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| {{Disability}} | |||
| The '''autism spectrum''', also called '''autism spectrum disorders''' ('''ASD''') or '''autism spectrum conditions''' ('''ASC'''), with the adjective '''autistic''' sometimes replacing the noun '''autism''', is a ] characterized by widespread ] of social interactions and communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviour.<ref>{{vcite book |chapterurl=http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf80.htm+f840 |date=2006 |accessdate=2007-06-25 |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems |editionphrase=10th ed. (]) |author=] |chapter=F84. Pervasive developmental disorders }}</ref> | |||
| ==Classification== | |||
| {{further|]}} | |||
| The five forms of ASD are: | |||
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| #] (PDD-NOS), sometimes called ''atypical autism''. | |||
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| Autism forms the core of the autism spectrum disorders. Asperger syndrome is closest to autism in signs and likely causes;<ref name=Lord/> unlike autism, people with Asperger syndrome have no significant delay in ].<ref>{{vcite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |editionphrase=4th ed., text revision (]) |author=] |date=2000 |isbn=0-89042-025-4 |chapter=Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) |chapterurl=http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/asperger.htm |publisher=<!-- citation bot fodder --> |location=<!-- citation bot fodder --> }}</ref> PDD-NOS is diagnosed when the criteria are not met for a more specific disorder. Some sources also include ] and ], which share several signs with autism but may have unrelated causes; other sources combine ASD with these two conditions into the ]s.<ref name=Lord>{{vcite journal |author=Lord C, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, ] |title=Autism spectrum disorders |journal=Neuron |volume=28 |issue=2 |date=2000 |pages=355–63 |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00115-X |pmid=11144346 }}</ref><ref name=NIMH-ASD-PDD>{{vcite web |year=2009 |title=Autism spectrum disorders (pervasive developmental disorders) |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health |url=http://nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism/complete-index.shtml |accessdate=2009-04-23 }}</ref> According to the ] of the United Kingdom, ] syndrome belongs and is increasingly being recognised as belonging to the autistic spectrum.<ref>http://www.nas.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1581&a=17634</ref> | |||
| The terminology of autism can be bewildering. Autism, Asperger syndrome, and PDD-NOS are sometimes called the ''autistic disorders'' instead of ASD,<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Freitag CM |title=The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature |journal=Mol Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2–22 |date=2007 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 |pmid=17033636 }}</ref> whereas autism itself is often called ''autistic disorder'', ''childhood autism'', or ''infantile autism''.<ref name=Piven/> Although the older term ''pervasive developmental disorder'' and the newer term ''autism spectrum disorder'' largely or entirely overlap,<ref name=NIMH-ASD-PDD/> the former was intended to describe a specific set of diagnostic labels, whereas the latter refers to a postulated ] linking various conditions.<ref>{{vcite journal |journal=Rev Bras Psiquiatr |year=2006 |volume=28 |issue=suppl 1 |pages=S3–S11 |title=Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview |author=Klin A |doi=10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 |pmid=16791390 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000500002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en }}</ref> ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism ] (BAP), which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like ], such as avoiding eye contact.<ref name=Piven>{{vcite journal |author=Piven J, Palmer P, Jacobi D, Childress D, Arndt S |title=Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families |journal=Am J Psychiatry |date=1997 |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=185–90 |pmid=9016266 |url=http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/154/2/185.pdf |format=PDF }}</ref> | |||
| Some autism are severe or moderate or light. | |||
| ==Characteristics== | |||
| {{further|]}} | |||
| The defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorders are qualitative impairments of social communication and interaction, along with restricted and repetitive activities and interests.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Frith U, Happé F |title=Autism spectrum disorder |journal=Curr Biol |volume=15 |issue=19 |pages=R786–90 |year=2005 |pmid=16213805 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.033 }}</ref> Individual symptoms occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathological severity from common traits.<ref>{{vcite journal |journal=Brain Pathol |year=2007 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=408–11 |title=The role of the neurobiologist in redefining the diagnosis of autism |author=London E |doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00103.x |pmid=17919126 }}</ref> Other aspects of ASD, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis; they can affect the individual or the family.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT ''et al.'' |author.= |title=The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders |journal=J Autism Dev Disord |date=1999 |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=439–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1021943802493 |pmid=10638459 }}</ref> | |||
| An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious ]s.<ref>{{vcite web |author=Treffert DA |title=Savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition—a synopsis: past, present, future |publisher=Wisconsin Medical Society |date=2006 |url=http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/savant_syndrome/overview_of_savant_syndrome/synopsis |accessdate=2008-03-24 }}</ref> | |||
| Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for children with autism. For them, the quality of friendships, not the number of friends, predicts how lonely they are, despite the common belief that they prefer to be alone.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Burgess AF, Gutstein SE |date=2007 |title=Quality of life for people with autism: raising the standard for evaluating successful outcomes |journal=Child Adolesc Ment Health |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=80–6 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00432.x }}</ref> | |||
| Being on the autism spectrum does not keep children from understanding race and gender stereotypes in a society; like normal children they can learn aspects of stereotypical behaviour by observing their parents' actions.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Hirschfeld L, Bartmess E, White S, Frith U |date=2007 |title=Can autistic children predict behavior by social stereotypes? |title.= |journal=Curr Biol |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=R451–2 |pmid=17580071 |laysummary=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070618124614.htm |laysource=ScienceDaily |laydate=2007-06-19 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.051 }}</ref> | |||
| == Management == | |||
| {{Main|Autism therapies}} | |||
| The main goals of treatment are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase quality of life and functional independence. No single treatment is best and treatment is typically tailored to the child's needs. Intensive, sustained special education programmes and behaviour therapy early in life can help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills. Available approaches include ] (ABA), developmental models, ], ], ] therapy, and ].<ref>{{vcite journal |journal=Pediatrics |date=2007 |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1162–82 |title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders |author=Myers SM, Johnson CP, Council on Children with Disabilities |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362 |pmid=17967921 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1162 |laysummary=http://aap.org/advocacy/releases/oct07autism.htm |laysource=AAP |laydate=2007-10-29 }}</ref> ABA therapy has a strong research base but it maybe limited by diagnostic severity and IQ.<ref>Shreck, K. A., Metz, B., Mulick, J.A. & Smith, A. (2000) Making it fit: A Provactive Look at Models of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children with Autism. ''The Behavior Analyst Today, 1(3),'' 27-32. </ref><ref>Mary Jane Weiss and Lara Delmolino (2006): The Relationship Between Early Learning Rates and Treatment Outcome For Children With Autism Receiving Intensive Home-Based Applied Behavior Analysis. ''The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(1),'' 96 - 105 </ref> | |||
| In a recent study by Russo et al., researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have provided new evidence that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) process sensory information including sound, touch and vision differently to typically developing children<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> | |||
| This research provides support for decades of clinical and anecdotal observations by ] practicing ] that individuals with ASD have difficulty coping with multiple sources of sensory information. These findings offer an opportunity for ] to develop objective measures to facilitate more empirical evaluation and understanding of ]s and ]. | |||
| Many popular therapies including auditory integration therapy, ], and chelation have repeatedly been shown to be ineffective and are not considered evidence-based practices. | |||
| ==Epidemiology== | |||
| {{Main|Epidemiology of autism}} | |||
| Most recent ]s tend to estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD;<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J ''et al.'' |author.= |title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |year=2007 |volume=28 |pages=235–58 |pmid=17367287 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 |url=http://idea.library.drexel.edu/bitstream/1860/2632/1/2006175339.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-10 }}</ref> because of inadequate data, these numbers may underestimate ASD's true prevalence.<ref>{{vcite journal |journal=Arch Dis Child |date=2008 |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=518–23 |title=Autism spectrum disorders: clinical and research frontiers |author=Caronna EB, Milunsky JM, Tager-Flusberg H |doi=10.1136/adc.2006.115337 |pmid=18305076 }}</ref> ]'s prevalence has been estimated at 3.7 per 1,000, Asperger syndrome at roughly 0.6 per 1,000, and ] at 0.02 per 1,000.<ref name=Fombonne-2009>{{vcite journal |author=Fombonne E |title=Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders |journal=Pediatr Res |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=591–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19218885 |doi=10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203 }}</ref> The number of reported cases of autism increased dramatically in the 1990s and early 2000s. This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness,<ref name=Fombonne-2009/><ref>{{vcite journal |author=Wing L, Potter D |title=The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising? |title.= |journal=Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev |volume=8 |issue=3 |year=2002 |pages=151–61 |pmid=12216059 |doi=10.1002/mrdd.10029 }}</ref> though as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out,<ref name=Rutter>{{vcite journal |author=] |title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning |journal=Acta Paediatr |volume=94 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=2–15 |pmid=15858952 |doi=10.1080/08035250410023124 }}</ref> and the available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism's true prevalence has increased.<ref name=Fombonne-2009/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * {{vcite journal |author=Baron IS |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: complex, controversial, and confounding |journal=Neuropsychol Rev |year=2008 |pmid=18846426 |doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9070-1 |volume=18 |pages=271–2 |issue=4 }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *{{dmoz|Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum}} | |||
| * For more information about Sensory Integration please visit | |||
| * For a short documentary about autism see BBC Four's 1992 Video here http://www.youtube.com/thefamilarity#p/u/2/PrViCkYF-lY | |||
| {{Pervasive developmental disorders}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Autism Spectrum}} | |||
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Revision as of 00:36, 7 May 2011
Hello Sawdust/Bloodfang.