||
|conventional_long_name = Khanate of Erevan< |
|conventional_long_name = Khanate of Erevan</br>خانات ایروان</br>ایروان خانليغي</br> | ||
|empire = ] | |empire = ] | ||
|continent = ] | |continent = ] | ||
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|image_map_caption = "Yerevan Khanate c. 1800." | |image_map_caption = "Yerevan Khanate c. 1800." | ||
|capital = ] | |capital = ] | ||
|status = ] | |status = ] | ||
}} | |||
'''The ] of ]''' ({{lang-fa|خانات ایروان}}; {{lang-az2|ایروان خانليغي}}) or '''Čoḵūr Saʿd'''<ref name=iranica>] and ]. "." ]. Accessed 2009-01-03.</ref>, was an administrative territory of Safavid ] established in 1604, ruled by hereditary rulers who had a title of ]s (also called ]s).<ref></ref> The khanate had an 80% Muslim majority, and also had an Armenian minority, which from the mid-17th century onwards was under the jurisdiction of the Armenian meliks of Erevan.<ref name="iranica"/> It covered an area of roughly 7,500 square miles<ref name="iranica"/> and corresponded to most of present-day central ], most of the ] of present-day ], and the ] and ] rayons of ]'s ]. | |||
As a result of |
As a result of Persia's defeat in the last ], the khanate was ceded to the ] in accordance with the ]. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Khanate of Erevan and the ] were joined to form the ]. | ||
==Government== | ==Government== | ||
During Persian rule, the |
During the Persian rule, the shahs appointed the various khans as ] of the territory, thus creating an administrative center. These khans from ] tribe<ref></ref><ref></ref> governed the khanate from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828.<ref name="iranica"/>. The khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts (mahals). Persian rule was interrupted by ] occupation between 1635-1636 and 1722-1736. Occasionally the khanate of Erevan had to submit to ] of Georgia, ], and ] Javanshir of ]. | ||
===Armenian |
===Armenian Meliks=== | ||
Although the khan of Erevan governed the entire khanate, from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828 the Armenian community was under the immediate jurisdiction of the ] of Erevan, of the House of Melik'-Aghamalyan. The inception of the Melikʿdom of Erevan appears only after the end of the last Ottoman-Safavid war in 1639 and seems to have been a part of an overall administrative reorganization in ] after a long period of wars and invasions. The first known member of the family is a certain Melikʿ Gilan but the first certain holder of the title “melikʿ of Erevan” was Melikʿ Aghamal and it may be from him that the house had taken its surname. One of his successors, Melikʿ-Hakobyan, attended the coronation of ] in the ] in 1736.<ref name="iranica"/> | |||
Under the |
Under the melikʿs of Erevan were a number of other melikʿs in the khanate, with each ] inhabited by Armenians having its own local melikʿ. The melikʿs of Erevan themselves, especially the last, Melikʿ Sahak II, were among the most important, influential and respected individuals in the khanate and both Christians and Muslims alike sought their advice, protection and intercession. Second in importance only to the khan himself, they alone among the Armenians of Erevan were allowed to wear the dress of a Persian of rank. The melikʿ of Erevan had full administrative, legislative and judicial authority over Armenians up to the sentence of the death penalty, which only the khan was allowed to impose. The melikʿ exercised a military function as well, because he or his appointee commanded the Armenian infantry contingents in the khan’s army. All the other melikʿs and village headmen (tanuters) of the khanate were subordinate to the melikʿ of Erevan and, all the Armenian villages of the khanate were required to pay him an annual tax.<ref name="iranica"/> | ||
⚫ | == Demographics == | ||
During the existence of the khanate, its population consisted primarily of ] (settled largely around the capital), ] (both settled and seminomadic), ], and ] (largely nomadic).<ref name="hewsen">{{cite book | last = Hewsen | first = Robert H. | title = Armenia: A Historical Atlas | year = 2001 |location= Chicago | publisher = ] | isbn = 0-226-33228-4 | page = 168 }}</ref> ] was the predominate faith of the khanate (with some Kurds of the ] school).<ref name="hewsen" /> ]s were also known to be numerous.<ref name="hewsen" /> ] formed less than 20% of the population <ref name="hewsen" /> as a result of ]'s deportation of much of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in ].<ref name="vonhaxthausen ">{{cite book | last = von Haxthausen | first = Baron | title = Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian | year = 2000 | publisher = Adamant Media Corporation | isbn = 1402183674 | page = 252 }}</ref> | |||
⚫ | After the incorporation of the khanate into the ] in 1828, many Muslims (], ], ] and various nomadic tribes) were forced to migrate and replaced with tens of thousands of repatriated and resettled Armenians from ]. Such migrations, albeit on a lesser scale, continued until the end of the 19th century.<ref>Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal by Tim Potier. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2001. p.2 ISBN 9041114777</ref> | ||
===List of Khans=== | ===List of Khans=== | ||
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*Gilan (?-1653), | *Gilan (?-1653), | ||
*Catur I (1653?-ca. 1693), | *Catur I (1653?-ca. 1693), | ||
* |
*Ałamal (ca. 1693-1716), | ||
*Catur II (1716-19), | *Catur II (1716-19), | ||
*Naz I (1719-21), | *Naz I (1719-21), | ||
* |
*Yakob-Jan (1721?- 1759), | ||
*Naz II (1759?-1790), | *Naz II (1759?-1790), | ||
*Petros? (1790?-?), | *Petros? (1790?-?), | ||
Line 53: | Line 59: | ||
*Abraham (ca.1805-11), | *Abraham (ca.1805-11), | ||
*Sahak II (1811-28, d. 1835). | *Sahak II (1811-28, d. 1835). | ||
⚫ | == Demographics == | ||
During the existence of the khanate, its population consisted primarily of ], ] (settled largely around the capital), ] (both settled and seminomadic), ] (largely nomadic).<ref name="hewsen">{{cite book | last = Hewsen | first = Robert H. | title = Armenia: A Historical Atlas | |||
| year = 2001 |location=Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn = 0-226-33228-4 | page = 57 }}</ref> | |||
As a result of ]'s deportation of much of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605, ] as a whole lost its Armenian majority.<ref name="vonhaxthausen ">{{cite book | last = Von Haxthausen | first = Baron | title = Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian | year = 2000 | publisher = Adamant Media Corporation | isbn = 1402183674 | page = 252 }}</ref> The khanate itself maintained its Armenian character until the time of of ], and the city of Erevan retained an Armenian majority until the end of the eighteenth and start of nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bournoutian | first = George A. | title = The Khanate of Erevan under Qajar rule, 1795-1828 |location=Costa Mesa, CA | year = 1992 | publisher = Mazda Publishers | isbn = 0939214180 | page = 58 }}</ref> By the time the final census figures were taken after the Russian conquest, the ratio of Armenians in relation to Muslims had dropped to a total of 20%.<ref name="hewsen" /> | |||
Among the Muslim population, ] was the predominate faith of the khanate (with some Kurds of the ] school).<ref name="hewsen" /> ]s were also known to be numerous.<ref name="hewsen" /> | |||
⚫ | After the incorporation of the khanate into the ] in 1828, many Muslims (], ], ] and various nomadic tribes) |
||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Line 72: | Line 68: | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*Bournoutian, George A. (1982). ''Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807-1828: A Political and Socioeconomic Study of the Khanate of Erevan on the Eve of the Russian Conquest''. Undena Publications. | *Bournoutian, George A. (1982). ''Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807-1828: A Political and Socioeconomic Study of the Khanate of Erevan on the Eve of the Russian Conquest''. Undena Publications. | ||
*Bournoutian, George A. (1992). ''The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule, 1795-1828''. Mazda Publishers. | *Bournoutian, George A. (1992). ''The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule, 1795-1828''. Mazda Publishers. | ||
*Bournoutian, George A. "" ''Iranian Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 2/3 (Spring - Summer, 1976), pp. 163-179. | *Bournoutian, George A. "" ''Iranian Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 2/3 (Spring - Summer, 1976), pp. 163-179. | ||
*Bournoutian, George A. . ''Encyclopedia Iranica''. | *Bournoutian, George A. . ''Encyclopedia Iranica''. | ||
*Official website of Sardari Iravani family, descendants of HOSAYNQOLIKHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI.. | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanate Of Erevan}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Khanate Of Erevan}} | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
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] | ] | ||
] | ] |
Revision as of 05:46, 18 March 2010
Khanate of Erevan خانات ایروان ایروان خانليغي | |
---|---|
1604–1828 | |
"Yerevan Khanate c. 1800." | |
Status | khanate |
Capital | Erevan |
History | |
• Established | 1604 |
• Disestablished | 1828 |
The Khanate of Erevan (Template:Lang-fa; Template:Lang-az2) or Čoḵūr Saʿd, was an administrative territory of Safavid Persia established in 1604, ruled by hereditary rulers who had a title of khans (also called sardars). The khanate had an 80% Muslim majority, and also had an Armenian minority, which from the mid-17th century onwards was under the jurisdiction of the Armenian meliks of Erevan. It covered an area of roughly 7,500 square miles and corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, most of the Iğdır Province of present-day Turkey, and the Sharur and Sadarak rayons of Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.
As a result of Persia's defeat in the last Russo-Persian War, the khanate was ceded to the Russian Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Immediately following this, the territories of the former Khanate of Erevan and the Khanate of Nakhichevan were joined to form the Armenian oblast.
Government
During the Persian rule, the shahs appointed the various khans as beglerbegī of the territory, thus creating an administrative center. These khans from Qajar tribe governed the khanate from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828.. The khanate was divided into fifteen administrative districts (mahals). Persian rule was interrupted by Ottoman occupation between 1635-1636 and 1722-1736. Occasionally the khanate of Erevan had to submit to Erekle II of Georgia, Panah Ali Khan, and Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir of Karabakh Khanate.
Armenian Meliks
Although the khan of Erevan governed the entire khanate, from the mid-17th century until the Russian occupation in 1828 the Armenian community was under the immediate jurisdiction of the Melik of Erevan, of the House of Melik'-Aghamalyan. The inception of the Melikʿdom of Erevan appears only after the end of the last Ottoman-Safavid war in 1639 and seems to have been a part of an overall administrative reorganization in Persian Armenia after a long period of wars and invasions. The first known member of the family is a certain Melikʿ Gilan but the first certain holder of the title “melikʿ of Erevan” was Melikʿ Aghamal and it may be from him that the house had taken its surname. One of his successors, Melikʿ-Hakobyan, attended the coronation of Nāder Shah in the Plain of Moḡān in 1736.
Under the melikʿs of Erevan were a number of other melikʿs in the khanate, with each maḥall inhabited by Armenians having its own local melikʿ. The melikʿs of Erevan themselves, especially the last, Melikʿ Sahak II, were among the most important, influential and respected individuals in the khanate and both Christians and Muslims alike sought their advice, protection and intercession. Second in importance only to the khan himself, they alone among the Armenians of Erevan were allowed to wear the dress of a Persian of rank. The melikʿ of Erevan had full administrative, legislative and judicial authority over Armenians up to the sentence of the death penalty, which only the khan was allowed to impose. The melikʿ exercised a military function as well, because he or his appointee commanded the Armenian infantry contingents in the khan’s army. All the other melikʿs and village headmen (tanuters) of the khanate were subordinate to the melikʿ of Erevan and, all the Armenian villages of the khanate were required to pay him an annual tax.
Demographics
During the existence of the khanate, its population consisted primarily of Persians (settled largely around the capital), Turkic tribes (both settled and seminomadic), Armenians, and Kurds (largely nomadic). Shia Islam was the predominate faith of the khanate (with some Kurds of the Sunni school). Yazidis were also known to be numerous. Armenians formed less than 20% of the population as a result of Shah Abbas I's deportation of much of the Armenian population from the Ararat valley and the surrounding region in 1605.
After the incorporation of the khanate into the Russian Empire in 1828, many Muslims (Azeris, Kurds, Lezgis and various nomadic tribes) were forced to migrate and replaced with tens of thousands of repatriated and resettled Armenians from Persia. Such migrations, albeit on a lesser scale, continued until the end of the 19th century.
List of Khans
- 1736-40 Tahmasp-qulu khan
- 1740-47 Nader Shah
- 1745-48 Mekhti-khan Qasimli
- 1748-50 Hasan Ali-khan
- 1750-80 Huseyn Ali Khan
- 1752-55 Khalil Khan
- 1755-62 Hasan Ali Khan Qajar
- 1762-83 Huseyn Ali Khan
- 1783-84 Qulam Ali (son of Hasan Ali)
- 1784-1804 Muhammed Khan
- 1804-06 Mekhti-Qulu Khan
- 1806-07 Muhammed Khan Maragai
- 1807-27 Huseyn Qulu Khan Qajar
List of Meliks
- Gilan (?-1653),
- Catur I (1653?-ca. 1693),
- Ałamal (ca. 1693-1716),
- Catur II (1716-19),
- Naz I (1719-21),
- Yakob-Jan (1721?- 1759),
- Naz II (1759?-1790),
- Petros? (1790?-?),
- Sahak I (?-ca. 1805),
- Abraham (ca.1805-11),
- Sahak II (1811-28, d. 1835).
See also
- Armenians in the Persian Empire
- Azeris in Armenia
- Khanates of the Caucasus
- Islam in Armenia
- Blue Mosque, Yerevan
Notes
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. and George Bournoutian. "Erevan." Encyclopedia Iranica. Accessed 2009-01-03.
- Большая советская энциклопедия
- Abbasgulu Bakikhanov. Golestan-e Eram. Period V
- Encyclopaedia Iranica. Hosaynqolikhan Sardār-e Iravani
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
- von Haxthausen, Baron (2000). Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 252. ISBN 1402183674.
- Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal by Tim Potier. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2001. p.2 ISBN 9041114777
Further reading
- Bournoutian, George A. (1982). Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807-1828: A Political and Socioeconomic Study of the Khanate of Erevan on the Eve of the Russian Conquest. Undena Publications.
- Bournoutian, George A. (1992). The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule, 1795-1828. Mazda Publishers.
- Bournoutian, George A. "Husayn Qulī Khān Qazvīnī, Sardār of Erevan: A Portrait of a Qajar Administrator." Iranian Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2/3 (Spring - Summer, 1976), pp. 163-179.
- Bournoutian, George A. ḤOSAYNQOLIKHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI. Encyclopedia Iranica.
- Official website of Sardari Iravani family, descendants of HOSAYNQOLIKHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI..