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| === Recent developments === | === Recent developments === | ||
| In September 2010, President ] of ] reported that its government would "most probably" the following year.<ref>{{Cite news | In September 2010, President ] of ] reported that its government would "most probably" recognise Palestine the following year.<ref>{{Cite news | ||
| | author = MercoPress | | author = MercoPress | ||
| | title = Uruguay could recognize Palestine next year; confirms solid ties with Iran | | title = Uruguay could recognize Palestine next year; confirms solid ties with Iran | ||
Revision as of 17:08, 14 November 2010
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The Palestinian Authority was established in 1994 by the Palestinian Liberation Organization as a result of the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. The Palestinian Authority enjoys wide recognition and maintains diplomatic relations with many states. In 1988 the PLO declared the State of Palestine, being quite widely recognised by states, although often in equivocal terms. The Palestinian National Authority publicly acknowledged the recognition of 94 other states. Since then, other states have publicly extended recognition, and the Palestinian Authority now has bilateral agreements in place with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe.
International recognition
Main article: State of PalestineThe exact number of countries recognising the State of Palestine is unknown, due to the equivocal nature of many official statements of acknowledgment. Francis Boyle, legal advisor to the PLO, assisted the organisation in drafting the 1988 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Palestine. At that time, the United States was using its Foreign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organisations from extending recognition. According to one author, by 1988, more than 100 countries had recognised the State of Palestine. The Palestinian National Authority publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 other states. Since then, a number of other states have publicly extended recognition. Boyle reported in 1990 that the number was 114 states. In 2005, Anat Kurz reported that 117 United Nations member states had formally recognised Palestine as a sovereign state.
In 2009, Boyle reported that about 130 countries had recognised the State of Palestine. In the same year, foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki was able to submit to the ICC written statements from 67 of these countries. He was also able to show the existence of bilateral agreements with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe. Most states that have recognised the State of Palestine have subsequently upgraded any PLO offices in their countries to embassy status. A number of other states grant some form of diplomatic status to a Palestinian delegation, in some cases falling short of full diplomatic recognition.
Recent developments
In September 2010, President Jose Mujica of Uruguay reported that its government would "most probably" recognise Palestine the following year.
Diplomatic relations
Further information: List of diplomatic missions of Palestine and List of diplomatic missions to the Palestinian AuthorityWhile the number of states recognizing the 1988-proclaimed State of Palestine is not clear, such recognition has been extended by member states of the Arab League, most of the Muslim world, Brazil, Russia, India, the People's Republic of China, and the Holy See. A number of others granted some form of diplomatic status to a Palestinian delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. The following are listed in alphabetical order. In total 152 countries are known to currently have some form of relations with either the Palestinian Authority or the 1988-proclaimed State of Palestine.
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Overview
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other official relations with the Palestinian National Authority and the Palestine Liberation Organization
The following states maintain some form of official relations with Palestine:
- the State of Palestine is recognised by 99 states, and its representative, the Palestine Liberation Organization has established diplomatic relations with 69 of them.
The recognising states since before 1989 are 89 (including Cambodia, Czech Republic, Kenya, Namibia, Slovakia, Yemen) and the later recognising states are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Georgia, Guyana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro, South Africa, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan - the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority established by it, maintain official relations with the European Union and 40 states (including Estonia, Israel Latvia, Lithuania and the Vatican City), in addition to those recognising the State of Palestine
There is no clear indication of the relations type or recognition of Palestine for:
 | This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2010) |
Palestine has no diplomatic or official relations with and is not recognised by:
- Iceland, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Latvia, Moldova, Croatia, Macedonia, Armenia, Azerbaijan
- Turkmenistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore
- Timor-Leste, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Kiribati, New Zealand
- Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland, Liberia, Eritrea, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire
- Uruguay, Ecuador, Bahamas, Honduras, Panama, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Suriname, Dominican Republic, Antigua And Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Saint Lucia
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta
- Abkhazia, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, Northern Cyprus, Sahrawi Republic, Somaliland, South Ossetia, Republic of China (Taiwan), Transnistria
Relations with international organizations
The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PNA, the PLO as representative of the State of Palestine or by the PLO as a non-state entity.
| International Organisation | status | Representation | Application date | Admission date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arab League | member | State of Palestine | 1976 | |
| Asian Parliamentary Assembly | member | Palestinian National Authority | ||
| Organisation of the Islamic Conference | member | State of Palestine | 1969 | |
| International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies | member | Palestine Red Crescent Society | 2006 | |
| Inter-Parliamentary Union | member | Palestine | ||
| United Nations | non-state observer | Palestine Liberation Organization | 1974 |
Additionally the Palestinian National Authority participates in trade liberalization:
- has customs union with Israel
- has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA and others.
- is covered by the free trade agreement between the United States and Israel
- participates in the Greater Arab Free Trade Area
- is in negotiations for free trade agreement with Mercosur
The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority jointly are accepted as party to the following international agreements about transport in the Arab Mashreq: road, rail, maritime.
The Palestine Liberation Organization on behalf of the State of Palestine submitted a letter of accession to the Geneva Conventions, but the depositary state has not taken stance whether this is a valid document.
United Nations representation
The Palestine Liberation Organization gained observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly resolution 3237. Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine, the UN re-designated this observer status as belonging to Palestine in 1988 (General Assembly resolution 43/177.) In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues. By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers." This resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favor, four against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.
Aftermath of Hamas' victory
After the victory of the Change and Reform list (led by Hamas) in the 2006 elections, many countries and other entities, including the United States and the European Union, cut ties with the organs of the PLC but not those connected to the PNA President, Mahmoud Abbas. The boycott led to the withholding of foreign aid, upon which much of the Palestinian economy is dependent, promised to the PNA. The European Union set up a mechanism to transfer some aid to PNA employees, many of whom had gone unpaid for months, that bypassed the government. After Abbas's sacking of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya as a response by Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the boycott was lifted.
References
- ^ Crawford, James (1999). "Israel (1948-1949) and Paletine (1998-1999): Two Studies in the Creation of States", in Goodwin-Gil G.S. and S. Talmon, The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp. 110-115
- ^ Official website of the Palestinian National Authority
- ^ See Perelman, Marc, Forward, March 07, 2008, Costa Rica Opens Official Ties With ‘State of Palestine’
- Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Retrieved 2010-11-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Palestinian ministers press for Israel "'war crimes" probe, AFP, 13 February 2009.
- See Patterns of global terrorism 1985–2005: U.S. Department of State reports with supplementary documents and statistics, Volume 1, Anna Sabasteanski, Berkshire, 2005, ISBN 0-9743091-3-3, page 47
- Fowler and Bunck, 1995, p. 59.
- Boyle, Francis A. Creation of the State of Palestine; 1 Eur. J. Int'l L. 301 (1990)
- Kearney, Michael and Denayer, Stijn, Al-Haq Position Paper on Issues Arising from the Palestinian Authority’s Submission of a Declaration to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute (December 14, 2009), para 43.a.
- Kurz, Anat N. (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press ISBN 1-84519-032-7, ISBN 978-1-84519-032-3 p. 123
- Palestine, Palestinians and International Law, Francis A. Boyle, Clarity Press, September 1, 2009, ISBN 093286337X, Back Cover
- Boyle later specified the number at 127; see Vikatan (6 June 2010). "Boyle: Independent Eelam will be a bulwark for India". TamilNet. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- Talmon, 1998, p. 158, footnote #236.
- MercoPress (18 September 2010). "Uruguay could recognize Palestine next year; confirms solid ties with Iran". MercoPress. Montevideo. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
- Palestinian National Authority: International Recognition of the State of Palestine
- Venezuela Pledges Support for Palestinian Statehood during Abbas Visit, November 2009.
- Costa Rica Recognizes Palestinian State, February 2008.
- South African Representative Office to the Palestinian National Authority
- Embassy of the State of Palestine to the Republic of Uzbekistan, Central Asia and Azerbaijan
- Embassies of Palestine
- Embassy of the State of Palestine in Bratislava
- . Retrieved March 20, 2007.
- General Delegation of Palestine to Australia and the Pacific
- "FAQ:Address List of Foreign Embassies in Bangladesh". Virtual Bangladesh. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Embassy of the State of Palestine". Kompass. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- Embassies of Palestine
- ^ "Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to Unesco as a Member State" (PDF). UNESCO. 1989-05-12. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- General Delegation of Palestine in Canada
- "Embassy in China: Palestine Embassy in Beijing". China Highlights. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Israeli diplomat postpones meeting after Costa Rica recognizes Palestinian state". Haaretz. The Associated Press. February 26, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
- "Palestine: Embassy of the State of Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic.
- General Delegation of Palestine in Finland
- "Diplomatic Missions in Ghana". HomePage Ghana. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "List of Embassies". Hungary Tourist Info. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Foreign Consulates in India". Minitry of Tourism - Government of India.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - "Embassy of the State of Palestine". BKPM. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
- General Delegation of Palestine in Ireland
- "Embassies/Consulates in Jordan". Boomers Abroad. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ "Addresses of Diplomatic Missions in the Lao PDR and Neighbouring Countries". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Lao PDR. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- The General Delegation of Palestine in Brussels, Belgium is accredited to Luxembourg.
- "Embassy of the State of Palestine". HotFrog: Malaysian Business Directory.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - Special Delegation of Palestine in Mexico (In Spanish)
- "Diplomatic And Consular Missions In The Serbia and Montenegro". Serbia and Montenegro. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Embassy of the State of Palestine". PhoneBook Online. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Embassy of the State of Palestine in Romania". Romania.org. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
- FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC&CONSULAR MISSIONS ON RESIDENTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTIAL BASIS
- "Foreign Embassies and Consulates in Serbia". TravelSerbia.info. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Embassy of the State of Palestine". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Sri Lanka Embassy List". Pacific Prime. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- General Delegation of Palestine in Switzerland
- "Foreign Embassies in Tanzania". MBONGO.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "The Embassy of the State of Palestine to the Turkish Republic". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "Embassy of the State of Palestine". TEN Yellow Pages. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- Mozgovaya, Natasha (2010). "U.S. upgrades status of Palestinian mission in Washington". Haaretz. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|day=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - "Embassy Listings for Uzbekistan". Embassy World. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- "English Translation of Letter from Venezuelan Foreign Ministry". Diplomacy Monitor. April 27, 2009.
- "Vietnam-Palestine Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Vietnam. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- Only one Cambodia government emerged from the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, but both Democratic Kampuchea and People's Republic of Kampuchea recognized the State of Palestine on 18.11.1988 and 21.11.1988 respectively.
Embassy of the State of Palestine to Cambodia (non-resident), Cambodia MFA - ^ Czechoslovakia recognized the State of Palestine on 18.11.1988 and following the its dissolution both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties.
Embassy of the State of Palestine in the Czech Republic
Slovakia diplomatic list - Ambassador of the State of Palestine to Slovakia - The State of Palestine is recognized on 19.11.1988 by SWAPO an UN observer entity at that time that later established Namibia.
Embassy of the State of Palestine to Namibia (non-resident), Namibia MFA - Democratic Yemen and Yemen Arab Republic have unified and both have recognized the State of Palestine on 15.11.1988.
Embassy of the State of Palestine in Yemen, Yemen Ministry of Tourism - Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Palestine - 27.05.1992, 30.10.1992, BiH MFA, State of Palestine ambassador accredited to BiH, BiH MFA
- Embassy of Palestine, Consular offices accredited to the Government of Costa Rica, Costa Rica MFA, Israeli diplomat postpones meeting after Costa Rica recognizes Palestinian state: "We would like to express our disappointment over this regretful decision of the government of Costa Rica to establish full diplomatic relations with the 'state of Palestine," Mekel said
- Diplomatic relations between Georgia and Palestine were established on April 25, 1992, Georgia MFA
- Embassy of Palestine to Guyana (non-resident), Guyana MFA
- Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the State of Palestine were established on April 6, 1992. Palestinian Embassy in Kazakhstan was opened in 1993., Kazakhstan MFA
- Embassy of the State of Palestine to Kyrgyzstan (non-resident), Kyrgyzstan MFA
- Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with the State of Palestine - 24.07.2006, 01.08.2006; Montenegro MFA
- Embassy of SoP, South Africa MFA, South African Heads of Mission Abroad, South Africa MFA
- Embassy of Palestine to Tajikistan (non-resident), Tajikistan MFA
- Diplomatic relations established with the State of Palestine 25.09.1994, Uzbekistan MFA
- "Estonia recognises the Palestine Liberation Authority [sic] as the representative of the Palestinian people on the international level.", Estonia MFA
- PLO Negotiations Affairs Department
- ^ Palestine General Delegation in Helsinki responsible for Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
- The Holy See has relations of a special nature with the Palestine Liberation Organization
- There are conflicting or inconclusive sources.
- Consulate General of the State of Palestine in the Philippines, Chan Robles Virtual Law Library
- Philippines MFA lists of embassies and consulates of/to the Philippines do not include any Palestinian mission.
Consulates to the Philippines
Embassies to the Philippines
Embassies of the Philippines
Consulates of the Philippines - Syrian embassies, Syria Ministry of Tourism No State of Palestine embassy - an unspecified PLO mission-type is listed instead.
- Embassy of Palestine, Webgaza.net
- Venezuela and the Palestinian Authority established formal diplomatic relations and announced the opening of a Palestinian embassy in Caracas 29.4.2009; Venezuela foreign minister said: "establishing official relations with the Palestinian National Authority, with the Palestinian state,"; article by James Suggett of Venezuelanalysis.com
- Such as listing "Palestine" without further explanation.
- ^ Initially representing only the Palestine Liberation Organization itself.
- Asian Parliamentary Assembly member parliaments
- IPU members and associates
- Israel has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, Turkey and others.
- "Palestine" UN Treaty database historical notes Palestine was admitted to membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC resolution 2089 (LXIII) dated 22 July 1977. Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of PLO and PNA.
- http://www.un.int/palestine/status.shtml
External links
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