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| While the English word ''do'' may also serve as a main ], as in "We do the laundry on Sundays", ''do'' support occurs only in the presence of another verb serving as the main verb, as for example in the conversion of ''I go there'' to either the question form ''Do I go there?'' or the negative form ''I do not go there''. | While the English word ''do'' may also serve as a main ], as in "We do the laundry on Sundays", ''do'' support occurs only in the presence of another verb serving as the main verb, as for example in the conversion of ''I go there'' to either the question form ''Do I go there?'' or the negative form ''I do not go there''. | ||
| Except in ] such as ''Is he here?'' or ''They are not banjo players'' (and except in '' |
Except in ] such as ''Is he here?'' or ''They are not banjo players'' (and except with the main verb "have", as in ''Have you any bananas?'' or ''I haven't any bananas'', which are permissible in some but not all dialects), in English almost all questions and almost all sentences with negative polarity feature an auxiliary verb. Questions and negative sentences that do not include a ] or a form of ] or ] include a form of ''do''. This auxiliary ''do'' is ] for ], ], and ], and may be contracted with ''not'' so the latter becomes ''n't'', as in ''don't'', ''doesn't'' and ''didn't''. In questions and negatives the auxiliary ''do'' has no ] in itself,<ref name=TraugottPratt>{{Citation|title=Linguistics for Students of Literature |last1=Traugott |first1=Elizabeth Closs |last2=Pratt |first2=Mary Louise |place=San Diego |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |year=1980}}</ref> so it is sometimes called a '''dummy auxiliary'''. | ||
| ==Negation== | ==Negation== | ||
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| ==Questions== | ==Questions== | ||
| Simple ]s in English are formed by placing the first auxiliary at the front of the sentence, before the ]. If there is no other auxiliary, ''do'' occurs in this position.<ref name=Kaplan/> | Simple ]s in English are usually formed by placing the first auxiliary at the front of the sentence, before the ]. If there is no other auxiliary, ''do'' occurs in this position.<ref name=Kaplan/> | ||
| #Jean flirted with Yuri. | #Jean flirted with Yuri. | ||
| #Did Jean flirt with Yuri? | #Did Jean flirt with Yuri? | ||
| Occasionally yes-no questions are formed without grammatical changes and hence without ''do'' support, by the use of intonation or punctuation alone, as in "John rides the bus?" | |||
| So-called Wh-questions, containing an ] such as ''who, what, when, where, why, how,'' or the like, show the same pattern of ] seen in yes-no questions, and use similar ''do''-support. | So-called Wh-questions, containing an ] such as ''who, what, when, where, why, how,'' or the like, show the same pattern of ] seen in yes-no questions, and use similar ''do''-support. | ||
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| ]s are formed with a copy of the first auxiliary and a ] version of the sentence's subject at the end of the sentence.<ref name=Kaplan/> As with other questions, sentences that contain no other auxiliary use ''do''-support. | ]s are formed with a copy of the first auxiliary and a ] version of the sentence's subject at the end of the sentence.<ref name=Kaplan/> As with other questions, sentences that contain no other auxiliary use ''do''-support. | ||
| :4. Jean flirted with Yuri, didn't he? | :4. Jean flirted with Yuri, didn't he? | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 15:30, 1 August 2011
In English grammar do-support or do-insertion refers to the use of the auxiliary verb do in negative or interrogative clauses that do not contain other auxiliaries.
While the English word do may also serve as a main verb, as in "We do the laundry on Sundays", do support occurs only in the presence of another verb serving as the main verb, as for example in the conversion of I go there to either the question form Do I go there? or the negative form I do not go there.
Except in copular sentences such as Is he here? or They are not banjo players (and except with the main verb "have", as in Have you any bananas? or I haven't any bananas, which are permissible in some but not all dialects), in English almost all questions and almost all sentences with negative polarity feature an auxiliary verb. Questions and negative sentences that do not include a modal auxiliary or a form of have or be include a form of do. This auxiliary do is inflected for person, number, and tense, and may be contracted with not so the latter becomes n't, as in don't, doesn't and didn't. In questions and negatives the auxiliary do has no meaning in itself, so it is sometimes called a dummy auxiliary.
Negation
Negative sentences in English are formed by placing the negative adverb not after the first auxiliary verb in the sentence. If a sentence has no other auxiliary, a form of the word do is placed where the first auxiliary would otherwise be, with not or n't following it. Compare the following two sentences:
- Jean flirted with Yuri.
- Jean did not flirt with Yuri.
In the first example, the verb flirt appears in the past tense. In the second, related sentence, the past tense form of do, did, and the word not appear before the plain form of the verb. One may think of the past tense as having moved to a position before not, where the auxiliary do is inserted in order to carry it.
Questions
Simple yes-no questions in English are usually formed by placing the first auxiliary at the front of the sentence, before the subject. If there is no other auxiliary, do occurs in this position.
- Jean flirted with Yuri.
- Did Jean flirt with Yuri?
Occasionally yes-no questions are formed without grammatical changes and hence without do support, by the use of intonation or punctuation alone, as in "John rides the bus?"
So-called Wh-questions, containing an interrogative word such as who, what, when, where, why, how, or the like, show the same pattern of subject-auxiliary inversion seen in yes-no questions, and use similar do-support.
- 3. Who did Jean flirt with? OR With whom did Jean flirt?
Tag questions are formed with a copy of the first auxiliary and a pronoun version of the sentence's subject at the end of the sentence. As with other questions, sentences that contain no other auxiliary use do-support.
- 4. Jean flirted with Yuri, didn't he?
See also
References
- Traugott, Elizabeth Closs; Pratt, Mary Louise (1980), Linguistics for Students of Literature, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
- ^ Kaplan, Jeffrey P. (1989), English Grammar: Principles and Facts, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall