| Revision as of 23:45, 10 April 2010 view sourcePhoenix of9 (talk | contribs)Rollbackers2,082 edits See: Misplaced Pages:Lead#First_sentence← Previous edit |
Revision as of 23:50, 10 April 2010 view source Paul Siebert (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers26,740 edits Reverted good faith edits by Phoenix of9; WP:LEDE does not require the title to be repeated verbatim in descriptive articles' lede. (TW)Next edit → |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
|
{{Expand German|Verbrechen_der_Roten_Armee_im_Zweiten_Weltkrieg#Vergewaltigungen|date=January 2010}} |
|
{{Expand German|Verbrechen_der_Roten_Armee_im_Zweiten_Weltkrieg#Vergewaltigungen|date=January 2010}} |
|
|
|
|
|
⚫ |
The wave of rapes and sexual violence occurred in Central Europe in 1944/45, as Allied and Soviet troops battered their way into the Third Reich.<ref>Perry Biddiscombe. Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945-1948. ''Journal of Social History'', Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring, 2001), pp. 611-647. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3789820</ref> The most massive the rapes were in the Soviet occupation zone; estimates of the numbers of rapes committed by Soviet soldiers range widely, from the tens of thousands to 2 million.<ref name="ElizabethHeineman">Elizabeth Heineman. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's "Crisis Years" and West German National Identity. ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 101, No. 2 (Apr., 1996), pp. 354-395. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2170395</ref> Around 100,000 woman are believed to be raped in ], based on surging abortion rates in the following months and contemporary hospital reports,<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml</ref><ref>Hanna Schissler ''The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949-1968'' </ref><ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106687768</ref> and from 10,000<ref name="Grossman">Atina Grossmann. A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers ''October'', Vol. 72, ''Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties"'' (Spring, 1995), pp. 42-63 MIT Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/778926</ref> to 240,000 women died in the aftermath. <ref>Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: ''BeFreier und Befreite'', Fischer, Frankfurt 2005</ref><ref>Seidler/]: ''Kriegsverbrechen in Europa und im Nahen Osten im 20. Jahrhundert'', Mittler, Hamburg Berlin Bonn 2002</ref> ] describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass ] in history". <ref>http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/16/1052885399546.html</ref> According to Natalya Gesse, "the Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty." <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/may/01/news.features11</ref> After the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians were usually punished to some degree, ranging from arrest to execution.<ref>Norman M. Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949.'' Cambridge: Belknap, 1995 p. 92 ISBN 0-674-78405-7</ref> The rapes continued, however, until the winter of 1947–48, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined Soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps,“<ref>Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany'', p. 79</ref> completely separating them from the residential population in the Soviet zone of Germany. |
|
|
|
| ⚫ |
'''Mass rape of German women by Soviet Red Army''' refers to the rape of German women during the ]. <ref>Perry Biddiscombe. Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945-1948. ''Journal of Social History'', Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring, 2001), pp. 611-647. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3789820</ref> The most massive the rapes were in the Soviet occupation zone; estimates of the numbers of rapes committed by Soviet soldiers range widely, from the tens of thousands to 2 million.<ref name="ElizabethHeineman">Elizabeth Heineman. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's "Crisis Years" and West German National Identity. ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 101, No. 2 (Apr., 1996), pp. 354-395. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2170395</ref> Around 100,000 woman are believed to be raped in ], based on surging abortion rates in the following months and contemporary hospital reports,<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml</ref><ref>Hanna Schissler ''The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949-1968'' </ref><ref>http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106687768</ref> and from 10,000<ref name="Grossman">Atina Grossmann. A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers ''October'', Vol. 72, ''Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties"'' (Spring, 1995), pp. 42-63 MIT Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/778926</ref> to 240,000 women died in the aftermath. <ref>Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: ''BeFreier und Befreite'', Fischer, Frankfurt 2005</ref><ref>Seidler/]: ''Kriegsverbrechen in Europa und im Nahen Osten im 20. Jahrhundert'', Mittler, Hamburg Berlin Bonn 2002</ref> ] describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass ] in history". <ref>http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/16/1052885399546.html</ref> According to Natalya Gesse, "the Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty." <ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/may/01/news.features11</ref> After the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians were usually punished to some degree, ranging from arrest to execution.<ref>Norman M. Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949.'' Cambridge: Belknap, 1995 p. 92 ISBN 0-674-78405-7</ref> The rapes continued, however, until the winter of 1947–48, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined Soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps,“<ref>Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany'', p. 79</ref> completely separating them from the residential population in the Soviet zone of Germany. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
==See also== |
|
==See also== |
The wave of rapes and sexual violence occurred in Central Europe in 1944/45, as Allied and Soviet troops battered their way into the Third Reich. The most massive the rapes were in the Soviet occupation zone; estimates of the numbers of rapes committed by Soviet soldiers range widely, from the tens of thousands to 2 million. Around 100,000 woman are believed to be raped in Berlin, based on surging abortion rates in the following months and contemporary hospital reports, and from 10,000 to 240,000 women died in the aftermath. Antony Beevor describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass rape in history". According to Natalya Gesse, "the Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty." After the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians were usually punished to some degree, ranging from arrest to execution. The rapes continued, however, until the winter of 1947–48, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined Soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps,“ completely separating them from the residential population in the Soviet zone of Germany.
