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| The '''Peace of Bautzen''' or the '''Peace of Budziszyn''' ({{Lang-de|Frieden von Bautzen}}; {{Lang-pl|Pokój w Budziszynie}}) was a treaty concluded on January 30, 1018 between the ] ] ] and the ] ruler of ] ] which ended a series of ] over the control of ] and ] (''Milzenerland'' or ''Milsko'', the eastern part of the ] (''Misnia'')) as well as ], ] and ]. | |||
| Boleslaw had enjoyed the close friendship of the emperor ] and after his death supported one of Otto's followers, ] for the position of Holy Roman Emperor, against the claims of Henry II. After Eckard's death in 1002 Boleslaw took over Eckard's domain of Meissen as well as the march of Lusatia. Once Henry secured his position within Germany an agreement was reached which left Boleslaw with Lusatia and Upper Lusatia while Boleslaw in turn recognized Henry as Holy Roman Emperor. | |||
| Fighting soon resumed however, after an unsuccesful assasination attempt against Boleslaw, which he believed had been ordered by Henry (who denied the charge) occured soon after the peace was concluded. Boleslaw took control of Bohemia (having previously acquired Moravia and Slovakia). In the ensuing struggle Boleslaw allied himself with the ]'s noble opposition to Henry, while the emperor sought support among the ], a ] pagan ] tribe. An intermediate peace was concluded in ] in 1013 which preserved the territorial status quo, with Boleslaw holding on to Moravia and Slovakia, while ] was made the ruler of Bohemia (though he was soon deposed by his brother ]). Boleslaw however agreed to support the Emperor's Italian campaign. Open warfare continued when Boleslaw I did not comply with this condition, and instead supported Henry II's Italian adversaries. Henry II was however unable to defeat Boleslaw I, and agreed on a peace in ] (1018) which left Boleslaw I in charge of the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia. The two rulers also strengthened the dynastic bonds between them through Boleslaw's marriage with Oda, first daughter of Margrave Eckard. The emperor also promised to aid Boleslaw in his expedition against ] in the summer of 1018 with contingents of German and Hungarian troops which enabled the Polish ruler to capture ] and annex a part of ]. | |||
| ==Prelude== | |||
| === Merseburg (1002)=== | |||
| ]<ref>, 11th century manuscript of St. Gregory's Moralia in Job (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS Msc. Bibl. 84)</ref>]] | |||
| After the death of emperor Otto III, ] ] and ] Eckard (Ekkehard) I competed for succession.<ref name=Bernhardt41>Bernhardt (1993), p. 41</ref> When Eckard I was murdered on 30 April 1002 in ],<ref name=roeckelein113>Röckelein (2006), p. 113</ref> Polish duke Boleslaw I, who had supported Eckard's candidature,<ref name=Bernhardt41/> took over the ] and March Lusatia (Lower Lusatia), lands only recently conquered by Germans and still inhabited mostly by ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 123</ref> probably with approval from Eckard's family.<ref name=ncmh>Reuter and McKitterick, pg. 262</ref> He took control of both Bautzen and Meissen, after the inhabitants themselves had forced the German troops to leave the city, while other German knights voluntarily recognized Boleslaw's rule in the region.<ref name=Jas79/> Meanwhile, Henry IV had consolidated his rule against rival candidates, and, as Henry II, was crowned king of Germany in June.<ref name=Knefelkamp122>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 122</ref><ref name=Jas79>Jasienica (2007), p. 79</ref> | |||
| ] in a drawing by ]]] | |||
| On 25 July 1002<ref name=Schneidmueller110>Schneidmüller (2003), p. 110</ref> at a '']'' (imperial meeting) held in ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> the dispute was settled as follows: | |||
| *Henry II gave the Lusatian march and the eastern part of the Meissen march (''Milzenerland'', ]) to Boleslaw I as a fief,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I had to return the truncated Margraviate of Meissen,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I pledged allegiance to Henry II together with the Saxon nobles.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> | |||
| When Boleslaw I left Merseburg, he was ambushed, but due to the aid of ] and ] ], he was able to repulse the attack.<ref name=Berger224>Berger (2002), p. 224</ref> Henry II did neither protect him, nor punish the assailants.<ref name=Berger224/> | |||
| In 1003, Boleslaw I conquered the ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> arrested its ] duke, ],<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56>Herbers & Neuhaus (2005), p. 56</ref> and denied Henry II the oath of allegiance for the duchy.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> Henry II did not accept this,<ref name=Schwarz24>Schwarz (2006), p. 24</ref> and was determined to contest the Polish claims to the Bohemian duchy.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> Boleslaw I had further allied with the noble German opposition to Henry II.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> This alliance included Henry of Schweinfurt, his cousin Ernst as well as Henry II's brother ], all of which fled to Boleslaw's court when their rebellion against Henry II failed.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> While Boleslaw I could draw upon the support of many secular Saxon nobles, Henry II could rely on the Saxon clergy.<ref name=Berger224/> Also in 1003, Henry II allied with the pagan ] against Boleslaw I,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> and in 1004 launched a campaign against the latter.<ref name=Schwarz24/> In the course of this campaign, Henry II evicted Boleslaw I from Bohemia and granted it to the Přemyslid duke ]<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> in 1004, before he besieged and took Bautzen from Boleslaw I's forces and incorporated it into the ].<ref name=Berger225>Berger (2002), p. 225</ref> A few months later, together with ] and Czech allies, Henry II mounted another campaign.<ref name=Berger225/> He crossed the ] near ] and advanced into ]. Boleslaw however avoided an open battle, harried the emperor's troops with ] and caused "great losses", according to contemporary German chroniclers.<ref name=Jas84>Jasiennica, pg. 84</ref> The fighting was concluded in 1005<ref name=Berger225/> when ] mediated a peace near ],<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> as a result of which Poland had to give up Lusatia and Meissen but kept Slovakia and Moravia for the time being.<ref name=Jas84/> | |||
| The peace was temporary, as neither was Henry II ready to grant Boleslaw I a more elevated status than the one of an ordinary vassal, nor did the latter abandon his desire for such a position or accept Henry II's power as immediate to ], as his self-perception was similar in this respect.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| === Merseburg (1013)=== | |||
| {{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=250|image1=HRR 10Jh.jpg|caption1=] under the ], marches dashed.|image2=Polska 992 - 1025.png|caption2=Greatest extend of ]'s realm. Lusatian march indicated as Luzyze, Upper Lusatia as Milsko, Bautzen as Budziszyn.}} | |||
| Despite the peace of Poznan, warfare between Boleslaw I and Henry II continued between 1007 and 1013.<ref name=Schwarz24/> In 1007, Boleslaw I again took control of Lusatia with the fortress of Bautzen.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> A campaign led by Henry II in 1010 was unsuccessful.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> During this campaign, which started in ], Henry II was struck by an illness at ] and returned with some of his bishops, while the remaining armies devastated the surrounding area.<ref name=Berger225/> A Saxon campaign in 1012 was also unsuccessful.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> Henry II had mobilized the Saxon nobility to mount campaigns in his name, since he needed a peace agreement before 1013, when his coronation in ] was scheduled.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| Thus, in 1013, Boleslaw I and Henry II agreed on a peace in Merseburg:<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/><ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Henry II again gave the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia to Boleslaw I as a fief,<ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I again pledged allegiance to Henry II,<ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Boleslaw I promised to support Henry II's campaign to Rome,<ref name=Schwarz24/> | |||
| *Henry II promised to support Boleslaw I's campaign to Kiev with 500 knights.<ref name=Keller96>Keller (2001), p. 96</ref> | |||
| The treaty was confirmed by the marriage of ], a niece of Otto III, to ], a son of Boleslaw I.<ref name=Keller96/> During the ceremony Boleslaw I carried the sword for Henry II.<ref name=Berger225/> | |||
| Boleslaw I however did not aid Henry II in his Italian campaign,<ref name=Knefelkamp125>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 125</ref> and refused to recognize that Lusatia and Upper Lusatia were his only as fiefs.<ref name=Jas84>Jasienica, pg. 84</ref> Instead, he supported Crescentian ] and intrigued against Henry II in Italy, who had denied Gregory his support in ].<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Henry II started his Italian campaign in the fall of 1013, defeated the allies of the Crescentians and had ] crown him ] in Rome on 14 February 1014.<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Bohemian duke ] (Udalrich) meanwhile captured Boleslaw I's son, Mieszko, and turned him over to Henry II, who however released him.<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> | |||
| ==Bautzen (1018)== | |||
| ===Military operations and political background=== | |||
| In July 1015, Henry II with his ]an allies renewed the war against Boleslaw I<ref name=Schwarz24/><ref name=Knefelkamp125/> on the basis of the latter's failure to support him in Italy.<ref name=Schwarz24/> The campaign started in ], from where Henry II's army crossed through ] to Krosno, where two other armies commanded by ] and ] were supposed to join him.<ref name=Berger225/> The plan failed however, as Boleslaw's maneuvers prevented the two armies from joining up. During the fighting involved ], as well as two hundred other German knights were killed by Polish ] and Boleslaw allowed the ], ] to recover the bodies for burial.<ref name=Jas85>Jasienica, pg. 85</ref> As a result of these setbacks Henry II withdrew.<ref name=Berger225/> Subsequent negotiations with Boleslaw I failed.<ref name=Berger225/> In 1017, Henry II marched an army from ] to ] (Glogau), where Boleslaw I awaited him,<ref name=Berger225/> but chose not to besiege the city as it was too strongly fortified.<ref name=Jas85/> Instead Henry besieged nearby ] (Nemzi, Nimptsch), however, Polish reinforcements managed to enter the city on two occasions and the siege was without success. The contemporary German chronicler ], generally ill disposed towards Poles, on this occasion commented on the bravery and skill of the defenders, noting that they neither cheered when they were successful, nor lamented when they suffered a setback.<ref name=Jas86>Jasienica, pg. 86</ref> The inhabitants of the city also erected a cross on the wall which faced the pagan Lutician allies of the emperor.<ref name=Jas86/> Eventually, due to an illness of part of his army Henry aborted the siege and withdrew, taking the route to Bohemia because the way back into Germany was blocked by Boleslaw's main forces, stationed at ].<ref name=Berger225/><ref name=Jas86/> | |||
| During these campaigns, Henry II was confronted with the opposition of part of the ] nobility, including the ], who maintained good relations and were in part relatives of Boleslaw I.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> In 1017, Henry II therefore adressed Boleslaw I as "public enemy" (''hostis publicus'') and forbade further contacts with him.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> At the end of 1017, Boleslaw's troops invaded German land between the ] and ] rivers.<ref name=Jas86/> | |||
| ===The treaty=== | |||
| On 30 January 1018, peace was made in ].<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Boleslaw I kept the Lusatian march and ] (''Milzenerland''). Thietmar, the principal German chronicler of the time, did not give precise details as to the conditions on which Boleslaw retained these lands. According to German historian Schneidmuller, he held them as an imperial fief,<ref name=Schneidmueller110/><ref name=Knefelkamp125/> According to Polish historian Pawel Jasienica, the lands were held without any obligation towards the empire. The ] states that they were Boleslaw's on "purely nominal terms of vassalage".<ref name=cmh>Previte-orton, pg. 451</ref> | |||
| Both parties also exchanged hostages.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> Henry II did not attend, and did not renew the campaigns against Boleslaw I thereafter.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> The peace was confirmed by the marriage of ], daughter of Eckard I, to Boleslaw I.<ref name=roeckelein113/> It was Boleslaw I's fourth marriage; Regelind, a daughter from his previous marriage with ], was already married to Oda's brother ].<ref name=roeckelein113/> | |||
| Henry also obliged himself to support Boleslaw with three hundred knights in the Polish ruler's ] in the same year.<ref name=Jas86/> | |||
| ==Sources== | |||
| ;References | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ;Bibliography | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Sabine|title=Kaiser Heinrich II. 1002-1024|volume=44|series=Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur|editor1-last=Kirmeier|editor1-first=Josef|editor2-last=Schneidmüller|editor2-first=Bernd|editor3-last=Weinfurter|editor3-first=Stefan|editor4-last=Brockhoff|editor4-first=Evamaria|publisher=Theiss|year=2002|isbn=3806217122|chapter=Karte der Polenzüge Heinrichs II gegen Boleslaw Chrobry|pages=224-226|language=German|url=http://www.hdbg.eu/karten/karten_detail_13.php}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Bernhardt|first=John W|title=Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=0521521831}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Das Heilige Römische Reich|first1=Klaus|last1=Herbers|first2=Helmut|last2=Neuhaus|publisher=Böhlau|year=2005|isbn=3412234052|language=German}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Die Ottonen|first=Hagen|last=Keller|edition=3|publisher=Beck|year=2001|isbn=3406447465|language=German}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Das Mittelalter|volume=2105|series=UTB M|first=Ulrich|last=Knefelkamp|edition=2|publisher=UTB|year=2002|isbn=3825221059|language=German}} | |||
| *{{cite book|last=Röckelein|first=Hedwig|title=Der Hoftag in Quedlinburg 973. Von den historischen Wurzeln zum Neuen Europa|editor-first=Andreas|editor-last=Ranft|publisher=Akademie Verlag|year=2006|isbn=3050041137|chapter=Heiraten - ein Instrument hochmittelalterlicher Politik|pages=99-136|language=German}} | |||
| *{{cite book|title=Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters. Historische Portraits von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (919-1519)|first=Bernd|last=Schneidmüller|publisher=Beck|year=2003|isbn=3406509584|language=German}} | |||
| *{{cite book|series=Das europäische Mittelalter|volume=2|title=Herrschaftsbildungen und Reiche 900-1500|first=Jörg|last=Schwarz|publisher=Kohlhammer|year=2006|isbn=3170197193|language=German}} | |||
| {{Polish peace treaties}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Peace Of Bautzen}} | |||
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