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| See also: '']'' | |||
| '''Chios Mastiha''' ({{lang-el|Μαστίχα}}), not to be confused with ], is a Greek premium liqueur made from the natural resin of the '']'' tree, a small evergreen shrub that grows to about two to three meters on rocky terrain on the southern part of the island of ]. This tree takes fifty years to reach maturity, and can be harvested for mastiha from its fifth year onwards. Although variations of the Mastiha tree can be found around the ], the species that produces the aromatic mastiha sap only grows in the southern part of Chios. | |||
| Chios Mastiha is the only variant of mastic liqueur that has been granted ] (PDO). The approximately five thousand mastiha growers are united under the ]. | |||
| a ] obtained from the mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus. In pharmacies and nature shops, it is called "Arabic gum" (not to be confused with ]) and "]". In ], it is known as the "tears of ]," being traditionally produced on that Greek island, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets. | |||
| ==Commerce== | |||
| ] | |||
| Within the European Union, mastic production in Chios is granted ]. The island's mastic production is controlled by a co-operative of medieval villages, collectively known as the ']' (Μαστιχοχώρια), which is also located in southern Chios. There is even a small Museum of Mastic in the village of Pyrgi. | |||
| Traditionally there has also been limited production of mastic on the ] peninsula, on the ] coast only eight nautical miles from Chios, with similar ecological conditions suitable for mastic production.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gönderen Burçin ÇOKUYSAL |url=http://burcincokuysal.blogspot.com/2010/01/ecologic-evaluation-of-pistacia.html |title=Prof.Dr. Burçin ÇOKUYSAL: ECOLOGIC EVALUATION OF Pistacia lentiscus (MASTIC) IN ÇEŞME PENINSULA |publisher=Burcincokuysal.blogspot.com |date=1923-03-20 |accessdate=2013-06-18}}</ref> The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats ] has been leading a project to protect the native mastic trees and to plant new ones in Çeşme peninsula to revive viable commercial production. As part of this project, which is expected to last through 2016, over 3,000 mastic tree saplings were planted between 2008 and October 2011 to over 368 acres (149 hectares) of dedicated farm land provided by the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=TEMA Foundation|URL=http://www.tema.org.tr/web_14966-2_1/entitialfocus.aspx?primary_id=501&type=2&target=categorial1&detail=single&sp_table=&sp_primary=&sp_table_extra=&openfrom=sortial|title=Sakız Ağaçlarına Sevgi Aşılıyoruz Projesi’nde yeni bir dönem başlıyor|accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref> | |||
| The harvest takes place from the beginning of July to the beginning of October. First, the area around the tree is cleared and sprinkled with inert ]. Then, every 4–5 days, 5-10 incisions are made in the bark of each tree. The resin flows from the incisions and solidifies on the ground. The pieces of dry mastic can then be collected for cleaning and eventual sale. In addition to mastic, mastic oil is also produced. | |||
| ===Imitations and substitutes=== | |||
| The rarity of mastic and the difficulty of its production make it expensive. As a result, imitations in the form of other resins appear in the market, sold as "mastic," such as ] or gum arabic. Other trees, such as '']'', can also produce a resin similar to mastic. Yet other substances, such as ] tree resin and ] tree resin, are sometimes used in place of mastic.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} | |||
| ==Medicinal use== | |||
| ]'']] | |||
| Mastic has been used as a medicine since antiquity and is still used in ] of the Middle East. In ancient Greece, it was given as a remedy for snakebite, and, in India and Persia, it was used to fill dental cavities. The first-century Greek physician ] mentions the healing properties of mastic in his book ''De Materia Medica''. ] wrote that the mastic is good for prevention of digestive problems and colds, and ] suggested that mastic was useful for bronchitis and for improving the condition of the blood. In medieval times, mastic was highly valued by sultans' harems as a breath freshener and a tooth whitener. | |||
| Mastic contains antioxidants and also has antibacterial and antifungal properties.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Koutsoudaki C, Krsek M, Rodger A |title=Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and the gum of Pistacia lentiscus Var. chia |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=53 |issue=20 |pages=7681–5 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16190616 |doi=10.1021/jf050639s}}</ref> A ] study published in the '']'' claims that mastic can cure ]s by killing '']'' bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huwez FU, Thirlwell D, Cockayne A, Ala'Aldeen DA |title=Mastic gum kills Helicobacter pylori |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=339 |issue=26 |page=1946 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9874617 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199812243392618}}</ref> Other studies have indicated that mastic has only a modest ability to eliminate ''H. pylori'' but have also suggested that refining mastic by removing the polymer ] may make the active components, particularly isomasticadienolic acid, more available and effective.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Mitakou S, etal |title=In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=551–9 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17116667 |pmc=1797732 |doi=10.1128/AAC.00642-06}}</ref> Mastic may also have some value in preventing tooth decay<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aksoy A, Duran N, Koksal F |title=In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects of mastic chewing gum against Streptococcus mutans and mutans streptococci |journal=Archives of Oral Biology |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=476–81 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16343417 |doi=10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.11.003}}</ref> and gingivitis<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Takahashi K, Fukazawa M, Motohira H, Ochiai K, Nishikawa H, Miyata T |title=A pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity |journal=Journal of Periodontology |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=501–5 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12747455 |doi=10.1902/jop.2003.74.4.501}}</ref> as chewing mastic reduces oral bacteria. | |||
| One study found that high consumption of Chios mastic powder results in decreased levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein A-1, apolipoprotein B, ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Triantafyllou | first1 = A. | last2 = Chaviaras | first2 = N. | last3 = Sergentanis | first3 = T. N. | last4 = Protopapa | first4 = E. | last5 = Tsaknis | first5 = J. | title = Chios mastic gum modulates serum biochemical parameters in a human population | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 111 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–49 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17150319 | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.031}}</ref> Mastic oil is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. In the past, it was also used in the manufacture of ]s. | |||
Revision as of 13:42, 20 June 2016
See also: Mastika
Chios Mastiha (Template:Lang-el), not to be confused with Mastika, is a Greek premium liqueur made from the natural resin of the Pistacia lentiscus tree, a small evergreen shrub that grows to about two to three meters on rocky terrain on the southern part of the island of Chios. This tree takes fifty years to reach maturity, and can be harvested for mastiha from its fifth year onwards. Although variations of the Mastiha tree can be found around the Mediterranean Sea, the species that produces the aromatic mastiha sap only grows in the southern part of Chios.
Chios Mastiha is the only variant of mastic liqueur that has been granted Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The approximately five thousand mastiha growers are united under the Chios Growers’ Association.
a resin obtained from the mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus. In pharmacies and nature shops, it is called "Arabic gum" (not to be confused with gum arabic) and "Yemen gum". In Greece, it is known as the "tears of Chios," being traditionally produced on that Greek island, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets.
Commerce
Within the European Union, mastic production in Chios is granted protected designation of origin. The island's mastic production is controlled by a co-operative of medieval villages, collectively known as the 'Mastichochoria' (Μαστιχοχώρια), which is also located in southern Chios. There is even a small Museum of Mastic in the village of Pyrgi.
Traditionally there has also been limited production of mastic on the Çeşme peninsula, on the Turkish coast only eight nautical miles from Chios, with similar ecological conditions suitable for mastic production. The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats TEMA has been leading a project to protect the native mastic trees and to plant new ones in Çeşme peninsula to revive viable commercial production. As part of this project, which is expected to last through 2016, over 3,000 mastic tree saplings were planted between 2008 and October 2011 to over 368 acres (149 hectares) of dedicated farm land provided by the Izmir Institute of Technology.
The harvest takes place from the beginning of July to the beginning of October. First, the area around the tree is cleared and sprinkled with inert calcium carbonate. Then, every 4–5 days, 5-10 incisions are made in the bark of each tree. The resin flows from the incisions and solidifies on the ground. The pieces of dry mastic can then be collected for cleaning and eventual sale. In addition to mastic, mastic oil is also produced.
Imitations and substitutes
The rarity of mastic and the difficulty of its production make it expensive. As a result, imitations in the form of other resins appear in the market, sold as "mastic," such as Boswellia or gum arabic. Other trees, such as Pistacia palaestina, can also produce a resin similar to mastic. Yet other substances, such as pine tree resin and almond tree resin, are sometimes used in place of mastic.
Medicinal use
Mastic has been used as a medicine since antiquity and is still used in traditional folk medicine of the Middle East. In ancient Greece, it was given as a remedy for snakebite, and, in India and Persia, it was used to fill dental cavities. The first-century Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides mentions the healing properties of mastic in his book De Materia Medica. Hippocrates wrote that the mastic is good for prevention of digestive problems and colds, and Galenus suggested that mastic was useful for bronchitis and for improving the condition of the blood. In medieval times, mastic was highly valued by sultans' harems as a breath freshener and a tooth whitener.
Mastic contains antioxidants and also has antibacterial and antifungal properties. A Nottingham University study published in the New England Journal of Medicine claims that mastic can cure peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Other studies have indicated that mastic has only a modest ability to eliminate H. pylori but have also suggested that refining mastic by removing the polymer poly-β-myrcene may make the active components, particularly isomasticadienolic acid, more available and effective. Mastic may also have some value in preventing tooth decay and gingivitis as chewing mastic reduces oral bacteria.
One study found that high consumption of Chios mastic powder results in decreased levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein A-1, apolipoprotein B, ALT, AST, and GGT. Mastic oil is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. In the past, it was also used in the manufacture of adhesive bandages.
- Gönderen Burçin ÇOKUYSAL (1923-03-20). "Prof.Dr. Burçin ÇOKUYSAL: ECOLOGIC EVALUATION OF Pistacia lentiscus (MASTIC) IN ÇEŞME PENINSULA". Burcincokuysal.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
- TEMA Foundation. "Sakız Ağaçlarına Sevgi Aşılıyoruz Projesi'nde yeni bir dönem başlıyor". Retrieved 2014-06-06.
- Koutsoudaki C, Krsek M, Rodger A (October 2005). "Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and the gum of Pistacia lentiscus Var. chia". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (20): 7681–5. doi:10.1021/jf050639s. PMID 16190616.
- Huwez FU, Thirlwell D, Cockayne A, Ala'Aldeen DA (December 1998). "Mastic gum kills Helicobacter pylori". The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (26): 1946. doi:10.1056/NEJM199812243392618. PMID 9874617.
- Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Mitakou S, et al. (February 2007). "In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (2): 551–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.00642-06. PMC 1797732. PMID 17116667.
- Aksoy A, Duran N, Koksal F (June 2006). "In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects of mastic chewing gum against Streptococcus mutans and mutans streptococci". Archives of Oral Biology. 51 (6): 476–81. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.11.003. PMID 16343417.
- Takahashi K, Fukazawa M, Motohira H, Ochiai K, Nishikawa H, Miyata T (April 2003). "A pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity". Journal of Periodontology. 74 (4): 501–5. doi:10.1902/jop.2003.74.4.501. PMID 12747455.
- Triantafyllou, A.; Chaviaras, N.; Sergentanis, T. N.; Protopapa, E.; Tsaknis, J. (2007). "Chios mastic gum modulates serum biochemical parameters in a human population". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 111 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.031. PMID 17150319.