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| '''Rabies''' is a very dangerous ] that causes acute ] in |
'''Rabies''' is a very dangerous ] that causes acute ] in ]s and people. It can be carried by most species of warm-blooded animal, but it is rare among non-carnivores. The stereotypical image of an infected ("rabid") animal is a "mad ]" foaming at the mouth, but ]s, ]s and ]s also become rabid. ]s, other ]s and ]s are very seldom infected. | ||
| The virus is present in the ] of a rabid animal, and the route of infection is nearly always via a bite. It has never been known to be transmitted from person to person, except during eye surgery. Once the virus has entered the bloodstream it travels to the ] where it incubates. The period between infection and the first ]-like symptoms can be as long as two years, but it is normally 3-12 weeks. Soon after, the symptoms expand to ], ], ], ], progressing to ], abnormal behavior, ]s, and ]. The production of large quantities of saliva and tears coupled with an inability to speak or swallow are typical during the later stages of the disease; this is known as "hydrophobia". Death almost invariably results 2-10 days after the first symptoms; the handful of people who are known to have survived the disease were all left with severe brain damage. | |||
| There is no cure for fully-blown rabies, but there is a ] to prevent it, and a prophylactic ] treatment which is highly successful if adminstered promptly after exposure. Untreated rabies will result in death, but since the development of effective human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments the US death rate from rabies has dropped from 100 or more per year earlier this century, to 1-2 per year, mostly caused by ] bites. The death rate from rabies is much higher in third-world countries. | |||
| There is no known cure for rabies, but it can be prevented by vaccination. The first rabies vaccination was developed by ] in ]. Current vaccines are relatively painless and are given in your arm, like a flu or tetanus vaccine. Once the symptoms begin, rabies is almost invariably fatal, but a treatment known as ] ("PEP") is highly successful in preventing the disease if adminstered promptly after exposure. In the United States, the treatment consists of a regimen of one dose of ] and five doses of rabies vaccine over a 28-day period. Rabies immune globulin and the first dose of rabies vaccine should be given by your health care provider as soon as possible after exposure. Additional doses or rabies vaccine should be given on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination. | |||
| Since the development of effective human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments the US death rate from rabies has dropped from 100 or more per year early in the 20th century, to 1-2 per year, mostly caused by bat bites. | |||
| The stereotypical image of a rabid animal is a 'mad dog' foaming at the mouth, but rabies can also infect ]s, ]s, bats and other small carnivorous mammals. ]s, other ]s and ]s are very seldom infected with rabies. Domestic ]s need to be immunised against rabies to protect them. | |||
| Rabies is ] to many parts of the world, and one of the reasons for ] periods in international animal transport is to try to keep it out of uninfected regions. ] is one of the few parts of the world where rabies has never been introduced. |
Rabies is ] to many parts of the world, and one of the reasons for ] periods in international animal transport is to try to keep it out of uninfected regions. ] is one of the few parts of the world where rabies has never been introduced. | ||
| ] had also been believed to be entirely free from rabies until ] when a single ] was found to be suffering from a rare strain of the disease called "EBL2". There were no more known cases until ] when a number of rabid bats were reported in ] and ]. One of these bats bit David McRae, a conservation worker from ], who became the first person contract rabies in Great Britain since 1902. He died from the disease on 24 November 2002. | |||
| The first vaccine for rabies was developed by ] in ]. | |||
| FURTHER READING | FURTHER READING | ||
Revision as of 04:24, 25 November 2002
Rabies is a very dangerous virus that causes acute encephalitis in animals and people. It can be carried by most species of warm-blooded animal, but it is rare among non-carnivores. The stereotypical image of an infected ("rabid") animal is a "mad dog" foaming at the mouth, but raccoons, chipmunks and bats also become rabid. Squirrels, other rodents and rabbits are very seldom infected.
The virus is present in the saliva of a rabid animal, and the route of infection is nearly always via a bite. It has never been known to be transmitted from person to person, except during eye surgery. Once the virus has entered the bloodstream it travels to the brain where it incubates. The period between infection and the first flu-like symptoms can be as long as two years, but it is normally 3-12 weeks. Soon after, the symptoms expand to cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation, progressing to delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, and insomnia. The production of large quantities of saliva and tears coupled with an inability to speak or swallow are typical during the later stages of the disease; this is known as "hydrophobia". Death almost invariably results 2-10 days after the first symptoms; the handful of people who are known to have survived the disease were all left with severe brain damage.
There is no known cure for rabies, but it can be prevented by vaccination. The first rabies vaccination was developed by Louis Pasteur in 1886. Current vaccines are relatively painless and are given in your arm, like a flu or tetanus vaccine. Once the symptoms begin, rabies is almost invariably fatal, but a treatment known as postexposure prophylaxis ("PEP") is highly successful in preventing the disease if adminstered promptly after exposure. In the United States, the treatment consists of a regimen of one dose of immunoglobulin and five doses of rabies vaccine over a 28-day period. Rabies immune globulin and the first dose of rabies vaccine should be given by your health care provider as soon as possible after exposure. Additional doses or rabies vaccine should be given on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination.
Since the development of effective human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments the US death rate from rabies has dropped from 100 or more per year early in the 20th century, to 1-2 per year, mostly caused by bat bites.
Rabies is endemic to many parts of the world, and one of the reasons for quarantine periods in international animal transport is to try to keep it out of uninfected regions. Australia is one of the few parts of the world where rabies has never been introduced.
Great Britain had also been believed to be entirely free from rabies until 1996 when a single Daubenton's bat was found to be suffering from a rare strain of the disease called "EBL2". There were no more known cases until November 2002 when a number of rabid bats were reported in Lancashire and Angus. One of these bats bit David McRae, a conservation worker from Guthrie, Angus, who became the first person contract rabies in Great Britain since 1902. He died from the disease on 24 November 2002.
FURTHER READING