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{{Politics of Turkey}}
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''']''' is a ], ] ]. Its current ] was adopted on ], ] after a period of military rule, and enshrines the principle of secularism. Executive power rests in a President. ] power is invested in the 550-seat ] (''Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi''), representing 81 provinces. To be represented in Parliament, a party must win at least 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running. The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic. Political parties deemed anti-secular or ] by the judiciary can be banned.


{{politbox|country=Turkey|image=Turkey coat of arms.png|size=100|title=Turkey|}}
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Turkey has a ] system, with several strong ].
== Parliament ==


Since ], parliamentary politics has been dominated by ] parties. Even the ruling ], although its core cadres root from the ] current, tends to identify itself with the "tradition" of ]. The ] parties, most notable of which is ], with a rapidly shrinking ], draw much of their support from big cities, coastal regions, professional ], and minority groups such as ]s and ].
Turkey is a ]. The ] (TGNA), elected by all citizens over 19 years of age, is the direct descendant of the congress assembled by Ataturk during the War of Independence to act as the legitimate voice of the Turkish people in place of the sultan.
President & Prime Minister
The president, elected by the TGNA from among its members, serves for one seven year term and is supposed to be `above politics', and symbolise the nation. He or she is the head of state, with important executive powers and responsibilities. The true head of government, who decides its policies and directions, is the prime minister. However, recent presidents (Ozal and Demirel) have informally expanded the powers of the presidential office and have been accused at times of having used the office with partisan effect. The prime minister is appointed by the president to form a government, and thus is almost always the head of the majority party, or of a likely coalition. The judiciary, though theoretically independent, has in many instances been influenced by current
government policies.


The current President ], was elected by Parliament on ], ]. The Prime Minister is ], whose Islamic conservative ] won a majority of parliamentry seats in the ] general elections. The Chairman of the Parliament is ] from the same party. The current President of the Constitutional Court is ]. The Chief of Staff of the Turkish military is ].


:''See for more information on elections: ].''
== Political Parties ==


Though the Turks are firm believers in democracy, the tradition of popular rule and responsibility is relatively short. Real multiparty democracy came into being only after WWII (compared to England's tradition of almost 800 years). Turkish democracy has had its ups and downs.


=== Political principles of importance in Turkey ===
'''Mid-Century''' Atatürk's Republican People's Party (CHP) enjoyed one-party rule until after WWII, when multi-party democracy became a reality. In the first elections the CHP lost out to the right-wing Democratic Party (DP), which attempted to control the government as closely as the CHP had before the war by grabbing extra-constitutional power. The Turkish armed forces, entrusted by Atatürk's legacy as guarantors of the Turkish constitution, intervened. After the military intervention of 1960, the Democratic Party was banned, but its party faithful simply formed a successor, the similarly centre-right Justice Party (AP), and did as well in the elections against the centreleft CHP.


The Turkish Constitution and most main stream political parties are built on the following principles:
'''1960s'''
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Under the watchful eye of the military, the CHP and AP govermed as a coalition until 1965, when the AP won a parliamentary majority on its own, and its leader, Süleyman Demirel, began his first term as prime minister. He stepped down at the insistence of the military in 1971 as left-right violence and parliamentary deadlock threatened public order.
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* Turkish ]


Other political ideas have also influenced Turkish politics and modern history. Of particular importance are:
'''1970s'''
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In 1973 a revivified CHP under Bülent Ecevit won election and formed a government, but was soon forced into coalition with the small far-right religious National Salvation Party (MSP).
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These principles are the continuum around which various - and often rapidly changing - political parties and groups have campaigned (and sometimes fought).
During the 1970s the CHP and AP locked horns in parliament, both having around 40% of the votes. The smaller parties farther out on the political spectrum thus gained inordinate influence - their few votes making the difference between winning ot losing a parliamentary vote. The Islamic fundamentalist MSP, the fascistic Nationalist Action Party (MHP), and the leftist Turkish Workers Party (TIP) all traded their support for control of various government ministries through which to push theit agendas. The result was widespread civil violence and government paralysis.


==Political parties and elections==
'''1980s'''
⚫ {{elect|List of political parties in Turkey|Elections in Turkey}}
The bloodless military coup of September 1980 saw the dissolution of all former political parties and the exclusion from politics of their leaders (especially Ecevit and Demirel). In the elections of 1983, the armed forces supported a new centrist party formed of their supporters, but the new centre-right Motherland Party (ANAP) led by Turgut Özal won. Özal was a financial technocrat and former World Bank economist who had helped the military to revivify the economist after the 1980 intervention. His policies produced a boom in economic development, but also high inflation and charges of corruption. Throughout the decade his policies were challenged by several `new' parties: the Social Democrat Populist Party (SHP), an heir to the CHP; the Democratic Left Party (DSP), another heir to the CHP led secretly by Ecevit, who was still underpolitical exclusion; the True Path Party (DYP), successor to Demirel's Justice Party; and the Prosperity (or Welfare) Paýty (RP), successor to the religious MSP. Late in 1989, Turgut Özal was elected to the presidency. He remained active in ANAP politics, however, running the country through figurehead prime minister Yýldýnm Akbulut. This was against at least the spirit if not the letter of the constitution, and raised eyebrows in political and military circles.
{{Turkish parliamentary election, 2002}}


==See also==
'''1990s'''
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In the hotly contested elections of February 1992 ANAP gained only about a third of the vote, losing the plurality to the durable Süleyman Demirel, back from political exclusion, and his DYP. The centre-right True Path formed an unlikely coalition with the centre-left SHP under Professor Erdal Inönü (son of general, prime minister and president, the late Ismet Inönü) to form a government. Demirel brought a new vigour to the government after almost a decade of Motherland leadership. With Ozal's untimely death due to heart disease in April 1993, Demirel was elected to be the ninth president of the Turkish Republic. In June 1993, President Demirel asked Professor Tansu Çiller, the economics minister, to form a government, thereby making her Turkey's first female prime minister, an anomaly in a parliament which is overwhelmingly male.
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'''Recent Years'''

Prime Minister Çiller earned high marks from intemational bankers for making progress in privatising Turkey's money-losing state enterprises, leftovers from the statist policies of Atatürk of 60 years ago. Despite her modest progress in this, the economy worsened as the government seemed to lack any strong, clearly defined economic plan-and it continued to run huge deficits. Turkey's commercial, industrial, agricultural and tourism sectors boomed producing record profits, but the lira continued to slide in a constant devaluation against harder currencies. In the summer of 1995 Çiller's government lost a vote of confidence in parliament when its coalition partner, upset over the government's unwillingness to raise the minimum wage, withdrew. September and October were one long political crisis as Çiller, now caretaker, attempted to form a new government, ultimately forming a new coalition with Mr Deniz Baykal of the Republican Peoples' Party (CHP) as foreign minister and deputy prime minister to take the country to early elections. The elections of 24 December 1995 were a wake-up call against politics as usual: the upstart religious-right Welfare Party (RP) won a plurality of 23%, which was seen as a protest vote against the ineffective policies and tedious political wrangles of the mainstream Motherland Party (20%) and Çiller's True Path Party (19%). Prof Necmettin Erbakan, the RP leader, was given the mandate to form a coalition, but neither of the other big parties would join him.
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Revision as of 19:27, 7 March 2006

Politics of Turkey
Constitution
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Foreign relations
See also
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Turkey is a secular, republican parliamentary democracy. Its current constitution was adopted on November 7, 1982 after a period of military rule, and enshrines the principle of secularism. Executive power rests in a President. Legislative power is invested in the 550-seat Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), representing 81 provinces. To be represented in Parliament, a party must win at least 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running. The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic. Political parties deemed anti-secular or separatist by the judiciary can be banned.


Turkey has a multi-party system, with several strong parties.

Since 1950, parliamentary politics has been dominated by conservative parties. Even the ruling AKP, although its core cadres root from the Islamist current, tends to identify itself with the "tradition" of DP. The leftist parties, most notable of which is CHP, with a rapidly shrinking electorate, draw much of their support from big cities, coastal regions, professional middle-class, and minority groups such as Alevis and Kurds.

The current President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, was elected by Parliament on May 16, 2000. The Prime Minister is Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose Islamic conservative AKP won a majority of parliamentry seats in the 2002 general elections. The Chairman of the Parliament is Bülent Arınç from the same party. The current President of the Constitutional Court is Mustafa Bumin. The Chief of Staff of the Turkish military is Hilmi Özkök.

See for more information on elections: Elections in Turkey.


Political principles of importance in Turkey

The Turkish Constitution and most main stream political parties are built on the following principles:

Other political ideas have also influenced Turkish politics and modern history. Of particular importance are:

These principles are the continuum around which various - and often rapidly changing - political parties and groups have campaigned (and sometimes fought).

Political parties and elections

For other political parties, see List of political parties in Turkey. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Turkey.

Template:Turkish parliamentary election, 2002

See also

Category: