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<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ण</td><td>N</td></tr></table></td><td>'n' with the tongue bent back</td></tr>
<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">त</td><td>t</td></tr></table></td><td>'th' as in ''th''in, but it's a stop</td></tr>
<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">थ</td><td>th</td></tr></table></td><td>aspirated version of 't'</td></tr>
<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">द</td><td>d</td></tr></table></td><td>'th' as in ''th''e</td></tr>
<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">द</td><td>d</td></tr></table></td><td>'th' as in ''th''e, but it's a stop</td></tr>
<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ध</td><td>dh</td></tr></table></td><td>aspirated version of above</td></tr>
<tr><td><table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="1"><tr align="center"><td width="50%">ळ</td><td>L</td></tr></table></td><td>'l' with the tongue bent back</td></tr>
"Deva" is the Sanskrit for god, and "Nagari" is a city; together they mean, literally, "City of the Gods" (when the compound is read as a shashtitatpurusha (see the entry on Sanskrit). This refers to the legend that the script was one used in such a city. (So, the compound really functions as a bahuvrihi) An often-used transcription variant is Devnagri.
Devanagari is partly phonetic in the sense that a word written in it can
only be pronounced in one way, but not all possible pronunciations can be written perfectly.
Devanagari has 34 consonants ("vyanjan"), and 12 vowels ("svar"). A
syllable ("akshar") is formed by the combination of zero or one or more
consonants, and one vowel.
(If you don't have a proper Unicode font installed, the Devanagari characters in the following tables may not appear correctly.)
Devanagari Vowels and Related Symbols
Vowel
Transliteration
Pronunciation/Note
अ
a
'a' as in about
आ
aa
'a' as in art
इ
i
'i' as in pit
ई
ii
'ee' as in wheel
उ
u
'u' as in put
ऊ
uu
'oo' as in soot
ऋ
RRi
ॠ
RRI
ऌ
LLi
ॡ
LLI
ए
e
'a' as in rate
ऐ
ai
ओ
o
औ
au
ः
aH
visarga
्
halant
suppresses inherent vowel
When no vowel is written, 'a' is assumed. To specifically denote the
absence of a vowel, a halant (also called virama) is used.
Devanagari Consonants
क
k
ख
kh
ग
g
घ
gh
च
ch
छ
chh
ज
j
झ
jh
ट
T
ठ
Th
ड
D
ढ
Dh
ण
N
त
t
थ
th
द
d
ध
dh
न
n
प
p
फ
ph
ब
b
भ
bh
म
m
य
y
र
r
ल
l
व
v/w
श
sh
shh
स
s
ह
h
ळ
L
ksh
gy/dny
The letters above are pronounced as in English, with the exceptions
of:
Consonant
Pronunciation
ण
N
'n' with the tongue bent back
त
t
'th' as in thin, but it's a stop
थ
th
aspirated version of 't'
द
d
'th' as in the, but it's a stop
ध
dh
aspirated version of above
ळ
L
'l' with the tongue bent back
Among these, 'L' and 'N' are not used in Hindi. The entire set is
used in Marathi.
There is no distinction of case, i.e. no uppercase and lowercase
letters.
Devanagari digits are written as follows:
Devanagari Digits
०
0
१
1
२
2
३
3
४
4
५
5
६
6
७
7
८
8
९
9
The ITRANS notation
is a lossless transliteration scheme of
Devanagari into English. The letters used to represent Devanagari
alphabets in this notation have approximately the same pronunciation
in English. It is widely used on Usenet.
In ITRANS, the word Devanagari is written as "devanaagarii".
(Note: "Devanagari" is the most common transliteration. Others are
"Devnagri", "Devanagri", "Deonagri"(rare).)